Amount Of Ammonium Sulfate Research Articles

Preparation of N-phosphorylated and silylated 1,3,2-oxaza(diaza)phospholanes and phosphorinanes

1. The reaction of N-phenyl(benzyl)ethylenediamine with the full amides of phosphorous acid gave a number of N-phosphorylated 1,3,2-diazaphospholanes. 2. The reaction of alkanolamines with the diamides of alkylphosphorous acids, followed by treatment with trimethylsilyldiethylamine in the presence of catalytic amounts of ammonium sulfate, gave N-silylated 1,3,2-oxazaphospholanes and phosphorinanes.

Application of the cloud point method to the study of the interaction of polyvinylpyrrolidone with some organic compounds in aqueous solution.

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) aqueous solution exhibited coacervation by addition of some inorganic salts and organic compounds. The cloud point of PVP K-90 solution appeared by addition of the least amount of ammonium sulfate, among PVP K-15, K-30 and K-90. Effect of some aromatic compounds on the cloud point of PVP aqueous solution containing ammonium sulfate was investigated. The extent of the aromatic compounds to lower the cloud point of PVP solution differed depending upon their functional groups, number of their substituents, and mutual position of the substituents. Urea derivatives elevated the cloud point, its extent being increased with the number of substituted methyl groups. Thiourea derivatives, on the other hand, lowered the cloud point. The order of the compounds to lower the cloud point was in parallel with the order of extent of interaction studied by the equilibrium dialysis method.

Production of aflatoxin and its partition between the medium and the mycelium of Aspergillus parasiticus during incubation under various conditions.

Spores of an aflatoxigenic strain of Aspergillus parasiticus were inoculated into a glucose-salts medium which was incubated with and without shaking at 28 degrees C for 15 days. Without shaking, maximal production of total aflatoxin and aflatoxins B1, G1, and G2 occurred at 5 days, whereas the maximal amount of B2 appeared after 7 days. Initially approximately 5% of the total toxins appeared in the mycelium but this increased to more than 60% after 5 days. Shaking of cultures during incubation served to reduce production of total aflatoxin and of each of the individual toxins. The maximal amount of total aflatoxin and of toxins B1 and G1 appeared in shaken cultures after 5 days, whereas 8 and 11 days were needed to obtain maximal amounts of B2 and G2, respectively. The mycelium of shaken cultures initially retained approximately 50% of the total aflatoxin and this increased to about 80% as the incubation progressed. Very little aflatoxin was synthesized at 35 and 45 degrees C and production of total aflatoxin and of each individual toxin was less at 15 degrees C than at 25 or 28 degrees C. When the medium contained 0.5 to 50% glucose, maximal amounts of total aflatoxin and of aflatoxins B1, G1 and G2 appeared in the presence of 30% glucose; only 20% glucose was needed to obtain the greatest amount of B2. The mycelium retained approximately 50% of total aflatoxin when the medium contained 5 to 20%. Neither aflatoxin G1 nor G2 were detected when the medium contained 0.05% ammonium sulfate and only B1, B2, and G1 appeared in the medium with 0.1% of the salt. Maximal production of each individual aflatoxin and of total aflatoxin occured with 1% of ammonium sulfate in the medium. The proportion of total aflatoxin retained by the mycelium decreased from 83 to 37% as the amount of ammonium sulfate in the medium was increased from 0,05 to 10%.

Nitrogen balance studies for different Egyptian soils cropped with corn

The nitrogen balance for four different Egyptian soils cropped with corn and fertilized with increasing amounts of ammonium sulphate was studied in pot experiments. The tested soils were clay loam, calcareous sandy loam, sandy loam and sand. Nitrogen added as seeds, fertilizers, irrigation water and insecticides, nitrogen removed by the plants including thinned plants and fallen leaves and the nitrogen content of the soils before sowing and after the harvest were determined and used to draw the balance sheet.

EFFECTS OF CARBON, NITROGEN, AND ALLOPURINOL ON THE ABUNDANCE OF PARTICIPATE INCLUSIONS IN A MARINE DINOFLAGELLATE12

SUMMARYNutritional factors have been identified that affect the abundance of particulate inclusions in the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii. The amount of ammonium sulfate. glucose, and glutamic acid in the medium markedly affected the number of particle‐containing cysts. Particle production was directly proportional to the concentration of ammonium sulfate and glutamic acid, and inversely proportional to the amount of glucose in the medium. Allopurinol reduced particle production Strikingly. The chemical composition of the particulate inclusions, and their possible ecological significance, are discussed.

Fermentative production of mitomycins by Streptomyces caespitosus

AbstractProduction of mitomycin antibiotics by Streptomyces caespitosus was increased by the utilisation of molasses (1.0%) treated with 0.01 % potassium ferrocyanide and corn steep liquor (0.9 %). Three different fermentation media were used for the fermentation production of mitomycins. Appropriate amounts of ammonium sulphate, soluble starch, ferrous sulphate, magnesium sulphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride and calcium carbonate increased the antibiotic yield when added to the fermentation medium containing molasses and corn steep liquor. The addition of some individual amino acids, vitamins and organic acids to a base fermentation medium did not improve or increase its performance.

The effect of a nitrification inhibitor on the concentration of nitrate in plants

Calcium nitrate, or ammonium sulphate without or with 1% of the nitrification inhibitor 2-chloro-6 (trichloromethyl) pyridine were applied in the spring to winter wheat growing on clay- and sandyloam soils; 50 or 100 lb N/acre was applied on the clay-loam and 75 or 150 lb N/acre on the sandyloam. On permanent grassland ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulphate without or with 1 or 2% of inhibitor were broadcast to supply 100 or 200 lb N/acre. Winter wheat was sampled 32 days, and grass 68 days after applying fertilizers. Ammonium sulphate increased nitrate in the wheat on the clayloam soil but significantly less with than without the inhibitor. On the sandy-loam, wheat given ammonium sulphate with and without the inhibitor contained similar amounts of nitrate-N. The double amount of ammonium sulphate without inhibitor increased the nitrate content of grass most, and the nitrate content decreased with increasing amount of inhibitor.

The effect of varying nitrogen supplies on the content of amino acids in wheat grain

The effect of nitrogen applications on the amino acid composition of wheat grain was studied in a pot experiment, in which spring wheat was supplied with increasing amounts of ammonium sulphate. The ensuing yield curve extended from very small N-applications to applications resulting in a toxic effect on the yield.

Título en español.

El uso continuo del sulfato amónico como fuente de nitrógeno para el abonamiento de la caña de azúcar ha causado un descenso del valor pH del suelo y cambios en los nutrientes disponibles en el tipo de suelo Vega Alta arcilloso lómico, como sigue: 1. Al aumentar las proporciones de sulfato amónico en los abonos, bajaron los valores pH en todos los horizontes del suelo, desde 0-6 hasta 12-18 pulgadas. 2. El calcio disponible se redujo al aumentar las cantidades de sulfato amónico en todos los horizontes del suelo, desde 0 hasta 18 pulgadas. 3. Fue leve la pérdida del magnesio disponible en el suelo cuando se comparó con el calcio, lo cual dio lugar a que se estrecharan las razones calciomagnesio en la superficie (0-6 pulgadas) del suelo. 4. Con el aumento en acidez hubo grandes aumentos del magnesio, hierro y aluminio solubles en todos los horizontes del suelo. 5. La cantidad de magnesio soluble fue mucho mayor que la de hierro, lo cual dio lugar a razones de hierro a manganeso de menos de 1. 6. El rápido descenso del valor pH del suelo debido a los aumentos de las cantidades aplicadas de sulfato amónico se evidenció no sólo en el experimento de 18 años, si que también en el que solamente tiene 3 1/2 años de instalado en el mismo campo. 7. En un suelo del tipo Vayas arcilloso con un pH de 8 no bajó marcadamente, en grado alguno, el valor pH en 19 años por el uso continuo de sulfato amónico. 8. La aplicación del sulfato amónico a la hilera de caña en vez de a los espacios entre hileras causó que fueran más bajos los valores pH en el suelo de las hileras que en el de entre hileras.

Influence of combined nitrogen on fixation of nitrogen byAzotobacter

Different amounts of ammonium sulphate, potassium nitrate, aspartic acid and peptone supplying different amounts of nitrogen to the medium were added to the mannite solution. The materials were inoculated with a strain ofAzotobacter isolated from Delhi soil and incubated at 32° C. for three weeks. Nitrogen contents of the materials were determined.

Bleaching of Visual Purple in Solutions of Inorganic Salts

IT has been stated that visual purple can be salted out of solution with magnesium and sodium sulphates1,2. In the present work, an attempt was made to repeat this, using moderately concentrated visual purple solutions. No precipitation occurred; but it was found that in the presence of large amounts of ammonium sulphate, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulphate and sodium sulphate the bleaching of visual purple was modified.

On the influence of thiamine and ammonium ions on alcoholic fermentation

1. 1. In a glucose-sodium acetate medium of pH 5.6 the fermentation rate of bakers' yeast remains constant at a low level during several hours, while in the presence of ammonium sulphate it gradually increases. The rise is steeper in the presence of thiamine. 2. 2. After the ammonium ions have been utilized the rate of fermentation decreases to a level, the height of which depends upon the amounts of ammonium sulphate and thiamine added. 3. 3. In the presence of an ammonium salt not containing assimilable sulphur in its anion a decrease of the fermentation rate occurs before the ammonium ions have been utilized. This decrease is not observed when besides the ammonium salt a suitable amount of sodium sulphate is added. 4. 4. Thiamine and ammonium sulphate exert their effect on fermentation in a sodium acetate medium of pH 5.6, and under these conditions also considerable amounts of protein and carboxylase are formed. When the same buffer salt is used at pH 3.5 the effects of both thiamine and ammonium sulphate on the fermentation rate are absent, and no protein and carboxylase are formed either. In the presence of K 2SO 4, KH 2PO 4, Na 2SO 4 or NaH 2PO 4, however, the effects of both thiamine and ammonium sulphate on the fermentation rate are also observed at this pH, while under these conditions the synthesis of carboxylase, and consequently the synthesis of protein, also occurs again. 5. 5. An explanation of the phenomena observed in glucose-sodium acetate medium of pH 5.6 containing ammonium sulphate is given. 6. 6. In a glucose-sodium acetate medium of pH 5.6 containing ammonium sulphate and thiamine the maximal amount of carboxylase is formed with concentrations of ammonium sulphate of 0.01 to 0.02% and higher, and amounts of 0.02 to 0.05 μg thiamine per 2 mg yeast, after 2 to 4 hours' fermentation. These data correspond closely to those concerning the effects of thiamine and ammonium sulphate on the fermentation rate. 7. 7. After 6 hours' fermentation in the presence of excess ammonium sulphate (0.1%)—thiamine being absent—the rate of fermentation, the amount of protein, and the amount of carboxylase all appeared to have increased by about 50%, while the number of cells had only increased by about 30% as compared to the control experiment (glucose-sodium acetate). 8. 8. After 6 hours' fermentation in the presence of an excess of both ammonium sulphate and thiamine the rate of fermentation and the amout of carboxylase had once more increased by about 60%, and the number of cells by about 20%, whereas the amount of protein had not more increased than in the presence of ammonium sulphate alone. 9. 9. The effect of thiamine upon the fermentation of bakers' yeast depends quantitatively upon the formation of carboxylase, this enzyme being the limiting factor of fermentation, both in the absence and in the presence of ammonium sulphate. 10. 10. Like bakers' yeast, brewers' yeast also forms carboxylase in the presence of ammonium sulphate. The addition of thiamine to the medium, however, has no influence on the amount of carboxylase formed. The amount of non-carboxylase thiamine pyrophosphate present in the brewers' yeast obviously is sufficient for obtaining the maximal content of carboxylase. This explains why the fermentation of brewers' yeast is not influenced by added thiamine.

Solubility and fractionation of polyvinylpyrrolidone

AbstractPolyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) can be conveniently fractionated from water by successive precipitation with acetone, from chloroform with ether, or from ethanol with benzene. The major part (60–70%) of the common PVP has the intrinsic viscosity of 0.12–0.30. The fractions can be liberated from the low molecular components by extraction of the solid polymer with acetone. Precipitability with ammonium sulfate is a very convenient means of characterizing the fractions. The amount of ammonium sulfate needed to produce turbidity decreases with increasing mean molecular weight of the fractions, with the increasing concentration of the polymer, and with increasing temperature. The molar concentration of ammonium sulfate that produces turbidity is a linear function of the logarithm of the mean molecular weight of the fractions. The amount of ammonium sulfate which produces turbidity decreases linearly with increasing temperature.