Amounts Of Anthraquinones Research Articles

Anthraquinone Production from Cell and Organ Cultures of Rubia Species: An Overview.

The Rubia genus includes major groups of medicinal plants such as Rubia cordifolia, Rubia tinctorum, and Rubia akane. They contain anthraquinones (AQs), particularly alizarin and purpurin, which have pharmacological effects that are anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, hemostatic, antibacterial, and more. Alizarin and purpurin have been utilized as natural dyes for cotton, silk, and wool fabrics since the dawn of time. These substances have been used in the cosmetics and food industries to color products. The amount of AQs in different Rubia species is minimal. In order to produce these compounds, researchers have established cell and organ cultures. Investigations have been conducted into numerous chemical and physical parameters that affect the biomass and accumulation of secondary metabolites in a cell, callus, hairy root, and adventitious root suspension cultures. This article offers numerous techniques and approaches used to produce biomass and secondary metabolites from the Rubia species. Additionally, it has been emphasized that cells can be grown in bioreactor cultures to produce AQs.

Obtaining titanium dioxide nanoparticles with spherical shape and antimicrobial properties using M. citrifolia leaves extract by hydrothermal method

In this work, we synthesized titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles using leaf extract of Morinda citrifolia (M. citrifolia) by the advanced hydrothermal method. The synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transmission infrared (FT-IR), Ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance (UV–Vis DRS), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM with EDX) techniques. The XRD major peak at 27.3° corresponds to the (110) lattice plane of tetragonal rutile TiO2 phase and average crystalline size of nanoparticles is 10nm. The FT-IR result confirmed that TiO2 nanoparticles and the presences of very few amount of anthraquinone and phenolic compounds of the leaf extract. The obtained nanoparticles were also characterized by UV–Vis DRS absorption spectroscopy and an intense band at 423nm clearly reveals the formation of nanoparticles. SEM images with EDX spectra clearly reveal the size of the nanoparticles, between 15 and 19nm in excellent quasi-spherical shape, by virtue of stabilization (capping) agent. The presence of elements-titanium and oxygen was verified with EDX spectrum. Furthermore, the inhibitory activity of green synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles was tested against human pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger by the agar well-diffusion method. The TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited superior antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, demonstrating their antimicrobial value against pathogenic diseases.

THE SECRETORY TISSUE OF ALOES AND THEIR ALLIES

ABSTRACT The presence of thin-walled parenchymatous cells in the inner bundle sheath of species of the liliaceous genera Aloe, Chamaealoe, Astroloba, Lomatophyllum, Gasteria, Haworthia, Asphodeline, Asphodelus, Bulbine, Eremurus and Trachyandra was observed and described. Some species, however, have lignified sclerenchymatous cells in this position and this is general in Kniphofia. Cells in this region produce a secretion in the form of a copious exudate in many species of Aloe, or much sparser contents in the case of related genera. The leaves of most species contain small amounts of anthraquinones, while the related anthrone-C-glycosides accumulate in others. A wide range of other phenolic substances occurs, recognized as distinct zones on thin layer chromatograms, but mainly consisting of unidentified compounds. It is not certain if synthesis occurs in the thin-walled bundle sheath cells or if these have only a storage function. Another layer of rather smaller parenchymatous cells in the outer bundle s...

Determination of Anthraquinones in Different Compatibility of Dahuang Huanglian Xiexin Decoction by HPLC

Abstract Objective The anthraquinones (aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion) in Dahuang Huanglian Xiexin decoction (DHXD), a compound prescription consisting of Rhizoma Rhei, Rhizoma Coptidis, and Radix Scutellariae were to be determined in this study. Methods An HPLC method with UV detection was developed and validated. Results The UV response of the HPLC method was found to be linearly related to the concentrations of individual anthraquinones ranging from 3.15 to 64.00 μg.ml-1 for aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, and chrysophanol, and from 1.70 to 33.92 μg. ml-1 for physcion. The average extraction recovery was about 102%. However, different amounts of anthraquinones were found in the decoctions prepared from the single herb Rhizoma Rhei, as well as Rhizoma Rhei in combination with Rhizoma Coptidis or Radix Scutellariae, and DHXD. Conclusions These results show that the levels of anthraquinones in different Rhizoma Rhei decoctions can be significantly altered by Rhizoma Coptidis and/or Radix Scutellariae.

The 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction in the Functionalization of Carbon Nanofibers

Carbon nanofibers were functionalized using a reaction scheme described in the literature for 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides generated in situ by the condensation of an alpha-amino acid and an aldehyde. The reagents used were Z-Gly-OH and paraformaldehyde. Their reaction with carbon nanofibers was studied as a solid mixture by controlled heating in the DSC. An oxazolidinone intermediate was formed as the major product. Z-Gly-OH and paraformaldehyde were also reacted with a model compound (anthracene) in DMF solution leading to the formation of a considerable amount of anthraquinone. These studies suggested that, under the conditions investigated, the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction was not favoured, and the main result of functionalization was the formation of quinone-type groups as a consequence of an oxidation process.

Cleavage of the natural lignin of cotton-plant stems with thioacetic acid in the presence of anthraquinone

The influence of additions of catalytic amounts of anthraquinone on the stages of hydrolysis in the cleavage of natural lignin by thioacetic acid has been investigated. The degree of delignification does not change under these conditions, but the yield of low-molecular-weight cleavage products increases, which indicates a profound degradation of the lignin macromolecule. The qualitative and quantitative compositions of the monomeric fractions of cleavage products do not undergo appreciable changes in the presence of anthraquinone.

KINETICS OF AQUEOUS ETHYLENEDIAMINE-ETHANOL-ANTHRAQUINONE DELIGNIFICATION PROCESS

A new organosolv pulping method has been investigated. Delignification can be carried out by digesting the lignocellulosic material in an aqueous solution of ethylenediamine (EDA) and ethanol (EtOH) in combination with catalytic amounts of anthraquinone (AQ). This aqueous EDA-EtOH-AQ pulping is found to be highly selective in delignification and is flexible to softwoods. Bulk delignification was found to take place according to a pair of first-order mechanisms, like aqueous ethanol pulping. In the initial phase of delignification more than 50% lignin is removed, while the rest is extracted in the second slower step. The rate constants for each step are of the same order of magnitude and higher than those obtained in ethanol pulping. This indicated that overall delignification is faster when compared to aqueous ethanol pulping. The Arrhenius activation energy for the initial step was found to be 6.4 kcal/mole. The high selectivity in the detignification during the EDA-EtOH—AQ process is observed at all lev...

Influence of additions of anthraquinone on the alkaline hydrolysis of cotton-plant lignin

The action of catalytic amounts of anthraquinone on the alkaline hydrolysis of the stems and dioxane lignin of the cotton plant of the ssp.mexicanium has been investigated. It has been established that this leads to a substantial increase in the yield of low-molecular-weight hydrolysis products. Analysis of the monomeric fractions of the hydrolysis products by the GLC method has shown the presence in them of large amounts of substances with a p-coumaryl structure. This, and also the low level of syringyl derivatives, may be caused by the demethoxylation of the lignin under the conditions described.

キノン添加蒸解

We found in 1974 for the first time in the world that the addition of a little amount of anthraquinone, anthrahydroquinone or 1, 4-dihydro- 9, 10-dihydroxyanthracene (DDA, products of Diels Alder reaction of naphthoquinone and butadiene) to various pulping process including sulfate, soda and sulfite process is effective in improving the cooking yield, the cooking rate and the pulp quality. And then we moved to a mill application. Now in Japan, many mills have started DDA additive sulfate and neutral sulfite cooking with the objective of cooking yield increase and cooking chemical saving as well as pulp production increase.In the sulfate process, by adding 0.02% DDA, we achieve the results of 1.5% cooking yield increase, and either the lowering of the cooking temperature by 5°C, the saving of 10% active alkali, or shortening the cooking time by 10 to 20%.There are no differences in the effect of DDA among wood species and this cooking method does not require any change of production facility.We have also thoroughly investigated the toxicity of DDA and confirmed the toxicity of DDA as negative.Applying 0.05% DDA to soda process, cooking yield, cooking rate and pulp quality reach the level of the conventional sulfate process.In the NSSC process, quinone additive works to promote uniformed softening of the chip and which in turn saves power consumption for refining decrease shive content and improves the bleachability and pulp quality.