Extraction Of Am Research Articles

Effects of Amniotic Membrane Extract Eye Drops on Persistent Epithelial Defects of the Cornea

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of amniotic membrane extract eye drops (AMEEDs) in patients with persistent epithelial defects (PEDs) of the cornea.Methods: Sixteen patients with PEDs refractory to the conventional treatment were further treated with AMEEDs six times a day. Visual acuity, visual analog scale (VAS), esthesiometer score, and areas of the epithelial defects before and after 1 and 2 months of treatment were evaluated. After 2 months, AMEEDs were considered effective if all epithelial defects were healed, partially effective if the epithelial defects decreased in size compared with the baseline, and ineffective if the epithelial defects increased in size and required additional treatment.Results: After 2 months of treatment with AMEEDs, there was a reduction in the area of epithelial defects (5.2 ± 3.1 mm2 vs. 0.1 ± 0.1 mm2, respectively, p = 0.01), as well as a significant improvement in best-corrected visual acuity (0.8 ± 0.5 logarithm of minimal angle of resolution [LogMAR] vs. 0.6 ± 0.3 LogMAR, respectively, p = 0.03), and VAS scores (4.3 ± 1.0 vs. 2.8 ± 0.7, respectively, p = 0.04) compared with the baseline values. Treatment with AMEEDs was effective in 13 (81.3%) patients and partially effective in three (18.8%) patients.Conclusions: AMEEDs could stimulate epithelial wound healing and improve ocular symptoms in patients with refractory PED. Therefore, AMEEDs could be considered an effective treatment option for refractory PEDs.

Sorbents Based on Bacterial Cellulose for Extraction of Sr, U, Pu, and Am from Solutions

Sorbents Based on Bacterial Cellulose for Extraction of Sr, U, Pu, and Am from Solutions

Amniotic membrane extract eye drops: a new approach to severe ocular surface pathologies.

A protocol for processing amniotic membrane as an extract to be re-hydrated and administered topically as eye drops (amniotic membrane extract eye drops, AMEED) has been developed. Safety and efficacy of AMEED was assessed in patients with severe ocular surface pathologies. prospective clinical follow-up of ocular surface symptoms before and after regular application of the AMEED for at least 4weeks on patients with severe ocular surface disorders as chronic dry eye disease, limbal stem cell deficiency, neurotrophic ulcer and permanent and disabling symptomatology that were refractory to conventional treatment. Efficacy and tolerability were assessed based on patient-reported symptoms, objective measurements, and reports of adverse events. Thirty-six eyes from 25 patients were included. Although the visual quality function score, by means of a VQF25 questionnaire, was not statistically different after the treatment (p = 0.4657), there was a clear trend, statistically significant, towards the improvement in ocular symptoms like foreign body sensation, itching and stinging (p < 0.05) and clinical presentation of the pathology. All patients with corneal ulcer showed complete epithelization. Topically applied AMEED proved to be safe, well tolerated and effective in reducing the symptoms and clinical signs of severe ocular disease. Further studies are needed to confirm the best indications for AMEED use.

Aqueous soluble ‘N′ donor heterocyclic ligands for the mutual separation of Am3+ and Eu3+: Solvent extraction, flat sheet supported liquid membrane and hollow fiber microextraction studies

Preferential stripping of the trivalent actinide ions such as Am(III) from the organic extract containing a mixture of Am(III) and Eu(III) by a suitable separation method is one of the most challenging areas of research which can find application in the radioactive waste management scheme. In the present study, a comparative evaluation of aqueous soluble tetrasulphonated derivatives of bis-triazinyl pyridine (BTP, LI), bis-triazinyl bipyridine (BTBP, LII) and bis-triazinyl phenanthroline (BTPhen, LIII) was done for the preferential stripping of Am(III) from a mixture of Am(III)/Eu(III) in the N,N,N′,N′-tetra-n-octyl diglycolamide (TODGA) extract. The results obtained in the solvent extraction studies were used for setting up of flat sheet supported liquid membrane based separation systems where the feed phase contained 1 M HNO3 spiked with the 241Am and 152,154Eu radiotracers while the receiver phase contained 0.01 M solutions of the aqueous soluble complexing agents in the presence of 1 M HNO3. Analogous studies were carried out using polypropylene hollow fibers leading to micro extraction of both Am(III) and Eu(III) and preferential stripping of Am(III) where promising separation behavior was observed, especially in the cases of LI and LIII with the DF values of 66 and 72, respectively for Am3+ over Eu3+ along with >80% recovery of Am.

Cord blood and amniotic membrane extract eye drop preparations display immune-suppressive and regenerative properties

Diseases and injuries that compromise the ocular surface cause considerable patient distress and have long term consequences for their quality of life. Treatment modalities that can address the delicate balance of tissue regeneration, inflammation and maintenance of corneal transparency are therefore needed. We have recently formulated two novel eye drops from placental tissues: cord blood platelet lysate (CBED) and amniotic membrane extract eye drops (AMED), which can be used to treat severe ocular disorders. Here we characterise these two preparations by measuring: (a) growth factors (GF) and cytokines composition, (b) promotion of human corneal epithelial cell (HCEC) growth and (c) effects on immune cells in a lymphocyte culture assay. Finally, their bioavailability was assayed in an ex vivo porcine corneal model. We show that both preparations contain GF and cytokines that were able to promote the in vitro growth of HCEC and support repair in an in vitro scratch test. When assessed in a lymphocyte culture, both favoured immune suppression reducing the cellular expression of NKG2D and CD107a as well as the production of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in natural killer, NKT and T cells. Regarding bioavailability, CBED active molecules were found mainly in the pre-corneal fraction with some penetration into the corneal fraction, in an ex vivo model. In summary, both placental-derived allogeneic preparations, CBED and AMED, display regenerative and immunomodulatory capabilities. These results will help define mechanisms of action and the best indications and doses of each product for use in a particular patient and support the development of off-the-shelf therapies for ocular surface pathologies in which wound healing defects and inflammatory events are contributing factors.

Theoretical Study of Effects of Solvents, Ligands, and Anions on Separation of Trivalent Lanthanides and Actinides.

Due to its associated low CO2 emissions, nuclear energy production is rapidly growing. In this context, the treatment of high-level liquid waste (HLLW) of nuclear plants is of high concern to both scientific and industrial communities. Specifically, the separation of An(III) and Ln(III) cations when processing nuclear fuel is a vitally important, yet challenging, step within HLLW because An(III) and Ln(III) have similar chemical properties in solution. To guide the choice of relevant ligands, anions, and solvents for this separation step, in this work, we calculate and compare the free energy of formation of different Am(III) and Eu(III) complexes (which are typical and important An(III) and Ln(III) cation examples), involving two different ligands and three different counter ions in four different solvents. Based on our calculations, we predict that the chosen solvent is a key factor in the extraction of Am(III) and Eu(III) in treatment of HLLW. This study supports a systematic, computation-assisted screening of solvents and extractive ligands with counter anions as a proficient method to optimize the separation of Ln(III) and An(III).

건조방법에 따른 오크라 추출물의 영양성분 분석 및 항산화활성 비교

This study evaluated and compared the nutritional components and antioxidant activities of Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (AM) extracts processed using hot air and freeze-drying methods. The results showed that hot air and freeze-dried AM extracts were mainly composed of carbohydrates and crude protein. Both hot air and freeze-dried AM had a high content of saturated fatty acids (palmitic acid). Also, both these extracts had a high content of unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid and linoleic acid). The ratio of essential amino acids (EAA)/amino acids (AA) was higher in the hot air dried AM extract compared to the freeze-dried AM extract. Both the drying methods resulted in high content of potassium (K), followed by calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in decreasing order. Freeze-dried AM extract showed higher total polyphenol content compared to hot air dried AM extract. Total flavonoid content was significantly higher in hot-air dried AM extract compared to freeze-dried AM extract. The IC50 value for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity with hot-air dried and freeze-dried AM extract was found to be 0.78 and 0.69 mg/mL, respectively. The IC50 value for 2,2‘-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) and the reducing power of freeze-dried AM extract were lower than that of hot-air dried AM extract. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was significantly higher in the freeze-dried AM extract than in the hot air dried AM extract. According to our results, it appears that AM extracts possess higher nutritional and antioxidant activities.

Amniotic membrane extract eye drops for ocular surface diseases: use and clinical outcome in real-world practice.

To study the indications and clinical outcomes, in a real-word setting, of amniotic membrane extract eye drops (AMEED) use for ocular surface disease (OSD). A retrospective study of patients treated with topical AMEED between January 2018 and January 2020 was conducted. Patients were classified in two groups according to specific OSD-dry eye disease (DED) and wound healing delay (WHD) groups. Demographics, comorbidities, treatment duration and clinical outcomes were analysed. A total of 50 eyes of 36 patients with or without previous treatments were included. Patients in the DED group presented more systemic comorbidities (83 vs 22%; p < 0.001) and spent more mean time under AMEED treatment (10 vs 7.2months average) than the WHD group (p = 0.0104). In four patients, long-term treatment (more than 24months) was reported. Global similar symptomatic improvement was reported for both groups (DED 88.9% vs WHD 100%; p = 0.486), with the WHD group especially consisting in general relief (78%) and the DED group reporting more pain improvement (44%) (p = 0.011). Regarding patients with autologous serum as a previous treatment, no statistical differences were found in subjective or objective improvement. An overall success was achieved in 94.4% of the cases and no adverse events were found. AMEED administration is a promising mean to treat OSD such as dry eye, persistent epithelial defect and corneal ulcers. Although AMEED may be effective in the treatment of severe DED and persistent epithelial defect or corneal ulcers, conclusions are limited owing to the absence of controlled clinical trials.

Development, Characterization and Stability Evaluation of Topical Gel Loaded With Ethosomes Containing Achillea millefolium L. Extract.

Background: Delivering plant extract at high loading with intact antioxidants and efficient skin permeation always remains a challenge. To address this, we prepared a stable gel formulation containing nanoethosomes loaded with Achillea millefolium L. (AM) extract for topical drug delivery. Method: The AM extract was tested at first for phytochemical analysis, antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content, and FTIR examination. The nanoethosomes containing AM extract were synthesized and characterized by size, surface charge, and morphology, and entrapment efficiency (EE) was determined. The optimized nanoethosomes were then incorporated to develop a topical gel formulation and subjected to skin for permeation, pH, viscosity, and organoleptic evaluation for up to three months. Results: The AM ethanolic extract demonstrated 88% free radical scavenging activity and notable phenolic and flavonoid contents of up to 123 mg GAE/g and 42 mg QE/g, respectively. The optimized nanoethosomes encapsulated with AM extract (240 nm) were spherical in shape, with −31.1 mV of surface charge, and showed considerable entrapment efficiency (90%). Furthermore, the selected topical gel remained stable during the study period. The Exvivo permeation study of ethosomal gel showed the highest release percentage of 79.8%. Conclusion: The study concludes that topical gel loaded with nanoethosomes containing AM extract is an encouraging approach for topical drug delivery.

Dose-dependent pro- or anti-scar-preventing responses of freeze-dried amniotic membrane extract in relation to suppression of connective tissue growth factor and α-smooth muscle actin

Dose-dependent pro- or anti-scar-preventing effects of amniotic membrane extract (AME) are unclear. This study investigated the dose-dependent effects of freeze-dried AME on connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and α-smooth muscle action (α-SMA) (key determinants of excessive scarring) expression in an attempt to develop medication for scarless wound healing. The inhibitory effect of freeze-dried AME on α-SMA was visualized through immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. The suppressive effect of 10 different concentrations of AME (0.0025–0.25 µg/mL) on CTGF and α-SMA was determined, and rates of collagen lattice contraction were measured. AME inhibited the trans-differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, a hallmark of scar formation. AME downregulated CTGF and α-SMA in a dose-dependent manner; supplementation of 0.0175 µg/mL of AME in cell culture media downregulated CTGF (by 49%; p < 0.05) and α-SMA (by 33%; p < 0.05) relative to control values, the effect saturating with a subsequent increase in AME levels to 0.025 µg/mL. Collagen lattice contraction was maximally inhibited (75 ± 8%) upon treatment with 0.0175 µg/mL AME relative to the control (44 ± 6%). AME downregulates α-SMA and inhibits the trans-differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of cells with high AME concentrations retained high α-SMA concentration levels. A delicate balance between the wound healing properties and pro-fibrotic abilities of AME should be considered for selecting an appropriate therapeutic dose.

Osteogenic effects of exosomes derived from human chorion membrane extracts

ObjectiveHuman chorion membrane extracts (CME) are known to exhibit osteogenic effects when used for treating human osteoblast-like cells (MG63 cells), but the active compound in CME remains unknown. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of exosomes in CME and to determine the osteogenic effect of CME exosomes on MG63 cells.MethodsExosomes were isolated from human placenta CME using the ExoQuick-TC solution and were characterized. The activity and deposition of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) on MG63 cells cultured with or without exosomes in osteogenic induction medium (OIM) were determined. Human amniotic membrane extracts (AME) were used as controls as they had not affected the osteogenic differentiation of MG63 cells in our previous study.ResultsTransmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that exosomes isolated from CME and AME (CME-Exo and AME-Exo, respectively) had a cup-shaped structure. NanoSight™ particle tracking analysis (NTA) confirmed that the size of these exosomes was 100–150 nm. In vitro osteogenic experiments demonstrated that the exosomes from CME, but not those from AME, presented increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and resulted in the mineralization of MG63 cells in a dose-dependent manner.ConclusionExosomes were identified in CME and AME from the human placenta. Further, the exosomes from CME were found to be capable of promoting osteogenic differentiation, suggesting that exosomes are a key component of CME that stimulate the osteogenesis of human osteoblast-like cells. CME exosomes can be developed as promising therapeutic candidates for bone regeneration.

Commercial amniotic membrane extract for treatment of corneal ulcers in adult horses.

Amniotic membrane extract enhances the rate of epithelialisation after corneal ulceration in several species but has not been studied in the equine cornea. To evaluate the effect of amniotic membrane extract on re-epithelialisation of equine corneal ulcers compared with ulcers treated with antibiotic, antifungal and mydriatic medical therapy alone, and to evaluate equine corneal healing after experimentally induced superficial ulceration. Masked, randomised, controlled experimental trial. Superficial, 8mm corneal ulcers were created bilaterally in each horse. One eye was treated with amniotic membrane extract and the opposite was control. Both eyes were treated with medical therapy. Treatment eyes received amniotic membrane extract, and control eyes received the amniotic membrane extract vehicle. Ulcers were stained with fluorescein and photographed in 12-hour increments until completely healed. Ulcer surface area was determined by analysing photographs with ImageJ. A mixed linear model was used to compare ulcer surface area and hours until healing between treatment groups. A regression model was also used to calculate corneal re-epithelialisation rate over time. Regardless of therapy, healing occurred in two phases: an initial rapid phase of 0.88mm2 /hr (95% CI: 0.81-0.94mm2 /hr) for approximately 48-54hours followed by a second, slow phase of 0.07mm2 /hr (95% CI: 0.04-0.09mm2 /hr). Most eyes healed within 135.5±48.5hours. Treatment (amniotic membrane extract vs. control) was not significantly associated with size of ulcers over time (P=.984). Discomfort was minimal to absent in all horses. Results achieved experimental studies may differ from outcomes in the clinical setting. There was no significant difference in healing rate with addition of amniotic membrane extract to medical therapy for equine superficial corneal ulcers. A biphasic corneal healing process was observed, with an initial rapid phase followed by a slow phase. Further study will be needed to determine whether amniotic membrane extract will be helpful for infected or malacic equine corneal ulcers.

Effects of Allium mongolicum Regel and its extracts supplementation on the growth performance, carcass parameters and meat quality of sheep

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Allium mongolicum Regel (AM) and AM extracts on the growth performance, carcass parameters and meat quality of sheep. Forty sheep were randomly divided into four groups. The groups consisted of CON (basal diet), AM water extract (AWE; basal diet + 3.4 g/sheep/day AWE), AM ethanol extract (AEE; basal diet + 2.8 g/sheep/day AEE) and AM (basal diet + 10 g/sheep/day AM). The average daily gain (ADG) was improved (p < .05) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was decreased (p < .05) in AWE, AEE and AM compared to CON. The loin eye area (LEA) and intramuscular fat (IMF) percentage were improved (p < .05) and cooking loss (CL) was decreased (p < .05) in AM, AWE and AEE compared to CON. The water holding capacity (WHC) was improved (p < .05) in AM and AWE compared to CON. The Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF) was decreased (p < .05) in AWE and AEE compared to CON. The levels of Σ polyunsaturated fatty acid (ΣPUFA) was increased (p < .05) and Σ saturated fatty acids (ΣSFA) was decreased (p < .05) in AM, AWE and AEE compared to CON. The levels of C18:1t-9, C18:1t-10 and C18:1t-11 were increased (p < .05) in AM and AEE compared to CON. The levels of C16:0 and n6/n3 ratio were decreased (p < .05) and levels of Δ9-desaturase C16 and elongase enzymatic activity were improved (p < .05) in AWE and AEE compared to CON. In conclusion, supplementation with AM and AM extracts could increase the growth performance, carcass quality traits and some healthier fatty acids. Highlights Allium mongolicum Regel extracts increased average daily gain and decreased feed conversion ratio, improves carcass parameters in sheep. Allium mongolicum Regel extracts increased fat content in the Longissimus dorsi muscle. Allium mongolicum Regel extracts had beneficial effects on the fatty acid composition in the Longissimus dorsi muscle.

Selective extraction of trivalent actinides using CyMe4BTPhen in the ionic liquid Aliquat-336 nitrate.

The extraction of Am(iii), Cm(iii) and Eu(iii) by 2,9-bis(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline (CyMe4BTPhen) from nitric acid solution was studied using the ionic liquid Aliquat-336 nitrate ([A336][NO3]) as diluent. Results show a high selectivity of the solvent for Am(iii) and Cm(iii) over Eu(iii), but rather slow extraction kinetics. The kinetics of CyMe4BTPhen were largely improved by the addition of 0.005 mol L−1N,N,N′,N′-tetra-n-octyl-diglycolamide (TODGA) as a phase transfer reagent and by the use of 1-octanol as co-diluent. The addition of the phase transfer catalyst and co-diluent did not compromise the selectivity towards the actinide/lanthanide separation and thus this four-component system can be successfully applied to separate Am(iii) and Cm(iii) from the lanthanides.

Role of diluent in the unusual extraction of Am3+ and Eu3+ ions with benzene-centered tripodal diglycolamides: local structure studies using luminescence spectroscopy and XAS

Two benzene-centered tripodal DGA ligands (LI and LII) were used for the extraction of Am3+/Eu3+ from HNO3 medium into n-dodecane modified with various amounts of isodecanol. Luminescence spectroscopy and EXAFS studies were carried out for structural information.

Various administration forms of decellularized amniotic membrane extract towards improving corneal repair.

Amniotic membrane (AM) transplantation is often used as a treatment for corneal repair, but AM is prone to dissolving and shedding after surgery; multiple transplants will cause pain and financial burden. In this work, human amniotic membrane was firstly decellularized to obtain an AM extracellular matrix (dAM). This dAM was homogenized and extracted to obtain the dAM extract (simplified as dAME). Different forms of administration for corneal injury were performed as liquid drops (diluted dAME), in situ gels (using temperature-dependent Poloxamer 407 as the matrix), and tablets (poly(vinyl alcohol) as the matrix). The cytocompatibility of dAME was evaluated using corneal epithelial cells, corneal stromal cells and fibroblasts as cell models. The results showed that dAME is biocompatible to all these cells. Cells exhibited normal morphology and growth state at a dAME concentration of up to 160 μg mL-1. In vivo, dAME exhibited increased wound healing efficiency in severe corneal injury, being characterized with a shorter healing time for epithelium and a faster recovery for stromal opacity and thickness, compared with those of the control eyes. Different forms of administration have different effects on corneal repair; among them, in situ gels achieved the best therapeutic efficiency. Their biological mechanism was detected via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) technology. It was confirmed that dAME plays important roles in promoting the mRNA expression of leucine-rich and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (LRIG1) and in inhibiting the mRNA of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1).

Biocompatibility improvement of artificial cornea using chitosan-dextran nanoparticles containing bioactive macromolecules obtained from human amniotic membrane

Corneal transplantation, by which the damaged cornea is replaced by a new one, suffers from limited access to HLA-compatible-donors and high maintenance and surgical costs. Therefore, artificial corneas are considered as alternative tools with promising prospects. In our previous study, a two-part-polymeric artificial cornea was composed of enhanced hydrophilic surface electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofibrous scaffold that is thermally connected to a polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogel disk was prepared. Characterization tests revealed the prepared artificial cornea had similar biocompatible and structural characteristics regarding the natural cornea. In current study, human amniotic membrane extract containing growth factors, cytokines, anti-inflammatory factors, and anti-angiogenic factors was prepared, nano-encapsulated in chitosan-dextran nanoparticles, and physically decorated on the poly(ε-caprolactone)-polyvinyl-alcohol artificial cornea. Physicochemical and biological characterizations revealed the nano-decorated artificial cornea has more biocompatibility than the unmodified one. Our study demonstrated the bioactive macromolecules loaded on chitosan-dextran nanoparticles enhanced the anti-angiogenic property of artificial cornea through the sustained release of anti-angiogenic factors such as thrombospondin-1, endostatin, and heparin sulfate proteoglycan. Real-time-PCR and flow-cytometry assessments elucidated the vascularization was inhibited through a decrease in the expression of cluster of differentiation 31 and von-Willebrand-Factor. Our study proposed the use of biocompatible artificial cornea could be a promising strategy in corneal transplantation.

Amniotic Membrane Extract Protects Islets From Serum-Deprivation Induced Impairments and Improves Islet Transplantation Outcome.

Islet culture prior to transplantation is a standard practice in many transplantation centers. Nevertheless, the abundant islet mass loss and function impairment during this serum-deprivation culture period restrain the success of islet transplantation. In the present study, we used a natural biomaterial derived product, amniotic membrane extract (AME), as medium supplementation of islet pretransplant cultivation to investigate its protective effect on islet survival and function and its underlying mechanisms, as well as the engraftment outcome of islets following AME treatment. Results showed that AME supplementation improved islet viability and function, and decreased islet apoptosis and islet loss during serum-deprived culture. This was associated with the increased phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Moreover, transplantation of serum-deprivation stressed islets that were pre-treated with AME into diabetic mice revealed better blood glucose control and improved islet graft survival. In conclusion, AME could improve islet survival and function in vivo and in vitro, and was at least partially through increasing phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK signaling pathway.

Extraction of Nitric Acid, Americium(III), Curium(III), and Lanthanides(III) into DMDOHEMA Dissolved in Kerosene

ABSTRACT Liquid-liquid distribution data were determined for the extraction of nitric acid, Am(III), Cm(III), and lanthanides(III) from 0.1–7 mol/L nitric acid into 0.5–1 mol/L N,N’-dimethyl-N,N’-dioctyl-2-[2-(hexyloxy)ethyl]-malonamide (DMDOHEMA) dissolved in kerosene. Nitric acid extraction was accurately modeled accounting for the adducts (HNO3)L2, (HNO3)L, and (HNO3)2L. To model Am(III) extraction, the following complexes were taken into account, Am(NO3)3L4, Am(NO3)3(HNO3)L3, and a third complex, Am(NO3)3(HNO3)2 L3 (considering spectroscopic results) or Am(NO3)3(HNO3)2 L2 (considering slope-analysis results). Separation factors for Am(III) over Cm(III) and the lighter lanthanides(III) are practically independent of nitric acid concentration. Am(III)/Ln(III) separation factors decrease with increasing nitric acid concentration for the heavier lanthanides(III).

Liquid/Liquid Extraction Kinetics of Eu(III) and Am(III) by Extractants Designed for the Industrial Reprocessing of Nuclear Wastes

Results about the kinetics of extraction of Eu(III) and Am(III) by extractants designed for the industrial reprocessing of nuclear wastes are reported. They were obtained using the rotating membran...