Amomum Subulatum Roxb Research Articles

Hepatorestorative Potential of Amomum subulatum Roxb. Against CCl4-induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Wistar Rats

Among the plants listed for ethnomedicinal usage to protect from or cure liver injuries, Amomum subulatum Roxb. (Commonly known as black cardamom), is yet not explored for scientific verification of its in vivo and in vitro hepatorestorative potential.

Nanoengineered chitosan functionalized titanium dioxide biohybrids for bacterial infections and cancer therapy

Nanoengineered chitosan functionalized titanium dioxide biohybrids (CTiO2@NPs) were prepared with Amomum subulatum Roxb extract via one-pot green method and assessed by UV–Vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM and EDAX analyses. As revealed by XRD pattern, the nanohybrids exhibits a rutile TiO2 crystallites around 45 nm in size. The emergence of the Ti–O–Ti bond is identified by observing a peak between 400 and 800 cm−1. A wide bandgap (4.8 eV) has been observed in CTiO2@NPs, due to the quantum confinement effects and the oxygen vacancies reveal the intriguing potential of developed nanohybrids for various applications. Surface flaws were identified by observing an emission band at 382, 437, 482, 517, and 556 nm. They also exhibit better antibacterial performances using well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus substilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Escherichia coli. CTiO2@NPs were discovered to have free radical scavenging activity on DPPH analysis and exhibit IC50 value as 95.80 μg/mL and standard (Vitamin C) IC50 is 87.62 μg/mL. CTiO2@NPs exhibited better anticancer properties against the osteosarcoma (MG-63) cell line. All these findings suggest that there is a forum for further useful therapeutic applications. Therefore, we claim that nano-engineered carbohydrated TiO2 phytohybrid is a promising solution for bacterial infections and bone cancer.

Growth instability index, and decomposition effect on production of large cardamom in Nepal

BackgroundLarge cardamom is the third most costly and oldest spice in the world, then saffron and vanilla, which is referred to as "black gold." Nepal's exportable, high-value subsector produces large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) for sale in particular global markets. This study was to assess large cardamom's compound annual growth rate (CAGR), instability index, and influence of decomposition in Nepal. Data were imported from Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Nepal (MOALD) & Trade Export Promotion Centre, Nepal (TEPC), and the custom office in Birtamod, Nepal, from 2009 to 2020. The compound growth rate was calculated by an exponential function. The area, production, productivity, unit price of large cardamom before export at birtamod custom office, export quantity, and value of large cardamom were evaluated by variation (CV) and the Cuddy–Della Valle index (CDVI). Stability and growth performance were analyzed to assess the proportional impact of area and yield on the overall production of larger cardamom.ResultsArea, production, and yield had compound annual growth rate of 1.25, 2.0, and 0.85, respectively, revealing a major expansion of Nepalese large cardamom. The Mechi corridor has proven favorable and rapid development rates, indicating its potential but there was a reduction in large cardamom farming indicating negative CAGR of − 0.68 in the Koshi corridor. The area, production, and yield CV and CDVI were comparatively low, indicated stability in large cardamom farming. With a negative CAGR of − 1.01, the average price showed a downward trend over time. While the export quantity had a positive CAGR of 0.67, the export value had a positive CAGR of 3.84, suggesting a considerable increase.ConclusionsThe results emphasized the need for deliberate actions to increase stability, yield levels, market diversification, and lessen reliance on a single market for significant cardamom exports. Finally, prioritizing farmer capacity building programs will increase their proficiency with sustainable farming methods and resource management.

GC-MS based chemical fingerprinting large cardamom cultivars of Sikkim

Amomum subulatum Roxb, also known as large cardamom, is an herbaceous plant cultivated in Sikkim, India for its aromatic seeds with diverse applications in food, beverages, perfumery, and medicine. In this study, we aimed at Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based chemical fingerprinting through analyzing volatile compounds in seeds and assess the relatedness among seven large cardamom cultivars grown in the Sikkim hill region. We examined the phytochemical composition of large cardamom seed extract using GC/MS analysis. The results indicated significant differences in volatile compounds among the cultivars. The major bioactive components unravelled were 1,8-cineole (76.37-90.63%), α-terpineol (1.73-13.40%), α-terpinolene (0.23-11.51%), β-pinene (0.54-4.13%), γ-terpinolene (0.77-4.47%), and α-pinene (0.35-1.86%), which possess notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory as well as antibacterial properties. Principal component analysis (PCA) and dendrogram analyses revealed similarity of large cardamom cultivar ICRI SKM-1 with ICRI SKM-2 and Seremna while showed close relatedness among the cultivars such as Ramsey, Ramla, and Sawney based on their phytochemical composition. These findings have important implications for large cardamom breeding programme. The findings of this study also elucidated the potentiality of large cardamom seed extracts for commercial applications in various industries, including medicine, food, and cosmetics.

Elevation determines the productivity of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) cultivars in Sikkim Himalaya

Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is an economically important cash crop that provides a livelihood option for the rural communities in Sikkim Himalaya. However, its production has declined drastically over the past few decades due to climate change and other factors affecting the livelihood of marginal cardamom-dependent farmers in the region. Climate change causes a shift in elevational distributions of mountain species, and it is pivotal to understand its effect on yield and yield-related traits for economically important plant species like large cardamom. For this, we randomly studied 41 large cardamom cultivation sites in Sikkim (India) with elevations ranging between 975 and 2069 m asl and evaluated the yield-related traits (number of capsules per spike, capsule length, capsule width, fresh capsule weight, dry capsule weight, number of seeds per locule, fresh seed weight, and dry seed weight) in five cultivars (Dzongu Golsey, Sawney, Seremna, Ramsey, and Varlangey). We observed a significant variability (P < 0.05) for morphometric traits in each of the five cultivars cultivated in different elevations. The cultivation of low-elevation cultivars like Seremna and Dzongu Golsey (suitable in elevation < 975 m) has shifted upward to mid (975–1515 m) and high-elevation (> 1515 m), while cultivation of high-elevation Ramsey cultivar (suitable in elevation > 1515 m) has shifted downward (< 1515 m). The Dzongu Golsey, Sawney, and Seremna cultivated in mid-elevation (975–1515 m) performed better in terms of yield-related traits than the same cultivars cultivated in high-elevation (> 1515 m) and showed moderate to high negative correlation between elevation and yield-related traits, indicating the negative effect of elevation on their yield. Likewise, Ramsey and Varlangey cultivated in high elevation (> 1515 m) performed better than the one cultivated in mid-elevation (975–1515 m) and depicted moderate to high positive correlation between elevation and yield-related traits, suggesting a positive influence of elevation on their yield. Although there is an elevational shift in the cultivation of large cardamom cultivars, the elevation influences the performance of the large cardamom cultivars, and it also suggests cultivating the cultivars in their suitable elevation range for better productivity.

Chitosan-modified magnesium oxide hybrid nanomaterial: A dual approach for bacterial and cancer cell eradication

Surface modification of inorganic metal oxide nanoparticles with organic biopolymers has endowed these particles with multifunctional properties, making them versatile in the field of nanomedicine. In the present study, magnesium oxide and chitosan modified magnesium oxide is synthesised by green method. Amomum subulatum Roxb is used as a nucleating agent. Various characteristic techniques used on the synthesized hybrid nanomaterial demonstrated that the antibacterial and anticancer activities are attributed to the generated reactive oxygen species. The antibacterial activity exhibited appreciable efficacy of chitosan modified magnesium oxide hybrid nanomaterial against the tested bacterial strains compared to its counter parts. The zone of inhibition was in the range of 12-23 mm. Additionally, the anticancer potential was evaluated against human breast cancer cells, showing a significant effect for chitosan modified magnesium oxide hybrid nanomaterial with half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 35 μg/mL and 40 μg/mL for MgO. Cytotoxicity assays conducted on the human fibroblast L929 cell line revealed a cell viability rate of 80% and 87% for magnesium oxide and chitosan modified magnesium oxide hybrid nanomaterial. Overall, these findings indicate that chitosan modified magnesium oxide hybrid nanomaterial holds promise for applications in the biomedical field.

Protoplast Isolation and Fusion in Amomum Subulatum Roxb

Amomum subulatum Roxb. is an important spice and cash crop of Himalayan region of Indian sub-continent. An attempt has been made to isolate and fuse protoplast from the in-vitro grown seedling of Amomum subulatum Roxb. Off the various enzyme combination tried, the one containing the enzyme combination of 2% cellulase “Ozonuka” RS (Yakult Pharmaceutical Ind. Co. Ltd, Japan) 1% Macerozyme R-10 (Yakult Pharmaceutical Ind. Co. Ltd, Japan) and 1 % Hemi-cellulase (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) prepared in 10.93% D- Mannitol (Himedia, India) and 0.055% calcium chloride yielded protoplast of 2 x 104/g of leaf tissue. Protoplast fusion was achieved using 20% Polyethylene Gylcol (PEG 4000) but in small quantity added to the mixed protoplast. To develop a successful somatic hybrid of commercial importance further research is required.

Report on association of plant parasitic nematodes in large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) at Sikkim, Himalaya region of India

Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.), is a major cash crop grown in Sikkim Himalaya region. The crop is found to be affected by many pests (insects and diseases); which hinders the production, productivity as well as quality of the produce. Based on symptoms in this crop, similar to nematode infestation, soil and root samples were collected from the rhizosphere of different large cardamom fields and analyzed for presence of nematodes. Laboratory analysis revealed the association of six nematode species with large cardamom viz., Meloidogyne incognita, Helicotylenchus spp., Hoplolaimus sp., Tylenchorhynchus annulatus, Pratylenchus sp. and Macroposthonia spp., of which Meloidogyne incognita and Pratylenchus sp. were recorded in roots also and the percentage of occurance was 59.09. Apart from Meloidogyne incognita, all other five nematode species were recorded for the first time in large cardamom. Helicotylenchus spp. was the dominant genera among the six genera with 50% occurrence, 61.56 % relative abundance and 60 nematodes per 200 cc soil.

1,8-Cineole an Underappreciated Anti Inflammatory Therapeutic

The use of plant-based medicines, health products, food supplements, and cosmetics is being increased nowadays due to their active and healthy ingredients. 1,8-cineole is a natural monoterpene, also known as eucalyptol. It is a major compound of many plant essential oils, mainly extracted from Eucalyptus globulus, Elettaria cardamom, Amomum subulatum Roxb. 1,8-cineole has recently been identified as a rhizosphere volatile in Arabidopsis, is well known as an allelopathic agent from Salvia and Artemisia. These are traditionally used as herbal medicine in Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Naturopathy, Siddha, Unani and Yoga worldwide. They are indigenous plant native to India and are rich in bioactive molecules like alkaloids, anthocyanins, chlorogenic acids, coumarins, flavonoids, lignans, phenolic acids, saponins and glycosidic substitutes, tannins and terpenoids. Hence they are used to cure a wide range of diseases and act as a good anti-diabetic agent. 1,8-Cineole is a colourless liquid and found is many medicinal plants. This review aims to summarize the pharmacological bio-activities reported in literature. A system review was collected from various public databases such as NCBI, EMBASE and other reported research articles. Methodologies were focused on 1,8-Cineole anti-inflammatory property, gastroprotective mechanism, anti-microbial property, Anti-proliferative and Hepatoprotective mechanism. The present review aims to summarize and consolidate the biological properties of 1,8-Cineole.

Efficacy of various botanical pesticides against leaf eating caterpillar (Artona chorista Jordan) on large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) field of Sankhuwasabha District, Nepal

Four treatments (Dadaguard Plus (0.05%), mugwort (Titepati) Oil (0.05%), azadiractin (Neem) Oil (0.25%), and tobacco extract (1%) of different botanicals and an absolute control) were evaluated in a field experiment against a lepidopteran pest, the leaf eating caterpillar infesting large cardamom, in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with an area of 4.2× 3.88 m2 in each experimental unit having 5 treatments with 4 replications at Khandbari, Sankhuwasabha, Nepal. Leaf-eating caterpillars cause a white papery thin epidermis-like structure at the primary stage and defoliation of the plant, leaving the midrib of the leaves, symptoms at the severe stage. Treatment-wise application of botanicals was done by using a high-volume knapsack sprayer, and the number of larvae per plant was counted at different time intervals, viz., 3, 5, and 7 days after spraying (DAS), to access the effectiveness of the treatments. The botanical pesticides caused significant differences in their effects against the leaf-eating caterpillar. Among the different botanicals, Dadaguard Plus (0.05 %) was found highly effective in managing the leaf-eating caterpillar in large cardamom, followed by neem oil (0.25%), tobacco extract (1%), titepati oil (0.05%), and untreated control, respectively. Dadaguard could be considered an effective botanical in the successful management of the pest leaf eating caterpillar due to its efficacy.

Efficacy of bio agents and fungicides against Colletotrichum blight of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) under field condition in Sankhuwasabha District, Nepal

The field experiment was carried out in five years old Golsai variety of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) at Khandbari-4, Pangma of Sankhuwasabha district between February and April 2022 to evaluate the efficacy of bioagents and fungicides against Colletotrichum blight of large cardamom (A. subulatum). Two bioagents, three fungicides, and control/water were taken as treatments, and the experiment was established in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with an area of 4×3 sqm in each experimental unit having 6 treatments with 4 replications. Treatment wise application of bioagents and fungicides was given by using a high-volume knapsack sprayer with the required concentration. Subsequent sprays were given at seven-day intervals. The result of the study showed that among the tested fungicides, TOPCARE (Azoxystrobin 50% WDG) and bioagent Trichoderma viride significantly reduced blight under field conditions. So, spraying of the fungicide TOPCARE (Azoxystrobin 50% WDG) and bioagent T. viride will be best for controlling Colletotrichum blight on large cardamom in the Sankhuwasabha district.

Composition of essential oils from four major cultivars of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) grown in Sikkim

An experiment was conducted to study the essential constituents in four major cultivars of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.). Each sample was analysed for volatile oil content using hydro-distillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus. The essential oil content varied from 2.70 to 1.90% and highest amount of essential oil content 2.70% was obtained from variety Golsey. The composition of the essential oil was determined by GC-MS which led to the identification of 47 compounds representing 93%-99.7% of the total oil. The major components identified in the oil were 1,8-Cineole, ?-pinene, ?-Pinene, ?-Terpineol, ?-thujene, ?-terpineol, limonene, ?-terpineol, ?- terpinene and myrcene. Out of 47 metabolites analysed it was found 1,8-Cineole was the major component in the large cardamom oil. Golsey cultivar contained the highest numbers of major metabolites among the cultivars tested. Further, Ramsey cultivar was found with high percentage of 1,8-cineole.

In Silico Analysis of the Apoptotic and HPV Inhibitory Roles of Some Selected Phytochemicals Detected from the Rhizomes of Greater Cardamom.

Occurrence of cervical cancer, caused due to persistent human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, is common in women of developing countries. As the conventional treatments are expensive and associated with severe side effects, there is a need to find safer alternatives, which is affordable and less toxic to the healthy human cells. Present study aimed to evaluate the anti-HPV and apoptotic potential of four compounds from the greater cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb. var. Golsey), namely rhein, phytosphingosine, n-hexadecenoic acid and coronarin E. Their anti-HPV and apoptotic potential were studied against viral E6, E7 and few anti-apoptotic proteins of host cell (BCL2, XIAP, LIVIN) by in silico docking technique. Phytochemicals from the plant extract were analysed and identified by LC/MS and GC/MS. Involvement of the target proteins in various biological pathways was determined through KEGG. Structural optimization of the three-dimensional structures of the ligands (four phytochemicals and control drug) was done by Avogadro1.1. Receptor protein models were built using ProMod3 and other advanced tools. Pharmacophore modelling of the selected phytochemicals was performed in ZINCPharmer. Swiss ADME studies were undertaken to determine drug likeness. The ligands and proteins were digitally docked in DockThor docking program. Protein flexibility-molecular dynamic simulation helped to study protein–ligand stability in real time. Finally, the correlation of evaluated molecules was studied by the use of principal component analysis (PCA) based on the docking scores. All the ligands were found to possess apoptotic and anti-cancer activities and did not violate Lipinsky criteria. n-Hexadecanoic acid and its analogues showed maximum efficacy against the target proteins. All the protein–ligand interactions were found to be stable. The uncommon phytochemicals identified from rhizomes of greater cardamom have anti-cancer, apoptotic and HPV inhibitory potentials as analysed by docking and other in silico studies, which can be utilized in drug development after proper experimental validation.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12010-022-04006-3.

A REVIEW ON MARKETING AND VALUE CHAIN OF NEPAL CARDAMOM (AMOMUM SUBULATUM ROXB.) IN THE EASTERN HILLS OF NEPAL

Nepal cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is one of the most precious commodities with considerable export potential, as well as one of our country’s most valued crops and most essential cash crops. Large cardamom is primarily farmed in the eastern region of our country. This study focuses on the current state of massive cardamom marketing and the value chain in Nepal. The market for large cardamon is hampered by a variety of obstacles. The vast cardamom market and marketing are weak, and there is a post-harvest loss that inhibits the market. Nepal is the top exporter of large cardamom in terms of market share. The districts of Ilam, Taplejung, Pachthar, and Sankhuwasabha produce and export huge quantities of best quality cardamom. India is the largest market for large cardamom in Nepal. The spice is re exported from India to Bangladesh, Pakistan, the Gulf states, and other international destinations through use of various transport systems.

LARGE CARDAMOM: A POTENTIAL CASH CROP OF HILL COMMUNITY

Large cardamom, Amomum subulatum Roxb. is extensively used for flavouring vegetables and food preparations across India due to its pleasant aromatic odour. It is also used as an essential ingredient in mixed spices preparation for making food delicious. It contains 2-3% essential oil having medicinal properties. It is also used as a preservative for food materials. The crop of this plant grows well in hilly areas on slopes. Present article is an attempt to collect information about the large cardamom for farmers and researchers so that they can get proper information regarding this cash crop. Researchers can use this information for the development of disease and heat resistant varieties, so that this crop can be grown in the plains of India too. Micropropagation techniques can also be used for the development of new varieties of this crop.

PharmacologicalActions of Eladwaya(Elettaria Cardamomum Matonand Amomum Subulatum Roxb) -A Review

The two varieties of cardamom i.e Ela Dwayaviz; (Elettaria cardamomum Maton and Amomum subulatum Roxb). The Sookshma Ela(Elettaria cardamom) is considered as the queen of spices. The Ela(Elettaria cardamomum Maton) acts as stimulant. Both cardamom are herbaceous perennial plants belong to Zingiberaceae family. Extensively grow in South India. It is an excellent anti oxidant.It helps to relieve Daha(Burning sensation) and gastritis. It helps to relieve xerostomia(Dry mouth) and bad breath due to itʾsantibacterial actions. The Elettaria cardamomum Maton and Amomum subulatum Roxbhelp to alleviate Shotha(Inflammation), Shirshula(Headache), Karnashula(Earache), Danta Shula(Toothache), Yakrit Vikara(Disorders of liver), chest, Kantha Vikara(Throat diseases) due to itʾsanti inflammatory and analgesic activities. The second variety is Brihat Ela(Amomum subulatum) is black cardamom also called hill cardamom. It is perennial herbaceous plant belongs to the same family Zingiberaceae. The seed pods have a strong, camphor like flavour and are also used as spice similar to the green cardamom pods. The black cardamom is used for Udara Vikara(Stomach disorder) due to its gastroprotective action, and Jwara(Malarial fever) due to anti inflammatory and analgesic actions. The drug showed the importance of chemical constituents including carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, lipids, essential oils, flavonoids, terpenoids, caratenoids. The drug powder also helps in chronic cigarette de-addiction. The present work dealt with the data were obtained by several electronic scientific databases, articles, and the additional information was collected from the various Ayurvedic classical texts.

Black cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) fruit extracts exhibit apoptotic activity against lung cancer cells

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe dried fruits of Amomum subulatum Roxb. (A. subulatum) are widely used as a spice. It is a part of official ayurvedic formulations used in folklore medicine to treat cancer.A. subulatum has been used in ayurvedic formulations to treat various lung conditions such as cough, lung congestion, pulmonary tuberculosis. The present traditional knowledge highlights the effectiveness of A. subulatum in treating cancer and its lung-specific efficacy. Aim of the studyThis study aims to investigate the cytotoxic potential of A. subulatum on the phenomenal and mechanistic level of lung cancer cells and identify the presence of A. subulatum actives. Materials and methodsThe bioactivity of the extracts was tested using MTT assay, apoptotic assay, cell cycle analysis, superoxide production assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, and western blot analysis. Firstly, five different extracts were prepared using sequential extraction, and then screening of cell lines was performed using MTT assay. ResultsLung cancer cells were selected as the most sensitive target, and dichloromethane extract (DE) was the most active extract. Annexin assay confirmed the mode of cell death as apoptosis. SubG1 peak found in cell cycle analysis substantiated this finding. ROS generation and superoxide showed association with apoptotic death. The upregulation and overexpression of cleaved poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP-1) showed the failure of DNA repairing machinery contributes to apoptosis. LC-MS findings show the presence of cytotoxic actives cardamonin and alpinetin. ConclusionsIn summary, this study shows the apoptosis-inducing potential of A. subulatum fruit extracts and confirms DNA damage as one of the causes of cell death. Further explorations using bio-fractionation and in-vivo studies are required to determine the most active constituents in A. subulatum.

Prevalence of insect pests in large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) and evaluation of bio-rationals for the management of major pests under organic agro-ecosystem of Sikkim

Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is one of the important cash crops of Sikkim and Darjeeling areas of West Bengal. In this study, a fixed plot survey on insect pests of large cardamom was conducted and found that stem borer (Glyphipterix spp., Lepidoptera: Glyphiperidae), shoot fly (Merochlotops dimorphus Cherian, Diptera: Chlororpidae), leaf eating caterpillar (Artona chorista Jordon, Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) and tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse, Hemiptera: Miridae) are the major pests of the crop. Eco-friendly organic treatments like neem-based oil, petroleum-derived horticultural oil, spinosad and different formulations of entomopathogens were tested against these major insects. Among all, application of spinosad 45 SC @ 0.3 ml L-1 was found effective followed by neem-based oil (Azadirachtin 0.15% EC) 1500 ppm @ 3 ml L-1 at three different time intervals (first application in February-March, second application in June-July and third application in October-November) against all insects. Moreover, entomopathogenic bio-control agents (Bacillus thuringiensis @ 2 ml L-1, Metarhizium anisopliae@ 5 ml L-1 and Beauveria bassiana @ 5 ml L-1) were on par with neem-based oil for the management of stem borer. Considering the economic importance of the crop and absence of valid technology for management of insect pests in large cardamom through organic options, application of either of them could be helpful in organic management of insect pests in Sikkim.

APOPTOSIS INDUCTION OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF AMOMUM SUBULATUM ROXB. IN HELA CELL LINES

Deficiency in apoptosis is one of the key factors that plays a pivotal role in cancer cell growth and proliferation. A procedure used in the treatment of cancer is the triggering of apoptosis in cancer cells. The current study aims to investigate the anticancer property of ethanolic extract of Amomum subulatum Roxb. against HeLa cell line. The MTT 3-(4, 5-di-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H tetrazolium bromide assay is the quantitative cytotoxicity assay used, maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was selected as the cytotoxicity parameter. The IC50 value of A. subulatum Roxb. extract is 62.5 μg/ mL and for 5-fluorouracil it is 7.8 μg/mL which indicates anticarcinogenic properties against HeLa cells. The apoptotic morphological changes in HeLa cells were observed using an inverted microscope and changes in HeLa cells were noticed after treatment with 62.5 mg/mL of ethanolic extracts, followed by acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining. The induction of apoptosis by extract of A. subulatum Roxb. was determined using the DNA fragmentation study. The results of the DNA fragmentation study, which exhibits prototypical intrinsic apoptotic characterization, also included fragmentation of nuclear DNA. We also found that the expression of Bcl2 and p53 mRNA were measured using RT-PCR. Overall, the current study results suggest that the

Reinforcing Livelihood by Interdependency of HR Capacity-ICT: Relevance to Multi-cropping practice system in Indian Eastern Himalaya

The rural economy of Eastern Himalayan region of India is mostly agriculture based, dominated by traditional as well as community knowledge, has been using as source of livelihood since long years back. But with Green evolution and technological advancement, High Yielding variety of cash crop like Large Cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) and influence of skill-information-technology are emerging in a great extent respectively only to ensure sustainable livelihood. Since it is seen that only through large cardamom cultivation, it is difficult to ensure sustainability, hence concept of Multicropping is very much demanding. Here, this paper highlights the influence and interdependency of Human Resource Capacity and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on Multicropping as well as on large cardamom cultivation to ensure sustainable livelihood in this particular region.