Ammunition Consumption Research Articles

Centralities for networks with consumable resources

AbstractIdentification of influential nodes is an important step in understanding and controlling the dynamics of information, traffic, and spreading processes in networks. As a result, a number of centrality measures have been proposed and used across different application domains. At the heart of many of these measures lies an assumption describing the manner in which traffic (of information, social actors, particles, etc.) flows through the network. For example, some measures only count shortest paths while others consider random walks. This paper considers a spreading process in which a resource necessary for transit is partially consumed along the way while being refilled at special nodes on the network. Examples include fuel consumption of vehicles together with refueling stations, information loss during dissemination with error-correcting nodes, and consumption of ammunition of military troops while moving. We propose generalizations of the well-known measures of betweenness, random-walk betweenness, and Katz centralities to take such a spreading process with consumable resources into account. In order to validate the results, experiments on real-world networks are carried out by developing simulations based on well-known models such as Susceptible-Infected-Recovered and congestion with respect to particle hopping from vehicular flow theory. The simulation-based models are shown to be highly correlated with the proposed centrality measures.Reproducibility:Our code and experiments are available athttps://github.com/hmwesigwa/soc_centrality

Shipborne Weapon Ammunition Calculation Study

The required ammunition consumption for shipborne weapon to destroy targets is a random variable. This paper proposes calculation method of ammunition consumption for the shipborne weapon to destroy targets, which can calculate the average ammunition consumption for the shipborne weapon to destroy a single target, group targets respectively.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ КОЛІМАТОРНИХ ПРИЦІЛІВ ДО СТРІЛЕЦЬКОЇ ЗБРОЇ

Сombat actions in settlements is carried out at small distances using shelters and obstacles. At the same time, the observation of the battlefield and the firefighting from small arms becomes complicated by the presence of pinpoint, mobile targets, which instantly appear and fire in the response. In such circumstances, the gunner must quickly detect a dangerous target, make a decision to open a fire and make an aimed shot. When aiming the gunner must aim the weapon to the target, close one eye, direct his eyesight through the sighting notch (at the level with its edges) and the tip of front sight to the desired target aim point. Taking into account that the human eye does not allow simultaneously see clearly the objects that located near and at the distance, the gunner begin to cyclically shift the sight focus from back sight to front side, from the front side to target and vice versa. The process of this multiple sight aiming on three points is a rather difficult action that causes a quick fatigue of eyesight. Using such aiming plan, it will be very difficult to observe the enemy during the battle and execute an aimed fire in case of an enemy's sudden appearance. One of the possible ways to solve this problem is to equip small arms with collimator sights. To the advantages of collimator sights over other sights are devoted many works. However, most of these works are not objectively evaluated by existing methods for assessing the effectiveness of firing. An experimental study was carried out to determine the effectiveness of shooting from small arms during using collimator sights. Thus, because of a real experiment, it was established that their use instead of mechanical sights significantly increases the complex of indicators of the effectiveness of the shooting targets that appear and move day and night. Namely, the probability of target hit has increased almost 2 times, the average expected time spent on the fire task has decreased about 2 times, the average expected ammunition consumption for the fire task has decreased by 1.8 times. To conclude, the study showed that the use of collimator sights with small arms can significantly increase the effectiveness of shooting without changing the weapon construction itself.

Environmental Lead and Wild Birds: A Review.

Lead is a persistent inorganic environmental pollutant that affects humans and animals worldwide. Avian species are especially susceptible to lead exposure through consumption of lead ammunition, lead fishing tackle, and other contaminated food sources such as aquatic species ingesting lead contaminated sediments in mining areas. Even with government regulations on the use of lead ammunition in many countries, including the United States, terrestrial, aquatic, predatory, and scavenger avian species are still at risk of exposure to potentially lethal concentrations of lead. The toxicities seen in these avian species include increased oxidative stress and decreased anti-oxidant enzymes in hepatic and renal tissue. The avian immune system is also a target of lead and displays a number of altered functions suggestive of immune suppression; however, studies in wildlife and laboratory species remain too limited for definitive statements with regard to population risk. In contrast, lead clearly inhibits reproductive capabilities in adult birds, and alters growth and development of hatchlings. Environmental remediation for lead removal, which would lower toxic exposure in wildlife, presently is a monumental and prohibitively expensive effort. Wildlife exposure will therefore continue in contaminated areas, necessitating development of new remediation practices. These plans should aim toward limiting more widespread or heavier contamination of wildlife habitats. This chapter reviews presently available information of lead toxicity in wild bird species, and suggests continued monitoring and reduction strategies to reduce lead exposure for at-risk avian populations.

A Hybrid Multiobjective Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Cooperative Air Combat DWTA

A hybrid multiobjective discrete particle swarm optimization (HMODPSO) algorithm is proposed to solve cooperative air combat dynamic weapon target assignment (DWTA). First, based on the threshold of damage probability and time window constraints, a new cooperative air combat DWTA multiobjective optimization model is presented, which employs the maximum of the target damage efficiency and minimum of ammunition consumption as two competitive objective functions. Second, in order to tackle the DWTA problem, a mixed MODPSO and neighborhood search algorithm is proposed. Furthermore, the repairing operator is introduced into the mixed algorithm, which not only can repair infeasible solutions but also can improve the quality of feasible solutions. Besides, the Cauchy mutation is adopted to keep the diversity of the Pareto optimal solutions. Finally, a typical two-stage DWTA scenario is performed by HMODPSO and compared with three other state-of-the-art algorithms. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the new model and the superiority of the proposed algorithm.

Considerations on Efficiency in Experimental Tests Specific for Projectiles of Low Caliber

Abstract In the latest period of time the lack of resources made us to be more carefully in spending them. In this context along time were developed different types of methods which permits to evaluate with maximum efficiency the resources needed in different types of products design jobs. Some of these methods in the present time are numerical simulations which are a good choice as an instrument for the resources consumption estimation. These types of methods are encouraged in ammunitions design too. As an example we can observe that some military standards encourage the use of numerical simulation in first steps of a product design or on his life cycle, before experimental testing, but not exclude experimental testing. To complete this approach the present paper comes with some models for the efficiency estimation taking into account the necessary resources for ammunition experimental testing, in general and ammunition consumption in experimental tests in particular. These models are based on statistical estimations and general probability theory, ammunition ballistic design theory with punctual estimation and reliable intervals for true value of a parameter in an imposed level of trust condition.

The Model of Optimal Firing Distribution for Naval Gun Firing on Shore

In order to significantly improve damage ability on large area targets, it is necessary to resolve the problem of firing distribution for naval gun firing on shore. In the first place, the firing error of naval gun is analyzed. Then the calculation model of damage probability is put forward. Finally, by using damage probability as object function, the model of firing distribution based on optimization method is set up. Simulation result shows that when ammunition consumption is the same, the damage probability of naval gun may be improved remarkably by optimal firing distribution. The model provides scientific evidence for commander to make decision during firing on shore.

CRITERIA FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF THE ENGINE EFFICIENCY OF THE MULTI-PURPOSE AIRCRAFT MISSIONS

The problem of design parameters selection of the turbine engine is the most important task at the preliminary design stage of the multi-purpose aircraft. A special feature of the multi-purpose aircraft mission is a sudden (even pulse) weight change, especially its decrease as a result of discharge of cargo bombing or rockets due to the ammunition consumption during air combat manoeuvring. In this article the attempt to use economic and mass criteria to assess the impact of the type of air missions on the choice of the design parameters of the engine was done. As the design, parameters there were selected the following measures: compression ratio, the turbine temperature and the bypass ratio. A mathematical model of the engine – aircraft – air task system was built (taking into account the flight conditions, the mission elements – the subsonic and supersonic flight, flight time, thermo-gas-dynamic and mass model of the engine). The model enables to conduct the simulation research of the complex flight missions and their assessment on the basis of the constructed criteria. The model includes a parametric description of physical processes in the turbofan engine, thereby allowing a direct assessment of the impact of the selection of engine parameters on the effectiveness of the mission. The paper presents the results of calculations according to the classical criteria (e.g. kilometre fuel consumption, specific fuel consumption of the engine). New criteria for evaluation were presented; they are the energy efficiency of complex mission of an aircraft and the relative total and specific fuel consumption. The values of circuit parameters that need to be taken as design constraints for the engine to allow the implementation of the aviation missions were determined. The results are shown in an illustrative way on the number of graphs.

Calculation of Ammunition Consumption for Anti-aircraft Missile System to Destroy Aerial Targets

Abstract The required ammunition consumption for anti-aircraft missile system to destroy aerial targets is a random variable. This paper proposes calculation method of ammunition consumption for the missile system to destroy aerial targets, which can calculate the average ammunition consumption for the missile system to destroy a single target, thin targets and dense targets respectively. The example shows the proposed calculation method is simple, and can support anti-aircraft missile firing operations.

Computer simulation of ammunition consumption until the first hit in a sudden two-tank conflict

The subject of the paper is computer simulation of ammunition consumption until the first hit in a sudden two-tank conflict. The first hit is important because it is often decisive in a two-tank conflict issue. The tanks are armed with different main weapons, one of which is a guided antiarmour missile, and the other is a classic gun which fires armour piercing rounds. The sudden conflict of tanks has been defined, starting assumptions have been given and the simulation model has been presented by means of the graphic representation of the platforms moving, mathematical transforms and algorithmic description. The model has been implemented by means of the GPSS World simulation language. The results of 10 experiments have been analyzed with various initial distances of the tanks in conflict.

Automation of initial elements preparation for indirect firing

The automation of initial elements preparation procedure for indirect firing has been treated in this paper. Artillery firing is preceded by initial elements preparation which should be reliable as well as fast in action. Rational ammunition consumption and high hit probability are the effects of a well-performed firing preparation. The paper presents a program solution for the procedure of initial elements preparation. The program has been realized in PASCAL on a 586 PC. The program is designed so that, after entering input data, we determine a firing variant on the basis of offered options. Individual as well as summary errors are then calculated together with the degree of seriousness of particular errors. The program solution is universal and can be applied to every type of artillery weapons.

Annihilation prediction for lanchester-type models of modern warfare with logistics constraints

Force-annihilation-prediction conditions are developed for Lanchester-type equations of modern warfare in which an important type of logistics constraint (limited ammunition) has been incorporated into the attrition-rate coefficients. Conceptually, combat is decomposed into two processes: (1) attrition and (2) logistics (ammunition consumption). After a discussion of Lanchester-type modelling of logistics processes for different levels of combat operations, a Lanchester-type homogenous-force model of a fire fight in small-scale combat (during which there is assumed to be no redistribution of ammunition) is presented with limited ammunition for each combatant being represented by time-dependent attrition-rate coefficients with compact support. Since physical/operational considerations compel one to sometimes consider discontinous attrition-rate coefficients, previous force-annihilation-prediction conditions developed under more restrictive conditions are extended to the general case of nonnegative, integrable attrition-rate coefficients and applied to the logistics-constrained Lanchester-type model developed here. The qualitative structure of battle outcome as a function of the initial force ratio for such logistics-constrained battles is discussed and several numerical examples given, which show that the situation considered here is a special case of time-constrained combat. These results allow one to study a broader class of variable-coefficient combat models of considerable tactical interest (e.g., models of logistics-constrained combat) almost as easily and thoroughly as Lanchester's classic constant-coefficient model (without logistics constraints).

Zur Frage der Kaliberwahl bei Mittelkaliber-Fliegerabwehrkanonon

The present investigation deals with the problem of calibre selection for automatic guns in defense against low-flying aircraft. The ammunition consumption and the hitting range are evaluated on the basis of a 50 per cent kill probability. Furthermore the influence of the rate of fire is considered.