Amount Of Adipose Tissue Research Articles

Nutrition in breast cancer genesis

Breast cancer is the most prevalent tumor in women, ranking first in incidence and mortality in many countries. Although the causes of breast cancer are complex and multifactorial, nutritional factors and those related to nutritional status play an important role in the development of the disease. In this way, factors that increase breast cancer risk have been identified, such as weight gain, the amount of adipose tissue, waist circumference, alcohol consumption or the consumption of red meat and processed meat, while other factors have been identified that reduce the risk, such as eating fruits and vegetables. Nutritional factors or factors that depend on the state of nutrition are modifiable and preventable, so they must be considered when designing effective prevention programs.

The role of the novel adipokines vaspin and omentin in chronic inflammatory diseases.

Obesity is adisease of epidemic proportions in many countries around the world. White adipose tissue is an active endocrine organ; therefore, its excess results in chronic and systemic inflammation. This inflammation is caused and maintained mostly by adipokines secreted by adipose tissue cells, mainly adipocytes and macrophages. The relatively newly discovered adipokines comprise vaspin and omentin. Their concentration in the blood, tissues, or bronchial secretion varies depending on the amount of adipose tissue and other accompanying factors, including comorbidities. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the usefulness of omentin and vaspin as biomarkers in inflammatory diseases. The Medline/PubMed database was used to search for information on obesity, inflammation, omentin, vaspin, and adipose tissue. Data from selected scientific studies, both original and review papers, are presented. Vaspin has been found to improve insulin sensitivity mainly in white adipose tissue. Omentin has an anti-inflammatory effect and, like vaspin, sensitizes tissues to insulin. The serum concentration and tissue expression of both adipokines are different in different inflammatory diseases. This review aims to present the biological functions of vaspin and omentin in the body and to indicate the possible use of these adipokines as disease markers in the future.

Влияние глюкагоноподобного пептида-1 на эпикардиальный жир у пациентов с сахарным диабетом 2 типа и ожирением

Aim. To evaluate the effect of a hypoglycemic drug from the group of glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists on epicardial fat thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Design. Open pilot study. Materials and methods. The study included 30 patients (12 women and 18 men) with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity of varying severity. 2 patients had a history of myocardial infarction, 20 patients had arterial hypertension of varying severity. To current therapy with oral hypoglycemic agents Dulaglutide was added with drugs for intensification at a dose of 1.5 mg once a week. At baseline and one year later, along with routine laboratory parameters, we assessed the level of glycated hemoglobin, C-reactive protein, anthropometric indicators (body weight, body mass index, waist circumference), echocardiography with determination of epicardial fat thickness, and bioimpedance measurements. Results. After 12 months of therapy, patients showed a significant decrease in the level of glycated hemoglobin by 0.95% (0.63–1.29%; p < 0.05). Improved performance of carbohydrate metabolism was accompanied by a statistically significant decrease in body weight by 0.96% (0.83–1.1%; p < 0.005), epicardial fat thickness by 0.89 cm (0.08–1.00 cm; p < 0.001) and the amount of adipose tissue according to bioimpedance measurements by 0.88 kg (0.29–0.98 kg; p < 0.05). Conclusion. Intensification therapy with the GLP-1 receptor agonist dulaglutide led to a significant improvement in carbohydrate metabolism and a decrease in the amount of fat, both total and epicardial, which could potentially reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity. Keywords: epicardial fat, obesity, diabetes mellitus type 2, glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists.

Possible roles of mitochondrial protein p13 in the control of white adipose tissue amount

Possible roles of mitochondrial protein p13 in the control of white adipose tissue amount

Correlations between the Changing Levels of Tissue Plasminogen Activator and Adiposity Following Exercise-Induced Weight Loss.

Cardiovascular disease is a major threat to global public health. Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) is a serine protease that dissolves blood clots, which can also lead to excessive bleeding. Fibrinogen (FIBR), a glycoprotein, is converted by thrombin to fibrin and then to a fibrin-based blood clot. Both TPA and FIBR levels in the blood are associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease, and the levels of the two factors are also positively correlated with total adipose tissue amounts. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues (VAT and SAT) can contribute differently to whole-body metabolism. In this study, we sought to assess: (1) the strength of the correlation between the changing levels of the two factors and the changing amounts of VAT/SAT during exercise-induced weight loss, (2) whether there is any difference between the two types of adipose tissues in terms of the correlation, and (3) which factor, TPA or FIBR, is more sensitive to changes in adiposity? For this study, we analyzed the data from the diabetes prevention program (DPP), in which the participants were divided into three groups, with one group undergoing a lifestyle change that involved maintaining a minimum of 7% weight loss with physical activity. We found that the basal amounts of VAT and SAT were correlated with TPA and FIBR levels. However, following weight loss, adiposity changes were strongly correlated with the changing levels of TPA, but not FIBR, for both men and women. Therefore, TPA, but not FIBR, is sensitive to changes in adiposity. Furthermore, regarding TPA, weight loss sensitized its correlation with SAT, but not VAT. This study shows how adipose tissues distinctively affect TPA and FIBR levels, two factors associated with cardiovascular disease and ischemic stroke.

Visceral adipose tissue quantity and dysfunction and the occurrence of major bleeding in patients with established cardiovascular disease

ObjectivesTo determine the association between both visceral fat quantity and adipose tissue dysfunction, and major bleeding in patients with established cardiovascular disease. MethodsPatients from the Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease study with established cardiovascular disease were included. Visceral fat was measured using ultrasound and adipose tissue dysfunction was depicted using metabolic syndrome criteria (revised National Cholesterol Education Program). Cox regression models were fitted to study the relation with major bleeding defined as Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) type 3 or 5, or International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) major bleeding. Sensitivity analyses were performed using C-reactive protein levels to reflect adipose tissue dysfunction. ResultsIn 6927 patients during a median follow up of 9.2 years, a total of 237 BARC type 3 or 5 bleedings and 224 ISTH major bleedings were observed. Visceral fat quantity was not related to major bleeding (HR 1.01, 95%CI 0.88–1.16 for BARC type 3 or 5 bleeding and HR 1.00, 95%CI 0.87–1.15 for ISTH major bleeding), nor was metabolic syndrome (HR 0.97, 95%CI 0.75–1.26 for BARC type 3 or 5 bleeding and HR 0.98, 95%CI 0.75–1.28 for ISTH major bleeding). Sensitivity analyses using C-reactive protein levels showed similar results. No effect modification was observed by sex, antithrombotic therapy, presence of metabolic syndrome or diabetes. ConclusionIn patients with cardiovascular disease, no association was found between visceral fat quantity measured with ultrasound or measures of adipose tissue dysfunction and the risk of major bleeding, irrespective of antithrombotic agent use.

Prolyl Carboxypeptidase Activity Is Present in Human Adipose Tissue and Is Elevated in Serum of Obese Men with Type 2 Diabetes

Prolyl carboxypeptidase (PRCP) is involved in metabolic disorders by hydrolyzing anorexigenic peptides. A link between serum PRCP activity and obesity has been reported, but its origin/source is still unclear. Previously proven correlations between human serum PRCP activity and the amount of adipose tissue may suggest that adipose tissue is an important source of circulating PRCP. We investigated PRCP activity in visceral, subcutaneous adipose tissue (VAT and SCAT), skeletal muscle tissue and serum of lean and obese men with or without type 2 diabetes (T2D). Correlations between PRCP activity, metabolic and biochemical parameters and immune cell populations were assessed. PRCP activity was the highest in VAT, compared to SCAT, and was very low in skeletal muscle tissue in the overall group. Serum PRCP activity was significantly higher in T2-diabetic obese men, compared to lean and obese non-diabetic men, and was positively correlated with glycemic control. A positive correlation was observed between serum PRCP activity and VAT immune cell populations, which might indicate that circulating PRCP activity is deriving rather from the immune fraction than from adipocytes. In conclusion, PRCP activity was observed in human adipose tissue for the first time and serum PRCP activity is correlated with T2D in obese men.

Attractive and healthy-looking male faces do not show higher immunoreactivity

Previous research has indicated that facial attractiveness may provide cues to the functioning of the immune system. Mating with individuals who have a more effective immune system could lead to a higher reproductive success. Our main aim was to test a possible association between immunoreactivity (stimulated by vaccination) and perceived facial attractiveness and healthiness. We experimentally activated the immune system of healthy men using vaccination against hepatitis A/B and meningococcus and measured levels of specific antibodies (markers of immune system reactivity) before and 30 days after the vaccination. Further, 1 day before the vaccination, we collected their facial photographs that were judged by females for attractiveness, healthiness, and facial skin patches for healthiness. In view of its proposed connection with the functioning of the immune system, we also measured skin colouration (both from the facial photographs and in vivo using a spectrophotometer) and we assessed its role in attractiveness and healthiness judgements. Moreover, we measured the levels of steroid hormones (testosterone and cortisol) and the percentage of adipose tissue, because both are known to have immunomodulatory properties and are related to perceived facial attractiveness and healthiness. We found no significant associations between antibody levels induced by vaccination and perceived facial attractiveness, facial healthiness, or skin healthiness. We also found no significant connections between steroid hormone levels, the amount of adipose tissue, rated characteristics, and antibody levels, except for a small negative effect of cortisol levels on perceived facial healthiness. Higher forehead redness was perceived as less attractive and less healthy and higher cheek patch redness was perceived as less healthy, but no significant association was found between antibody levels and facial colouration. Overall, our results suggest that perceived facial attractiveness, healthiness, and skin patch healthiness provide limited cues to immunoreactivity, and perceived characteristics seem to be related only to cortisol levels and facial colouration.

The intensity of fat accumulation and its distribution in the body of young cattle

The intensity of fat accumulation and its distribution by fat depots in the body of animals is signifi cantly infl uenced in cattle breeding by the breed factor. The use of commercial crossbreeding of dairy and dual-purpose productivity cows with sires of beef breeds allows us to get crossbred young cattle with better indicators of beef productivity than that of the parent breed. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of crossbreeding cows of Black–and-White with sires of Aberdeen-Angus and Charolais breed on the intensity of fat accumulation and its distribution in fat depots in purebred and crossbred steers. In order to conduct the experiment, 3 groups of steers were formed with 15 heads in each. Purebred steers of Black-and-White breed were included in the 1st control group, in the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups, respectively, half-blooded steers from crossbreeding cows of Black-and–White breed with sires of Aberdeen Angus and Charolais breeds. Animals were slaughtered at birth, at the age of 6, 12, 15 and 18 months determining the amount of adipose tissue of various localization (visceral, subcutaneous, intermuscular). Signifi cant age and breed features have been established in the order of deposition of adipose tissue and the correlation of its accumulation in fat depots. The biggest contribution to the increase in the total body fat mass of 18-month-old steers regardless of their breed was made by intermuscular (29,8–35,2 %) and subcutaneous (24,5–27,0 %) fat depots. Other fat depots according to the relative mass of lipids and their value in increasing the total body fat mass are arranged in the following decreasing order such as renal (13,8–15,4 %), omentum (9,3–14,1 %), intramuscular (9,3–14,7 %), mesenteric (2,5–4,4 %). Steers of Black-and-White dairy breed tended to deposit internal fat, while crossbreds with Aberdeen Angus and Charolais breeds tended to accumulate intermuscular and intramuscular fat with almost the same subcutaneous fat deposition.

Adipose tissue radiodensity and mortality among patients with nonmetastatic breast cancer

Computed tomography (CT) scans can measure quantity and distribution of adipose tissue, which are associated with breast cancer prognosis. As a novel prognostic marker, radiodensity of adipose tissue has been examined in multiple cancer types, but never in breast cancer. Lower density indicates larger adipocytes with greater lipid content, whereas higher density can reflect inflammation, fibrosis, vascularity, or even metabolic changes; and both may impact breast cancer prognosis. We included 2868 nonmetastatic patients with breast cancer diagnosed between January 2005 and December 2013at Kaiser Permanente Northern California, an integrated healthcare system. From CT scans at diagnosis, we assessed the radiodensity of subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) at the third lumbar vertebra and categorized their radiodensity into three levels: low (<1 standard deviation [SD] below the mean), middle (mean±1 SD), and high (>1 SD above the mean). Using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression with adjustment for clinicopathological characteristics including body mass index, we calculated hazard ratios (HRs [95% confidence intervals]) for the associations of adipose tissue radiodensity with overall mortality and breast-cancer-specific mortality. Median age at diagnosis of breast cancer was 56.0 years, most (63.3%) were non-Hispanic White and nearly half (45.6%) were stage II. Compared to middle SAT radiodensity, high SAT radiodensity was significantly associated with increased risk of overall mortality (HR: 1.45 [1.15-1.81]), non-significantly with breast-cancer-specific mortality (HR: 1.32 [0.95-1.84]). Neither low SAT radiodensity nor high or low VAT radiodensity was significantly associated with overall or breast-cancer-specific mortality. High radiodensity of SAT at diagnosis of nonmetastatic breast cancer was associated with increased risk of overall mortality, independent of adiposity and other prognostic factors. Considering both radiodensity and quantity of adipose tissue at different locations could deepen understanding of the role of adiposity in breast cancer survival.

Quantity of adipose tissue and adipose tissue dysfunction and the risk of cancer in individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease

Abstract Background Individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD) are at increased risk of cancer compared to the general population. Adipose tissue dysfunction, as a consequence of excess adipose tissue, contributes to this risk via production of several hormones and cytokines. Whether the high risk of cancer in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is mainly attributable to the quantity of adipose tissue or the degree of adipose tissue dysfunction, is unknown. Purpose To assess the relation between the quantity of adipose tissue and adipose tissue dysfunction and the risk of cancer in a cohort of patients at high risk of CVD, with and without T2D. Methods 10792 participants from the UCC-SMART study were included for this prospective cohort study, including 7026 individuals with a history of CVD and 1769 individuals with pre-existent T2D. The effect of quantitative measures of adiposity [BMI, waist circumference and ultrasonographically determined visceral adipose tissue (VAT)] and of the degree of adipose tissue dysfunction on the risk of cancer was assessed using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for confounders. Adipose tissue dysfunction was quantified by metabolic dysfunction (modified metabolic syndrome criteria with waist circumference replaced by hsCRP), the estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR, a measure of insulin resistance), and HOMA-IR (only in people without T2D). Potential effect modification by T2D was tested by adding an interaction term to the models. Results During a median of 8.6 (IQR 5.0–12.8) years of follow-up, 1164 individuals were diagnosed with cancer, of which 219 individuals had pre-existent T2D. Incidence rates were 14.0 and 11.6 per 1000 person-years for people with and without T2D, respectively. Increases per SD in BMI [HR 0.98 (95% CI 0.92–1.05)], waist circumference [HR 1.01 (95% CI 0.95–1.09)] and VAT [HR 1.03 (95% CI 0.97–1.10)] were not significantly associated with an increased risk of cancer. These relations were not different for people with and without T2D (p&amp;gt;0.05). Metabolic dysfunction was associated with a higher risk of cancer [4–5 vs. 0–1 components: HR 1.14 (95% CI 1.03–1.25)]. The relation between eGDR and incident malignancy was different for people without T2D [HR 0.97 (95% CI 0.93–1.01)] than for people with T2D [HR 1.06 (95% CI 0.97–1.16)] (p=0.04), with this last relation being more pronounced in people with a higher amount of VAT. No significant relation was observed between HOMA-IR and the risk of cancer in people without T2D [HR 0.99 (95% CI 0.96–1.02)]. Conclusion Adipose tissue dysfunction, assessed by the degree of metabolic dysfunction, is associated with a higher risk of cancer in people at high risk of CVD. No significant associations were observed for quantitative measures of adiposity. The higher risk of cancer among individuals with adipose tissue dysfunction warrants awareness among clinicians and emphasizes the importance of obesity prevention. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Correlation between subcutaneous adipose tissue of the head and body mass index: Implications for functional neuroimaging.

High body mass index (BMI) is generally assumed to represent overall amounts of body adipose tissue (fat). Increased adipose tissue amounts in persons with increased BMI has been cited as a barrier to assessment of body tissues such as muscle. Significant increases in the amount of adipose tissue between the dermal layer and the skull may result in high electrical impedance and/or increased light diffusion causing a lower signal to noise ratio during use of neuroimaging tools such as electroencepholography (EEG), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Investigating how subcutaneous adipose tissue in the head region increases with respect to total body fat percentage and BMI is an important step in developing mathematical corrections in neuroimaging measurements as BMI increases, as recommended in other measurement modalities such as electromyography (EMG). We hypothesized that percentage of subcutaneous adipose tissue in the head region would increase with respect to both total body fat percentage and BMI. A statistically significant increase in subcutaneous head fat percentage occurred with increased BMI and total body fat percentage. The data investigated in this study indicate that participant age, sex, and BMI are important features to consider in model corrections during data signal processing and analyses for subcutaneous head fat in neuroimaging approaches. The data in this project serve to provide physiological justification for this practice along with regression analyses to be considered for physiologically-based signal to noise correction algorithms.

The Impact of Physical Activity at School on Body Fat Content in School-Aged Children.

(1) Background: Excessive amounts of adipose tissue is a health risk. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of increased physical activity (PA) at school on body fat content in children aged 10 to 12 years over a 2-year follow-up. (2) Methods: Children born in 2007 (n = 245) in two groups, (1) standard PA and (2) increased PA at school, 4 and 10 h of physical education lessons per week, respectively. BIA measurements of body fat content were taken twice a year. Results were interpreted based on children’s fat content reference curves. (3) Results: During 2 years of observation, the percentage of children with excessive fat mass (overweight and obese) increased by one-third (from 28.11% to 39.67%) in the group of standard PA, while decreased by one-third in the increased PA one (from 28.92% to 21.00%); with normal fat content increased by one-quarter in the increased PA group (from 59.86% to 76.26%) and decreased by one-tenth in the standard PA one (from 61.61% to 56.29%). (4) Conclusions: An increase in PA at school has a positive impact on children’s body fat content. It is recommended to increase the number of physical education lessons at school, which has a positive effect on children’s health, reducing the risk of obesity.

Abstracts from the NIH Office of Research on Women's Health 2022 Annual BIRCWH Meeting:Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women's Health November 2, 2022

Abstracts from the NIH Office of Research on Women's Health 2022 Annual BIRCWH Meeting:Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women's Health November 2, 2022

Extracellular matrix deformations of the porcine recurrent laryngeal nerve in response to hydrostatic pressure

Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) caused by supraphysiological compression or tension imposed by adjacent tissue structures, such as the aorta, may contribute to onset of idiopathic unilateral vocal fold paralysis (iUVP) resulting in difficulty speaking, breathing, and swallowing. We previously demonstrated in adolescent pigs that the right RLN epineurium exhibits uniform composition of adipose tissue, with larger quantities along its length within the neck region in contrast to the left RLN that shows greater collagen composition in the thoracic region and greater quantities of adipose tissue in the neck region. In contrast, the epineurium in piglets was primarily composed of collagen tissue that remained uniform along the length of the left and right RLNs. Tensile testing of the left and right RLN in piglets and pigs showed associated differences in strain by RLN side and segment by age. The goal of this study was to investigate how external hydrostatic compression of the RLN affects the nerve's connective tissue and microstructure. RLN segments were harvested from the distal (cervical/neck) regions and proximal (subclavian for the right RLN, thoracic for the left RLN) regions from eight adolescent pigs and nine piglets. RLN segments were isolated and assessed under fluid compression to test hypotheses regarding epineurium composition and response to applied forces. Second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging of epineurial collagen was conducted at 0, 40, and 80 mmHg of compression. The cartesian strain tensor, principal strain (Eps1), and principal direction of the RLN collagen fibers were determined at each pressure step. Significantly larger values of the 1st principal strain occurred in the proximal segments of the pig left RLN when compared to the same segment in piglets (p = 0.001, pig = 0.0287 [IQR = 0.0161 - 0.0428], piglet = 0.0061 [IQR = 0.0033 - 0.0156]). Additionally, the median transverse strain Eyy) for the second pressure increment was larger in the right proximal segment of pigs compared to piglets (p < 0.001, pig = 0.0122 [IQR = 0.0033 - 0.0171], piglet = 0.0013 [IQR = 0.00001 - 0.0028]). Eyy values were significantly larger in the right proximal RLN versus the left proximal RLNs in pigs but not in piglets (p < 0.001). In contrast to piglets, histological analysis of pig RLN demonstrated increased axial alignment of epineurial and endoneurial collagen in response to compressive pressure. These findings support the hypothesis that the biomechanical response of the RLN to compressive pressure changed from being similar to being different between the right and left RLNs during development in the porcine model. Further investigation of these findings associated with age-related onset of idiopathic UVP may illuminate underlying etiologic mechanisms. Statement of significanceDamage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) caused by compression imposed by the aorta may contribute to the onset of left-sided idiopathic unilateral vocal fold paralysis resulting in difficulty speaking, breathing, and swallowing. The goal of this study was to investigate how compression affects the connective tissue and microstructure of the RLN. We quantified the pressure induced deformation of the RLN using multiphoton imaging as a function of both location (proximal versus distal) and age (piglets, adolescent pigs). Our results demonstrate that the biomechanical response of the RLN to compression changes in the right versus left RLN throughout development, providing further evidence that the the left RLN is exposed to increasing dynamic loads with age.

Structural organization of the carotid sinus under the influence of monosodium glutamate in the experiment: analysis of changes in dynamics

Carotid artery pathology is one of the leading causes of cerebral stroke. Among the pathogenetic factors in the development of carotid artery damage, disorders of lipid metabolism, atherosclerosis, and metabolic syndrome occupy a prominent place. The alimentary factor is extremely important in this context. Monosodium glutamate is one of the most common food additives, which is often used uncontrollably and can cause changes in the structure and functions of organs and tissues. The purpose of the study: to analyze the dynamics of morphological changes in the carotid sinus area under the influence of monosodium glutamate when administered orally in an experiment. The area of the carotid sinus of 20 male laboratory white rats that received sodium glutamate orally at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks was studied by morphological methods at the macro- and microstructural levels after 6 and 8 weeks of the experiment. The obtained data are compared with the results of a morphological study of the same area in 20 animals of the control group. Statistical processing of animal weight was performed using MS Excel 2007 software. Mean ± standard deviation was determined. After 6 weeks of the experiment, when evaluating the histological structure of the wall of the internal carotid artery in the area located directly above the bifurcation, when compared with the control group, multiplication and folding of the intima were found in the experimental group, presumably associated with the proliferation of endothelial cells under the influence of sodium glutamate, detachment of the endothelium and lysis of individual endotheliocytes, as well as uneven thickening of elastic media fibers and disruption of their structure. Attention was drawn to the accumulation of white fat perivasally and in the zone of the carotid glomus, as well as the disorganization of nerves and the expansion of vessels of the microcirculatory channel. After 8 weeks of the experiment, the negative dynamics of structural changes were noticeable: signs of increased inflammatory infiltration, deformation of the vessels of the microcirculatory bed with thickening of their walls and narrowing of the lumen, stasis, noticeable degranulation of cells of type I carotid glomus cells, the appearance of single labrocytes (mast cells) in the infiltrate. The amount of adipose tissue (white fat) in the area of the carotid sinus and the perivasal bifurcation of the carotid arteries, as well as in the immediate vicinity of the carotid glomus, also increased markedly, and a tendency towards thickening of adipose tissue was noted. Thus, monosodium glutamate with systematic oral use can cause a violation of the structural organization of the carotid sinus, the wall of the carotid arteries and the carotid glomus, and the severity of changes in dynamics increases. Further research is needed to clarify the nature of the structural changes in the carotid sinus under the conditions of withdrawal of monosodium glutamate, as well as to find possible ways of correction.

Differential expression of Ago2-mediated microRNA signaling in adipose tissue is associated with food-induced obesity.

Adipose tissue is a major component for the regulation of energy homeostasis by storage and release of lipids. As a core element of RNA‐induced silencing complex, argonaute2 (Ago2) plays critical role in maintenance of systemic metabolic demand. Here, we show that high‐fat‐diet‐fed mice exhibit an increase in body mass alongside systematic insulin resistance and altered rate of energy expenditure. Interestingly, Ago2 expression is associated with obesity and an increased amount of adipose tissue. Moreover, increased levels of Ago2 inhibited the expression of AMPKα by promoting its targeting by miR‐148a, the most abundant microRNA in adipose tissues. Those results suggested that Ago2–miR‐148a–AMPKα signaling pathway play an important function in the developing obesity and adiposity, and will further provide basic research data for the potential clinical treatment of obesity.

Adipose tissue and ovarian aging: Potential mechanism and protective strategies.

Ovarian aging occurs approximately 10 years prior to the natural age-associated functional decline of other organ systems. With the increase of life expectancy worldwide, ovarian aging has gradually become a key health problem among women. Therefore, understanding the causes and molecular mechanisms of ovarian aging is very essential for the inhibition of age-related diseases and the promotion of health and longevity in women. Recently, studies have revealed an association between adipose tissue (AT) and ovarian aging. Alterations in the function and quantity of AT have profound consequences on ovarian function because AT is central for follicular development, lipid metabolism, and hormonal regulation. Moreover, the interplay between AT and the ovary is bidirectional, with ovary-derived signals directly affecting AT biology. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the complex molecular mechanisms controlling the crosstalk between the AT and ovarian aging, and further discuss how therapeutic targeting of the AT can delay ovarian aging.

Abstract P224: Perivascular Adipose Tissue May Contribute To Disparate Blood Pressure Responses To Lifetime High Fat Feeding In Dahl Salt-sensitive And Salt-resistant Rats

Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) and salt-resistant (SR) rats show dramatically different blood pressure (BP) responses to being raised on a high fat, but normal salt, diet starting at weaning. Virtually no effect on BP is seen in SR rats, whereas in SS rats mean arterial pressure (MAP) reaches over 160 mmHg by adulthood. The BP difference is similar in female and male rats. The cellular and physiological mechanisms responsible have not been completely elucidated in either sex. Dysfunctional perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is proposed to contribute to obesity-associated hypertension through actions on other components of the vascular wall. Here we used female rats to test the hypothesis that differences in adipose tissue amount or function in SS and SR rats play a part in the distinct BP effects of high fat diet in the two strains. Rats (n=8 per strain) were fed a high fat diet (60% kcal fat) from weaning. BP was measured with telemetry. At 18 weeks of age, MAPs (mmHg) were 108±1 and 180±4 in SR and SS rats. Body weights (g) were 274±4 and 323±4. Total and visceral adipose volumes (mm3) measured by μCT were higher in SS rats versus SR rats (visceral: 22372±927 versus 14112±1495; total: 17208±732 versus 10234±984). PVAT volume around the thoracic aorta was larger in SS rats (0.228±0.017 versus 0.167±0.006). Subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes did not differ. Plasma triglycerides and cholesterol were modestly but significantly higher in SS rats. The well-known anticontractile effect of PVAT was compared in thoracic aorta from both strains. Removal of PVAT increased the AUC of the tension/PE contraction in SR rats by 1484±226 units and by a significantly smaller amount (946±162.5 units) in SS rats. Finally, aortic stiffness was estimated from pulse wave velocity measured via Doppler in a subset (n=4 each) of rats from each strain. Pulse wave velocity (M/sec) was markedly higher in SS than SR rats (11.5±1.0 versus 6.4±0.3). We conclude that differences in adipose tissue volume, location or function could account in part for the distinct BP responses of female SS and SR rats to high fat feeding.

Analysis of the Activation of Upper-Extremity Muscles During Various Chest Press Modalities.

Christian, JR, Gothart, SE, Graham, HK, Barganier, KD, and Whitehead, PN. Analysis of the activation of upper-extremity muscles during various chest press modalities. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 265-269, 2023-The most effective way to increase muscular strength is through the implementation of resistance training programs. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of muscle activation of the anterior deltoid (AD), medial deltoid (MD), and pectoralis major (PM) during various bench press scenarios. Twenty subjects (10 male and 10 female subjects; age, 24.0 ± 3.0 years) with a minimum of 1 year of resistance training were recruited to participate. Six surface electromyographical sensors were placed bilaterally on the targeted muscles. Subjects performed a 1 repetition maximum (1RM) of dumbbell (DB) and barbell (BB) flat bench press across 2 sessions followed by 6 repetitions at an incline, flat, and decline position at a submaximal 70% 1RM BB and DB. Mean peak values for muscle activation were analyzed for each variation. A repeated-measures 1-way analysis of variance was used to compare muscle activation patterns across conditions. Significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Activation of AD was significantly higher during incline BB compared with decline BB and decline DB ( p ≤ 0.019). Activation of MD was significantly lower than that of AD across all modalities ( p ≤ 0.040). Activation of PM was significantly lower during incline DB compared with decline DB ( p = 0.011). Differences among AD and PM may have been the result of the stability stipulation variations between DB or BB and the large biacromial breadth requirement. Lack of differentiation of muscle fibers within the PM during sensor placement could have led to lesser muscle activation recordings during decline. As significance was evident for PM when comparing genders ( p ≤ 0.021), and no significance was found among AD or MD, it can be inferred that the larger amounts of adipose tissue in the female subjects caused irregularities in the PM data.