Amount Of Abdominal Adipose Tissue Research Articles

Factors Influencing Contrast Enhancement in Abdominal Computed Tomography Angiography in the Dog: A Systematic Review.

Multidetector-row computed tomographic angiography (angio-CT) aims to achieve optimal opacification of the vascular compartment of interest. The distribution and quality of vascular opacification are influenced by patient-related factors, contrast medium (CM)-related factors, and scanner-related factors. This systematic review evaluates these factors and their effects on contrast enhancement. A comprehensive literature search was made in February 2024 across four online bibliographic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and CAB Abstract) in adherence with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. After screening the 5990 unique published articles initially identified, 20 full-text original studies met the inclusion criteria for the final review. The amount of abdominal adipose tissue was found to significantly affect enhancement, which suggests the possibility of reducing the CM dose to minimize adverse effects or toxicity. The injection rate of the CM, rather than the injection duration, was identified as the most critical factor, with important clinical implications. For scanners with slower acquisition speeds or longer scan durations, maintaining a fixed CM injection duration may optimize vascular phase acquisition. In contrast, faster scanners benefit from bolus tracking, which allows for improved differentiation between vascular phases. Additionally, administering a saline flush post-CM injection enhances arterial opacification while reducing the necessary CM dose. This systematic review highlights essential factors influencing contrast enhancement in angio-CT for dogs and provides a foundation for future research aimed at optimizing imaging protocols in veterinary medicine.

How much abdominal fat do obese patients lose short term after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy? A quantitative study evaluated with MRI

This study aimed to elucidate the changes in the amount of abdominal adipose tissue after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in obese Chinese patients over a relatively short follow-up period and to analyze the differences in the effects of surgery between genders. Ninety-one patients were enrolled in the study, including 18 males and 73 females. These patients underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy between November 2017 and November 2019. Before and short term after surgery, the areas of subcutaneous/visceral adipose tissue and the liver proton density fat fraction were calculated with upper abdominal magnetic resonance (MR) examinations. Approximately 100 days after surgery, the median values of weight loss and body mass index reduction were 23.1 kg and 8.1 kg/m2, respectively. The patients achieved a greater absolute loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue index than of visceral adipose tissue index (3.2×10-3 vs. 1.6×10-3, P<0.001). The amount of weight loss, body mass index loss and absolute/relative reduction in visceral adipose tissue index were much greater in males than in females (31.7 vs. 21.7 kg, P<0.001; 9.8 vs. 7.9 kg/m2, P=0.016; 2.5×10-3 vs. 1.3×10-3, P=0.007; 28.2% vs. 20.9%, P=0.029). There was a correlation between decreased amounts in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in sum and weight loss (r=0.282, P=0.032). The absolute/relative reduction in visceral adipose tissue index was also correlated with absolute/relative reduction in liver proton density fat fraction (r=0.283, P=0.013; r=0.372, P=0.001). The reductions in body weight and visceral fat were more significant in male patients. The sum of absolute reduction in subcutaneous and visceral fat deposits was correlated with weight loss, in all patients enrolled. For severely obese patients, an upper abdominal MR examination could assess the body tissue composition and how it changes after bariatric surgery.

Impact of Body Composition on the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence After Liver Transplantation.

Background: Body composition parameters are reported to influence the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence after liver resection, yet data on patients undergoing liver transplantation are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the amount of abdominal adipose tissue and skeletal muscles on the risk of HCC recurrence after liver transplantation. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study performed on 77 HCC patients after liver transplantation. Subcutaneous fat area (SFA), visceral fat area, psoas muscle area and total skeletal muscle area were assessed on computed tomography on the level of L3 vertebra and divided by square meters of patient height. The primary outcome measure was five-year recurrence-free survival. Results: Recurrence-free survival in the entire cohort was 95.7%, 90.8%, and 86.5% after one, three, and five years post-transplantation, respectively. SFA was significantly associated with the risk of HCC recurrence (p = 0.013), whereas no significant effects were found for visceral fat and skeletal muscle indices. The optimal cut-off for SFA for prediction of recurrence was 71.5 cm2/m2. Patients with SFA < 71.5 cm2/m2 and ≥71.5 cm2/m2 exhibited five-year recurrence-free survival of 96.0% and 55.4%, respectively (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Excessive amount of subcutaneous adipose tissue is a risk factor for HCC recurrence after liver transplantation and may be considered in patient selection process.

Markers Of Remodeling In Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Are Associated With The Amount Of Abdominal Adipose Tissue, Overweight And Insulin Sensitivity In Healthy Middle Aged Men

Background and Aims: Alteration in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in different tissues has been associated with insulin resistance, diabetes and obesity. In this study, we investigated circulating levels and the genetic expression of MMP-9, TIMP-1, PAI-1 and Galectin-3 in subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) and their associations with amount and distribution of abdominal AT (AAT) and glucometabolic state in healthy men.

Interleukin-18 and the NLR family pyrin domain containing-3 inflammasome in adipose tissue are strongly associated with glucometabolic variables in a cohort of middle-aged men.

Previous studies have indicated an association between interleukin-18 and glucose. Interleukin-18 becomes active when cleaved by caspase-1, activated by the NLR family pyrin domain containing-3 inflammasome. To investigate associations between glucometabolic variables and serum levels of interleukin-18 and genetic expression of interleukin-18, caspase-1 and NLR family pyrin domain containing-3 in adipose tissue and circulating leukocytes, and whether these mediators are related to the amount of abdominal adipose tissue . Fasting blood samples and subcutaneous adipose tissue were collected in a cohort of 103 middle-aged men. Serum levels of interleukin-18 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, gene expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction and insulin sensitivity by glucose clamp. The distribution of abdominal adipose tissue, separated into superficial- and deep subcutaneous, and visceral adipose tissue, was assessed by computed tomography scan. Glucometabolic variables correlated significantly to serum levels of interleukin-18, and to the expression of interleukin-18 and NLR family pyrin domain containing-3 in subcutaneous adipose tissue ( p < 0.05). Significant correlations were further observed between the amount of fat in the different compartments of abdominal adipose tissue and both serum levels of interleukin-18 and genetic expression of interleukin-18 and NLR family pyrin domain containing-3 in adipose tissue. The results implicate that the glucometabolic state is of importance for the inflammasome-related inflammation expressed both circulatory and genetically in subcutaneous adipose tissue, the latter highly reflected in the amount of abdominal adipose tissue.

Gene expression of IL-18 and NLRP3 in adipose tissue strongly associate with glucometabolic variables and with the amount of abdominal adipose tissue assessed by CT

Gene expression of IL-18 and NLRP3 in adipose tissue strongly associate with glucometabolic variables and with the amount of abdominal adipose tissue assessed by CT

Predictors of abdominal adipose tissue compartments: 18-year follow-up of young men with and without family history of diabetes

BackgroundAbdominal adipose tissue (AAT) consists of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), which can be further divided into superficial and deep SAT. Despite being a key factor in the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, what predicts future amount of AAT is largely unknown. ObjectiveTo determine long-term predictors of amount of AAT. MethodsThis was a mean 18-year follow-up study of a cohort of 94 healthy young Caucasian men, with and without a family history of diabetes (FHD). Cardiovascular risk markers were examined both at baseline and at follow-up. At follow-up, computed tomography (CT) of AAT was conducted to assess amount of superficial and deep SAT, and VAT. ResultsIn multiple regression analyses, baseline body mass index (BMI) remained a positive predictor of future amount of superficial and deep SAT, while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was a negative predictor of all three sub-compartments. Baseline risk markers were generally stronger predictors among men with FHD, than among men without. In addition, FHD had greater impact on amount of deep SAT and VAT, than on amount of superficial SAT. ConclusionOur data suggest that the traditional cardiovascular risk markers BMI, HDL cholesterol and family history of diabetes are long-term predictors of the different abdominal adipose tissue compartments from young towards middle age in healthy men. In men with family history of diabetes, cardiovascular risk markers at a young age seem to be of greater importance to future amount of abdominal adipose tissue, than among men without.

Plasma amino acid profile is associated with visceral fat accumulation in obese Japanese subjects.

What is already known about this subject • Asians with metabolic complications associated with obesity, a low body mass index and a low waist circumference have a greater proportion of visceral adipose tissue for a given amount of total body fat compared with Europeans. • Apparent obese humans and obese animal models show an elevation of branched-chain amino acid levels in plasma. • A multivariate logistic regression model of plasma free amino acids has been used to screen for several types of cancers in clinical settings. What this study adds • A specific formula incorporating six amino acid values (Ala, Gly, Glu, Trp, Tyr and branched-chain amino acid) was developed for discrimination of subjects with high visceral fat area by multivariate logistic regression analyses. • The generated amino acid formula was strongly correlated with visceral fat area in both apparent and non-apparent obese subjects. • Measuring plasma free amino acids can be used to distinguish the non-apparent visceral obesity in clinical settings in Asian populations. Metabolic complications associated with obesity are becoming more common among Japanese subjects. However, visceral fat accumulation is not always apparent by measuring body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference in Asian populations because of the physiological characteristics particular to those ethnicities. Excess visceral fat accumulation raises the odds ratio for developing cardiovascular disease. Thus, high-throughput determination of the amount of abdominal adipose tissue is necessary. We hypothesized that accumulating visceral fat alters the peripheral amino acid profile and that a multivariate logistic regression model of plasma free amino acids can distinguish visceral obesity. A total of 1449 Japanese subjects (985 males and 464 females) who had undergone a comprehensive health screening were enrolled in this study. The visceral fat area was determined using computed tomography imaging, and a plasma free amino acid index to identify high visceral fat areas (≥100 cm(2) ) was developed. The sensitivity and specificity values of the generated amino acid index were 80% and 65%, respectively. In particular, the sensitivity of the generated index to identify subjects with non-apparent visceral obesity (BMI < 25 kg m(-2) ; visceral fat area ≥ 100 cm(2) ) was much greater than that of the waist circumference (73% vs. 46%, respectively). This index's high sensitivity and specificity may be the result of specific alterations in the patients' amino acid profiles, which were specifically correlated with the visceral fat areas and not with subcutaneous fat areas. This profile can be used as a predictor of elevated visceral obesity and a risk assessment tool for metabolic complications in Asian populations.

Impact of Visceral Adiposity Measured by Abdominal Computed Tomography on Pulmonary Function

Although an inverse relationship between abdominal adiposity and pulmonary function has been suggested, direct measurement of abdominal adipose tissue has rarely been attempted. Our object is to determine the impact of abdominal adiposity on pulmonary function by directly measuring abdominal adipose tissue with abdominal computed tomography (CT). In this cross-sectional study, we included never-smokers between the ages of 18 and 85 yr, who had undergone spirometry and abdominal adipose tissue analysis with CT scans during November 1, 2005 to October 31, 2009 as part of the comprehensive health examination. Among a total of 3,469 participants, 890 (25.7%) were male. The mean body mass index and waist circumference among males and females were 24.6 kg/m2 and 87.8 cm and 23.0 kg/m2 and 83.0 cm, respectively. Although total adipose tissue (TAT) of the abdomen in males (269.1 cm2) was similar to that in females (273.6 cm2), the ratio of visceral adipose tissue (VAT)/subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) was different; 0.99 in males and 0.50 in females. In males, TAT, SAT, and VAT were inversely associated with the absolute value of forced vital capacity (FVC), and TAT and VAT were inversely associated with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). However, in females, TAT and VAT, but not SAT, were inversely associated with absolute FVC and FEV1 values. In conclusion, the amount of abdominal adipose tissue directly measured using CT is inversely associated with lung function.

Visceral adipose tissue accumulation differs according to ethnic background: results of the Multicultural Community Health Assessment Trial (M-CHAT)

Background: It was suggested that body fat distribution differs across ethnic groups, and this may be important when considering risk of disease. Previous studies have not adequately investigated differences in discrete regions of abdominal adiposity across ethnic groups.Objective: We compared the relation between abdominal adipose tissue and total body fat between persons living in Canada of Aboriginal, Chinese, and South Asian origin with persons of European origin.Design: Healthy Aboriginal, Chinese, European, and South Asian participants (n = 822) aged between 30 and 65 y were matched by sex, ethnicity, and body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) range. Total abdominal adipose tissue (TAT), subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), total body fat mass, lifestyle, and demographics were assessed. Relations between BMI and total body fat, TAT, SAT, and VAT and between total body fat and TAT, SAT, and VAT were investigated.Results: BMI significantly underestimated VAT in all non-European groups. Throughout a range of total body fat mass, VAT was not significantly different between the Aboriginals and the Europeans. With total body fat >9.1 kg, Chinese participants had increasingly greater amounts of VAT than did the Europeans (P for interaction = 0.008). South Asians had less VAT with total body fat >37.4 kg but more VAT below that amount than did Europeans (P for interaction < 0.001).Conclusion: Compared with Europeans, the Chinese and South Asian cohorts had a relatively greater amount of abdominal adipose tissue, and this difference was more pronounced with VAT. No significant differences were observed between the Aboriginals and the Europeans.

In Vivo Role of NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in the Regulation of Intracellular Redox State and Accumulation of Abdominal Adipose Tissue

NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is a flavoprotein that utilizes NAD(P)H as an electron donor, catalyzing the two-electron reduction and detoxification of quinones and their derivatives. NQO1-/- mice deficient in NQO1 activity and protein were generated in our laboratory (Rajendirane, V., Joseph, P., Lee, Y. H., Kimura, S., Klein-Szanto, A. J. P., Gonzalez, F. J., and Jaiswal, A. K. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 7382-7389). Mice lacking a functional NQO1 gene (NQO1-/-) were born normal and reproduced adeptly as the wild-type NQO1+/+ mice. In the present report, we show that NQO1-/- mice exhibit significantly lower levels of abdominal adipose tissue as compared with the wild-type mice. The NQO1-/- mice showed lower blood levels of glucose, no change in insulin, and higher levels of triglycerides, beta-hydroxy butyrate, pyruvate, lactate, and glucagon as compared with wild-type mice. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated that the NQO1-/- mice are insulin resistant. The NQO1-/- mice livers also showed significantly higher levels of triglycerides, lactate, pyruvate, and glucose. The liver glycogen reserve was found decreased in NQO1-/- mice as compared with wild-type mice. The livers and kidneys from NQO1-/- mice also showed significantly lower levels of pyridine nucleotides but an increase in the reduced/oxidized NAD(P)H:NAD(P) ratio. These results suggested that loss of NQO1 activity alters the intracellular redox status by increasing the concentration of NAD(P)H. This leads to a reduction in pyridine nucleotide synthesis and reduced glucose and fatty acid metabolism. The alterations in metabolism due to redox changes result in a significant reduction in the amount of abdominal adipose tissue.

HDL Cholesterol and TaqIB Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Gene Polymorphism in Renal Transplant Recipients

Decreased serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are a well-known risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) in the general population and have been suggested as one of the best predictor of CHD after renal transplantation. However, very heterogeneous HDL-C levels have been reported in renal transplant recipients. In this patient population, serum HDL-C levels are determined by complex interactions between hormonal, environmental (such as a high amount of abdominal adipose tissue), and genetic factors and drugs (particularly glucocorticoids). We, therefore, evaluated the effects of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene TaqIB polymorphism as well as of abdominal obesity on HDL-C levels in 78 male renal transplant recipients who were receiving azathioprine and/or ciclosporin A in combination with prednisone as immunosuppression. The patients were classified into genotypic groups according to the presence or absence of the restriction site (B1 allele or B2 allele, respectively). The distribution of CETP genotypes was similar to that previously described in the general population. Overall, HDL-C levels were 19 and 26% higher in B1B2 and B2B2 patients as compared with B1B1 homozygotes (p < 0.05), even after control for other lipid measurements. Patients with abdominal obesity (waist girth ≧93 cm) showed reduced HDL-C levels as compared with lean (waist girth <93 cm) patients (1.20 ± 0.28 vs. 1.42 ± 0.41 mmol/l, respectively, p < 0.01). Moreover, the HDL-C levels were markedly affected by the CETP TaqIB polymorphism in lean patients (+28 and +41% in B1B2 and B2B2 as compared with B1B1 patients, p < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed among obese patients. Significantly lower total cholesterol:HDL-C ratios were obtained in lean B2B2 homozygotes, suggesting that these patients could be less susceptible to atherosclerosis than lean B1B1 homozygotes. In addition, patients with the B1B1 genotype had more documented CHD as compared with patients carrying at least one B2 allele, supporting the protective effect of the B2 allele against CHD. In conclusion, considerable variation in HDL-C levels appears to be explained by the CETP TaqIB gene polymorphism in male renal transplant recipients, but this potential protective gene effect appears strongly reduced by concomitant abdominal obesity.

Sex differences in the relation of visceral adipose tissue accumulation to total body fatness

The associations between the amount of abdominal adipose tissue (AT) measured by computed tomography (CT) or estimated with predictive equations and the amount of total body fat were compared in samples of 89 men and 75 women. After correction for total body fat mass, men had significantly higher values of visceral AT volume (P < 0.0001) and also higher abdominal visceral AT areas, measured by CT or estimated by predictive equations than women (P < 0.0001). In addition, an increase in total fat mass was associated with a significantly greater increase in visceral AT volume in men than in women (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, these results suggest that the greater health hazards associated with excess fatness in men than in women may be explained by the fact that premenopausal women can accumulate more body fat than men of the same age before reaching the amounts of visceral AT found in men.

Body Weight Gains and Dressing Loss as Affected by Breed in Diethylstilbestrol Treated Males

THE establishment of the use of diethylstilbestrol as a fattening agent for male chickens of different ages has been reported by Jaap and Thayer (1944), Lorenz (1945), Thayer et al. (1945) and Sturkie (1946). The end results of the treatment has been found to be due to increased fat deposition which in turn increases market grade and body weight among other things. Lorenz and Bachman (1947) found that dianisylhexene treatments increased the amount of abdominal adipose tissue of treated chickens. Stadelman et al. (1951) and Baum et al. (1951) thoroughly studied the shrinkage of diethylstilbestrol treated fryers and the market implications of the treatment.These workers reported highly significant gains in body weight with no differences in shrinkage until the birds were fried at which time a highly significant loss in weight was recorded for the treated birds. They enumerate a number of conclusions, however, which focus toward an economic …