Amorphous Sn Research Articles

The Fatal Defects in Cast Al-Si Alloys Due to Sn Addition.

Cast defects are common in cast alloys and they are difficult to eliminate without deformation. They strongly degrade the mechanical properties of cast alloys. The addition of some elements can affect the number of cast defects. In this work, the deleterious effect of Sn addition on the mechanical properties of Al-Si alloys has been investigated via 3D-computed tomography, SEM and TEM. Amorphous Sn oxides were found near the alumina film or formed enclosures with alumina film. The melt containing high Sn content was trapped by enclosures, causing more shrinkage pores during solidification. Cracks likely initiated and expanded along these pores and brittle amorphous Sn oxides, deteriorating the mechanical properties. This work suggests not adding Sn to various Al alloys when used in a cast state.

Amorphous Sn modified nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanosheets with rapid capacitive mechanism for high-capacity and fast-charging lithium-ion batteries

Amorphous Sn modified nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanosheets with rapid capacitive mechanism for high-capacity and fast-charging lithium-ion batteries

Simultaneously achieving high performance of thermal stability and power consumption via doping yttrium in Sn15Sb85 thin film

The effects of yttrium dopants on the phase change behavior and microstructure of Sn15Sb85 films have been systematically investigated. The yttrium-doped Sn15Sb85 film has the higher phase transition temperature, ten year data retention ability and crystallization activation energy, which represent a great improvement in thermal stability and data retention. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal that the amorphous Sn and Y components restrict the grain growth and decrease the grain size. Raman mode typically associated with Sb is altered when the substance crystallized. Atomic force microscopy results show that the surface morphology of the doped films becomes smoother. T-shaped phase change storage cells based on yttrium-doped Sn15Sb85 films exhibit the lower power consumption. The results demonstrate that the crystallization characteristics of Sn15Sb85 film can be tuned and optimized through the yttrium dopant for the excellent performances of phase change memory.

Amorphous Sn(HPO4)2-derived phosphorus-modified Sn/SnOx core/shell catalyst for efficient CO2 electroreduction to formate

Simultaneously achieving high activity, selectivity and stability for electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) remains great challenges. Herein, a phosphorus-modified Sn/SnOx core/shell (P-Sn/SnOx) catalyst, derived from in situ electrochemical reduction of an amorphous Sn(HPO4)2 pre-catalyst, exhibits high CO2RR performance. The total Faradaic efficiency (FE) of C1 products is close to 100% in a broad potential range from −0.49 to −1.02 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, and a total current density of 315.0 mA cm−2 is achieved. Moreover, the P-Sn/SnOx catalyst maintains a formate FE of ∼90% for 120 h. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the phosphorus-modified Sn/SnOx core/shell structure effectively facilitates formate production by enhancing CO2 adsorption and improving free energy profile of formate formation.

(Digital Presentation) Low Temperature Formation of Binary and Ternary Group-IV Poly-Layers Via Sn-Nanodots Nuclei

Polycrystalline group-IV alloys, such as Si1-xGex, Ge1-xSnx, and Si1-x-yGexSny, have attractive benefits for thermoelectric generators which can directly convert heat energy into electricity with less environmental impact. Grain boundaries in the polycrystalline material can successfully reduce thermal conductivity which is essential to operate the thermoelectric devices under temperature difference [1]. Besides, mass differences between component elements of the alloy contribute to modulate phonon characteristics [2].In terms of the synthesis of the polycrystalline group-IV alloys, it has been challenging to realize crystallization, which typically needs high temperature annealing, simultaneously with controlling composition, especially Sn content which is limited by low solid solubility into Ge and Si as 1 at.% and 0.1 at.%, respectively, under equilibrium condition [3].As one of the solutions to obtain the polycrystalline group-IV alloys having high Sn content, using crystalline Sn nanodots as nuclei is effective for the growth of crystalline alloys at low temperature. The low temperature growth, which is the growth far away from the equilibrium, enables introduction of Sn more than its solubility limit [4].Amorphous Sn layer deposited on SiO2 substrate can be easily transformed into crystalline Sn nanodots by just applying an annealing in vacuum. We demonstrated the formation of polycrystalline Ge1-xSnx and Si1-xSnx alloys by deposition of Ge and Si on the Sn nanodots at the substrate temperature of 150 °C and 225 °C, respectively [5,6]. Adatoms, namely Ge and Si, were alloyed with the Sn nanodots acting as crystal nuclei. However, we found that Ge preferentially reacts with Sn nanodots when Si and Ge are simultaneously deposited on the Sn nanodots. In this case, Si remains as amorphous, meaning the effect of nucleus for the low temperature crystallization is not effective for Si if Ge exists. This result suggests that Si has to be crystallized prior to Ge.One can notice that the polycrystalline Si1-xSnx can be formed by the Sn nanodots mediated formation process as mentioned above. Therefore, we have proposed the 2-step formation process consisting of poly-Si1-xSnx crystallization and Ge alloying with the poly-Si1-xSnx which can be considered as a virtual substrate [6]. Using the 2-step formation process, whole deposited region was successfully crystallized with alloying Si, Ge, and Sn. The estimated Si and Sn content in the as-grown polycrystalline Si1-x-yGexSny layer were as high as 10.8% and 3.5%, respectively. The impact of introduction of Sn on phonon characteristics will be discussed at the presentation if time allows.Acknowledgements: This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP18K13786 and 21K04137 from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

Microsized Gray Tin as a High-Rate and Long-Life Anode Material for Advanced Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are developed to address the serious concern about the limited resources of lithium. To achieve high energy density, anode materials with a large specific capacity and a low operation voltage are highly desirable. Herein, microsized particles of gray Sn (α-Sn) are explored as an anode material of SIBs for the first time. The distinct structure of α-Sn endows it the reduced volume change, the improved interaction with polymer binders and the in situ formation of amorphous Sn, as supported by in situ XRD, TEM and DFT calculations. Therefore, α-Sn exhibits an excellent electrochemical performance, much better than β-Sn widely used before. Even microsized particles of α-Sn without any treatments deliver a capacity of ∼451 mAh g-1 after 3500 cycles at 2 A g-1 or ∼464 mAh g-1 at 4 A g-1 in a rate test. The results indicate the promising potential of α-Sn in SIBs.

First-principles prediction on antimony-doping effects on the cyclic stability of tin anodes for lithium-ion batteries.

Tin-based materials are considered as promising anode materials for advanced Li-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their relatively high capacity and suitable working voltage, but they suffer from poor structural stability during electrochemical cycling. Herein, we present the possibility that the cyclic stability of the Sn LIB anode can be enhanced by adding a small amount of antimony (Sb), based on first-principles investigation of lithiation behavior of amorphous Sn doped with 3 at% Sb. At low Li contents (x < 1.5 in a-LixSn0.97Sb0.03), our simulations show that the preferential reaction of Li with Sb over Sn tends to lead to the formation of small lithiated Sb clusters. However, the aggregated Sb, if any, become fully separated upon further lithiation, implying that they may remain well dispersed in the lithiation/delithiation process if the Sb-doping concentration is sufficiently low. The weak aggregation and preferential lithiation tendency of Sb in the Sb-doped Sn anode can be expected to contribute to enhancing its structural stability during cycling, in comparison with pure Sn and SnSb alloy cases. We also compare lithiation-induced changes in the electrochemical, transport and mechanical properties between the Sb-doped and pure Sn systems. Our study highlights the importance of low concentration and uniform distribution of Sb in order to obtain desired properties of Sb-doped Sn as an anode for LIBs. This finding also provides some hints for the further development of Sn-based anodes via fine-tuning of doping.

One-dimensional Ag-CoNi nanocomposites modified with amorphous Sn(OH)2/SnO2 shells for broadband microwave absorption

High-performance microwave absorption absorbers play important roles in the fields of radar stealth, electromagnetic protection, and antenna technology. In this work, high aspect-ratio Ag nanowires were decorated with magnetic CoNi nanoparticles via a PVP-induced solvothermal method, and then amorphous Sn(OH)2/SnO2 shells were introduced through an in-situ oxidative hydrolysis method, successfully preparing Ag-CoNi@Sn(OH)2/SnO2 composites. The morphology and ingredient of composites were ascertained by SEM, TEM, XRD, EDX, and XPS. As Ag-CoNi nanocomposites are coated by Sn(OH)2/SnO2 shells, the minimum reflection loss value is decreased from −31.7 dB (10.1 GHz) to −37.8 dB (6.4 GHz), and the maximum effective absorption bandwidth is extended from 3.9 GHz (10.3–14.2 GHz) to 5.8 GHz (10.7–16.5 GHz). Analyses of electromagnetic parameters reveal the possible mechanisms, involving surface plasma resonance, conductive loss, interfacial polarization, dipole polarization, exchange resonance, eddy current effect, multiple reflection and scattering. Thus, Ag nanowires modified with CoNi nanoparticles and amorphous Sn(OH)2/SnO2 shells can effectively balance the impedance matching and attenuation capability. It is a new strategy to achieve broadband microwave absorbers.

Ultrawide bandgap high near ultraviolet transparency amorphous Sn–Al co-doped ZnO thin films

Transparent amorphous Sn–Al co-doped ZnO thin films (a-SAZO) were prepared by sol-gel spin-coating technique. Sn was inserted with a constant concentration of 2 at.%, and Al was inserted with different concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 at.%. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that the samples are amorphous. UV-visible spectrometry shows that a-SAZO thin films are a combination of two different amorphous phases; the dominant amorphous phase tends to simulate the amorphous feature and the ultrawide bandgap of the glass substrate, whereas the minor amorphous phase tends to take its proper amorphization and bandgap. The appearance of the dominant amorphous phase is due to the effect of the amorphous glass substrate leading to high near ultraviolet transparency and ultrawide bandgap in the range of 4.00–4.03 eV. The minor amorphous phase shows very low near ultraviolet transparency and bandgap from 3.08 to 3.16 eV. Thus, the control of the amorphous structure of thin films allows attaining the desired near ultraviolet transparency and bandgap. The lowest resistivity was found 6.71×10−3Ω cm for Sn 2 at.% - Al 5 at.% concentration. Amorphous tin-aluminum zinc oxide (a-SAZO) with low resistivity can alternate amorphous indium-gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO).

Amorphous Sn–Ni islets with high structural integrity as an anode material for lithium-ion storage

To the best of our knowledge, the study described herein is the first to demonstrate the use of amorphous Sn–Ni islets as an anode material for lithium-ion storage. The islets are prepared by co-electrodeposition (2 s). In general, amorphous Sn–metal alloys exhibit significantly improved cycling performances over those of crystalline alloys with similar compositions and morphologies. However, to date, no thermodynamically metastable amorphous phase has been found in Sn–Ni alloys of any composition. Here, we show that the amorphization of such alloys is possible by ensuring rapid co-electrodeposition, so as to prevent Sn and Ni from crystallizing. The resulting amorphous Sn–Ni alloy affords suppressed capacity degradation due to the preservation of its initial microislet-shaped particles and its structural integrity after cycling. This is primarily due to the volume changes in the amorphous phase being small. These findings indicate the potential of this newly developed amorphous Sn–Ni alloy to be used as an anode material for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries.

Thickness effect of Sn&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;Sb&lt;sub&gt;85&lt;/sub&gt; phase change film

Sn&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;Sb&lt;sub&gt;85&lt;/sub&gt; thin films with different thickness are prepared by magnetron sputtering. The evolution of Sn&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;Sb&lt;sub&gt;85&lt;/sub&gt; thin film from the amorphous state to the crystalline state is studied by an &lt;i&gt;in-situ&lt;/i&gt; resistance temperature measurement system. The crystallization temperature, electrical resistance, crystallization activation energy, and data retention capacity of Sn&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;Sb&lt;sub&gt;85&lt;/sub&gt; thin film increase significantly with film thickness decreasing. The near infrared spectrophotometer is used to record the diffuse reflectance spectra of amorphous Sn&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;Sb&lt;sub&gt;85&lt;/sub&gt; film. The results show that the band gap energy increases with film thickness decreasing. The surface morphology of Sn&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;Sb&lt;sub&gt;85&lt;/sub&gt; film after being crystalized is observed by atomic force microscope, which shows that the thinner film has lower roughness. The analysis of X-ray diffraction indicates that the grain size becomes smaller and the crystallization may be inhibited by reducing the film thickness. T-type phase change memory cells based on Sn&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;Sb&lt;sub&gt;85&lt;/sub&gt; thin films with different thickness are fabricated by the CMOS technology. The electrical performances of phase change memory show that the thinner Sn&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;Sb&lt;sub&gt;85&lt;/sub&gt; film has a larger threshold switching voltage and smaller RESET operation voltage, which means the better thermal stability and lower power consumption. The outcomes of this work provide the guidance for designing the high-density phase change memory by reducing the size of Sn&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;Sb&lt;sub&gt;85&lt;/sub&gt; thin film.

Memristor property of an amorphous Sn–Ga–O thin-film device deposited using mist chemical-vapor-deposition method

A memristor property of an amorphous Sn–Ga–O (α-TGO) thin-film device deposited using a mist chemical-vapor-deposition (mist-CVD) method has been found. The α-TGO device can be manufactured at a low cost because it does not include rare metals such as In. Moreover, it is expected that the α-TGO device can be manufactured at an even lower cost because the mist-CVD method is performed at atmospheric pressure. Here, the α-TGO layer was deposited using a hot-wall-type mist-CVD method. The hysteresis curve of the memristor characteristic was certainly obtained, and the electric resistances for the high- and low-resistance states were stably repeated at least 20 times. Although the switching ratio and repeatability are not sufficient in the case that it is applied to resistive random access memories, they are acceptable for some applications such as synapse elements in neuromorphic systems.

Amorphous Sn/Crystalline SnS2 Nanosheets via In Situ Electrochemical Reduction Methodology for Highly Efficient Ambient N2 Fixation.

Electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) as a new strategy for synthesizing ammonia has attracted ever-growing attention, due to its renewability, flexibility, and sustainability. However, the lack of efficient electrocatalysts has hampered the development of such reactions. Herein, a series of amorphous Sn/crystalline SnS2 (Sn/SnS2 ) nanosheets by an L-cysteine-based hydrothermal process, followed by in situ electrochemical reduction, are synthesized. The amount of reduced amorphous Sn can be adjusted by selecting electrolytes with different pH values. The optimized Sn/SnS2 catalyst can achieve a high ammonia yield of 23.8 µg h-1 mg-1 , outperforming most reported noble-metal NRR electrocatalysts. According to the electrochemical tests, the conversion of SnS2 to an amorphous Sn phase leads to the substantial increase of its catalytic activity, while the amorphous Sn is identified as the active phase. These results provide a guideline for a rational design of low-cost and highly active Sn-based catalysts thus paving a wider path for NRR.

Study of amorphous Sn–Se–Bi–Te semiconducting materials at an average coordination number = 2.4

Amorphous chalcogenide materials are of great importance owing to their excellent properties in infrared and thermoelectrics. A complex system of (SnSe4)95-x(Bi2Te3)5+x (x = 0, 5, 15, 25, 35, 45 at%) chalcogenide materials have been synthesized. A semi-empirical approach has been employed to study the various physical parameters corresponding to the synthesized samples. All the compositions correspond to an average coordination number 〈r〉 = 2.4. Structural, morphological and elemental studies using XRD, FESEM, and EDS respectively have been performed for all the compositions. The density of the system increases with the addition of Bi2Te3 replacing SnSe4 in the system. The calculations of free volume percentage show an increase with increasing Bi2Te3 content. The semi-empirical energy gap values show a decrease from 1.57 eV to 1.04 eV. This decrease in energy gap values is well supported by a decrease in average single bond energy. The high percentage covalent character above the benchmark supports the glass forming ability. The glass transition temperature is determined from Tichy-Ticha approach and shows an increase with increasing x at%.

Tailored Plum Pudding‐Like Co2P/Sn Encapsulated with Carbon Nanobox Shell as Superior Anode Materials for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Capacitors

AbstractSodium‐ion capacitors (SICs) are emerging energy storage devices with high energy, high power, and durable life. Sn is a promising anode material for lithium storage, but the poor conductivity of the a‐NaSn phase upon sodaition hinders its implementation in SICs. Herein, a superior Sn‐based anode material consisting of plum pudding‐like Co2P/Sn yolk encapsulated with nitrogen‐doped carbon nanobox (Co2P/Sn@NC) for high‐performance SICs is reported. The 8–10 nm metallic nanoparticles produced in situ are uniformly dispersed in the amorphous Sn matrix serving as conductive fillers to facilitate electron transfer in spite of the formation of electrically resistive a‐NaSn phase during cycling. Meanwhile, the carbon shell buffers the large expansion of active Sn and provides a stable electrode–electrolyte interface. Owing to these merits, the yolk–shell Co2P/Sn@NC demonstrates a large capacity of 394 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1, high rate capability of 168 mA h g−1 at 5000 mA g−1, and excellent cyclability with 87% capacity retention after 10 000 cycles. By integrating the Co2P/Sn@NC anode with a peanut shell‐derived carbon cathode in the SIC, high energy densities of 112.3 and 43.7 Wh kg−1 at power densities of 100 and 10 000 W kg−1 are achieved.

Tin-Functionalized Wood Biochar as a Sustainable Solid Catalyst for Glucose Isomerization in Biorefinery

This study tailored a novel engineered biochar as a solid catalyst for glucose isomerization by pyrolyzing Sn-functionalized wood waste under varying hypothesis-driven selected conditions (i.e., 650, 750, and 850 °C in N2 and CO2 atmosphere). The results showed that properties of biochar support (e.g., porosity and acid/base property) and chemical speciation of Sn were highly related to their catalytic performance. Variations in pyrolysis temperature and feed gas modified the porous structure and surface functionality of biochar as well as the valence state of doped Sn on the biochar. For the N2 biochars, higher pyrolysis temperature enhanced the fructose yield yet had trivial effect on the selectivity, where 12.1 mol % fructose can be obtained at 150 °C and 20 min using biochar produced at 850 °C. This was plausibly attributed to the increased fraction of amorphous Sn structures and metallic Sn that were more reactive than its oxide form. At the pyrolysis temperature of 750 °C, the use of CO2 increased t...

Facile electrochemical synthesis of heterostructured amorphous-Sn@CuxO nanowire anode for Li-ion batteries with high stability and rate-performance

Herein, we fabricate heterostructured copper oxide nanowires decorated with amorphous Sn by Cu anodization and Sn electrodeposition for a potential application as anode in Li-ion battery. In general, Sn experiences a pulverization caused by the stress from a severe volume change during the reaction with Li-ion. Therefore, the stress should be certainly mitigated. A nanowire with 1-D structure could be a candidate anode material because it accommodates the volume change and enlarges the surface area of electrode. Yet Sn nanowire still suffers the harsh stress, copper oxide is employed as an active anode material as well as a structural framework in the present study. By virtue of the Li-conversion mechanism of copper oxide, the as-prepared Sn-decorated copper oxide nanowire exhibits an improved discharge capacity and maintains it as high as 633.0 mAh g−1 at extended cycles (77.7% of initial capacity at 150th cycle). From a rate capability experiment, the nanowire electrode presents the capacity of 424 mAh g−1 at 16 C, and shows a moderate recovering ability. The 1-D heterogeneous structure and Cu nodes that are intentionally formed during electrochemical fabrication helps realizing a cell configuration without a binder and a conducting agent, which ultimately contributes to increase energy and power density of Li-ion battery.

A hierarchical nanostructural coating of amorphous silicon nitride on polyetheretherketone with antibacterial activity and promoting responses of rBMSCs for orthopedic applications

Silicon nitride (SN) with good osteoconductivity has been introduced as an implantable biomaterial for joint replacement and interbody fusion devices. In this study, SN was coated on a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) surface by inductively coupled plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (ICPECVD). The results showed that a dense coating (thickness of about 500 nm) of amorphous SN was closely combined with a PEEK substrate (PKSN) with a binding strength of 6.88 N. In addition, the coating surface showed hierarchical nanostructures containing many spherical bulges (sizes about 150 nm), which were composed of many small humps (sizes about 10 nm). Moreover, the roughness, hydrophilicity, surface energy, surface charge and adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) of PKSN were obviously higher than those of PEEK. After immersion into simulated body fluid (SBF), the Si ions were gradually released from PKSN into SBF and a weak alkaline environment was created. Antibacterial experiments showed that PKSN exhibited a greater antibacterial activity than that of PEEK. Moreover, compared with PEEK, PKSN significantly promoted adhesion, proliferation, differentiation and expression of osteogenic related genes of the rat bone marrow stromal cells (rBMSCs). In conclusion, the SN coating of PKSN with hierarchical nanostructures exhibited excellent antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility, which would make it a great candidate for orthopedic applications.

A Novel Li-Metal Alloy Battery with Ultra-Long Cycles at High Rates

Carbon emission from non-renewable energy sources such as gasoline due to the drastically increasing energy demand becomes a critical issue in the world. This necessitates researchers to develop an environmental friendly energy storage that can meet the requirement for large devices particularly EVs. However, the current LIBs can’t provide sufficient energy density due to a limiting capacity of 372 mAh/g from graphite anode. Therefore, searching novel electrode materials for large energy storage that can deliver much higher capacity becomes very urgent. Sn has a 3 times greater capacity of ~1000 mAh/g that poses one of primary candidates for the next-generation LIBs. Sony released the first commercial amorphous Sn based battery called Nexelion that shows a 30% improved capacity than conventional graphite based battery in 2005. Scientists have made numerous attempts to stabilize the Sn alloy geometry by constructing nano-structures with carbon nanotubes, graphene, nanorods, nanocores, metal forms and metal alloy scaffold. Here we present a novel Sn cage (Sn-NC) configuration comprising an industrially available, pure metal Sn and an oxide surface (not SnOx). Through the in-situ TEM study on 3D Sn matrix, we found a well-designed space can accommodate the morphology change during the charging/discharging process (Liu, Nano Lett 2016). The protection of the rigid oxide surface and the adjustable interspace can prevent the pulverization and oxidation of the metal while supplying a fast Li+/e- pathway. The coin/punch cells using Sn-NCs as anode provide a high capacity up to >600 mAh/g after ultra-long 5000 cycles at a high charge/discharge rate. The mass production of this anode material opens an avenue for industrial applications.

Multifunctional SnO2/3D Graphene Composites for Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries

Although both Li-ion batteries (LIBs) and Na-ion batteries (NIBs) were investigated in the similar era (1980’s), LIBs are a current technology of choice for portable electronics and electric vehicle applications due to NIBs’ lower gravimetric/volumetric energy density. Recently, NIBs have gained another momentum for grid-scale energy storage systems (ESS) where the weight and volume limitations are relatively low. The most important requirements of EES would be the cost, reliability and long service life, while the high-energy density would be still viewed as an advantage. While looking slightly similar, Li and Na metals (and their cations) have distinct physical and chemical properties. It would be interesting to develop the multifunctional materials which can be used as effective electrode materials for both batteries. SnO2 is an attractive material due to high theoretical capacity (for both LIBs and NIBs), low cost, abundance and ease of synthesis. But there are many drawbacks that need to be overcome for SnO2 to be applied to actual batteries. Various technical issues include the large volume expansion during discharge/charge process in batteries, the formation of unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI), and the aggregation of Sn particles during battery operation, all of which can lead to the rapid capacity fading of batteries. In this work, ultra-fine SnO2 nanoparticles dispersed within unique 3D-graphene structure (SnO2/3D GS) were synthesized by easy and simple hydrothermal process. These 3D-graphene structure could accommodate large volume change, prevent aggregation of Sn, and provide much facile electron transfer during battery operation. The SnO2/3D GS material exhibited outstanding electrochemical performances as anodes for both LIBs and NIBs. The structure-property-performance relation was investigated by various methods including SEM, TEM, EIS, CV, and XRD. The focus was on comparative studies of the internal resistance and diffusivity of Li-ions and Na-ions in SnO2/3D GS composites. Furthermore, the direct conversion from SnO2 to amorphous Sn during discharge/charge of 1st cycle in LIBs and NIBs was monitored by in-situ XRD. Figure 1