Deposition Of Ammonium Sulphate Research Articles

Mechanism of ammonium bisulfate deposition on V1M5/Ti catalysts with synergistic effects of V and M (M = Ce, Co, Fe, and Mn) in low-temperature NH3-SCR

Two pathways of ammonium sulfate deposition on V1M5/Ti are elucidated in detail. The synergistic effect of V sites and transitional metal sites reflects in the selective adsorption and competitive oxidation of SO2.

The Purification Of Rennin-Like Protease From Lactobacillus Paracasei Isolated From Ettawa Goat Milk

There is a protease produced by bateria that has characteristics similar to rennin from a calf. Rennin has the ability to clot casein in milk. Rennin-like protease (RLP) is produced by bacteria extracellularly. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) have the potential to be developed for RLP production because they are safe and non-pathogenic bacteria. Rennin is needed in the process of milk coagulation to subsequently obtain a curd in the process of making cheese. In this study, the LAB isolated from Ettawa goat milk (isolate 2.12) which produced RLP was 99% identical to Lactobacillus paracasei based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The purification of the RLP L. paracasei 2.12 with 60% ammonium sulfate deposition, dialysis, and filtration gel chromatography Sephadex G-50 showed a single 38 kDa protein band with SMCA/SPA was 4.48 higher than that of the calf rennet with a ratio value of 1, therefore in this study, RLP L. paracasei 2.12 was developed as an alternative to renin in cheese making.

Production, purification and biochemical characterization of the microbial protease produced by Lactobacillus fermentum R6 isolated from Harbin dry sausages

This study investigated the purification and biochemical characterization of the protease produced by Lactobacillus fermentum R6 isolated from Harbin dry sausages. The optimized fermentation conditions were as follows: a fermentation time of 48 h, an initial pH of 6 and a fermentation temperature of 37 °C. The 37.7 kDa extracellular protease was purified using ammonium sulphate deposition, an ion exchange layer system and gel filtration. The protease produced by L. fermentum R6 had the highest initial velocity and kcat/Km at pH 6, 40 °C. The microbial protease activity could be inhibited by ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA). The Vmax and Km of the protease were 58.2 ± 1.42 mg/min and 17.3 ± 0.85 mg/mL, respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) reflected the ability of the protease to hydrolyse myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins, in particular, myosin heavy chain, paramyosin, phosphorylase and creatine kinase-M type. In conclusion, L. fermentum R6 can be used as a starter culture or an enzyme-producing strain for the inoculation of Harbin dry sausages.

Pr-doped Modified Fe–Mn/TiO2 Catalysts with a High Activity and SO2 Tolerance for NH3-SCR at Low-Temperature

Pr-modified Fe–Mn/TiO2 (x Pr) catalysts with high activity and excellent SO2 resistance were prepared and used for the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 (NH3-SCR) at low-temperatures. Pr can inhibit FeOx and MnOx crystallization and stabilize the high valence states of Fe and Mn, maintaining the catalyst’s high activity and stability at low temperatures. Doping with Pr diminished the ammonium sulfate deposition and alleviated the sulfation, improving the catalysts’ sulfur resistance.

Purification and biochemical characteristics of the extracellular protease from Pediococcus pentosaceus isolated from Harbin dry sausages

This study investigated the purification and biochemical characteristics of the protease produced by Pediococcus pentosaceus isolated from Harbin dry sausages. The optimized fermented conditions were as follows: fermentation time 36 h, initial pH 5 and fermentation temperature 30 °C. A 29.6 kDa extracellular protease was purified using ammonium sulphate deposition, ion exchange layer system and gel filtration. The protease produced by P. pentosaceus had a certain pH and thermal stability at pH 6 and 30 °C. The microbial protease activity could be inhibited by ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA). Vmax and Km of the protease were 43.9 mg/min and 8.3 mg/mL, respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) reflected the ability of the protease to hydrolyse sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins, particularly those of myosin heavy chain, paramyosin, actin, phosphorylase and creatine kinase-M types. 3D structure modelling of the P. pentosaceus protease found two domains in the protease protein and the correlation of the active sites with protease properties and substrate specificity. In conclusion, P. pentosaceus can be used as a starter culture or enzyme producing strain for inoculation in Harbin dry sausages.

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This study included two experiments, the first of which included the investigation of the urease enzyme in the plant extract of the Lagonychium farctum, which included the extracts of the seeds, leaves and stems the plant. The results, showed that the highest enzymatic and quality efficacy of urease was in seed extract of the Lagoonchium farctum. The optimal conditions for enzyme extraction were determined using different solution, pH and temperature. The Potassium Phosphate Solution at 0.02 μl pH 8 was the homogenous enzyme extract, with an enzymatic concentration of 3.195 U/ml. The optimum reaction time for enzyme extraction was 30 min, giving an enzyme activity of 3.274 U / ml. The optimum reaction time for enzyme extraction was 30 minutes where it gave enzymatic efficacy of 3.274 U/ml. The purification was by several steps including ammonium sulphate deposition with different precipitation ratios. The optimum saturation was 50 %, followed by ionic exchange on the DEAE-cellulose column and gel filtration on the Sephadex G-200 column. The purification time was 29.6 and the enzyme yield was 75 %. The second experiment included study of the effectiveness of the enzyme Urease as an Anticancer activity. Results showed that the urease enzyme had an inhibitory effect on the breast cancer line MCF7; it has been shown to be effective in the direction of breast cancer when the concentration of the partially purified enzyme is increased while in contrast to the natural cell line WRL68.

Optimal Conditions for Cholesterol Oxidase Production and Enzymatic Properties Study Produced by Monascus X-1

In this paper we optimized liquid fermentation conditions of Monascus X-1 on cholesterol oxidase (COD) production, and then the COD was isolated by ammonium sulfate deposition and its properties were studied. The results showed that COD produced by Monascus X-1 was a kind of extracellular enzyme. The yields came to maximum at the 6th day. The most suitable medium for Monascus X-1 generating COD was the rice medium, the highest enzyme activity was obtained at 140r/min, inoculum concentration 6%, when 60mL of the culture in 250mL shake flasks grown in rice medium. Under the optimized cultivation conditions, the enzyme activity reached 1168U/L, which increased 1.52 times compared to the previous fermentation conditions. The enzyme had favorable pH and thermal stability, while the optimum pH and temperature of enzyme activity was 7.0 and 40, respectively.

Eddy covariance measurements with high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry: a new approach to chemically resolved aerosol fluxes

Abstract. Although laboratory studies show that biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) yield substantial secondary organic aerosol (SOA), production of biogenic SOA as indicated by upward fluxes has not been conclusively observed over forests. Further, while aerosols are known to deposit to surfaces, few techniques exist to provide chemically-resolved particle deposition fluxes. To better constrain aerosol sources and sinks, we have developed a new technique to directly measure fluxes of chemically-resolved submicron aerosols using the high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-AMS) in a new, fast eddy covariance mode. This approach takes advantage of the instrument's ability to quantitatively identify both organic and inorganic components, including ammonium, sulphate and nitrate, at a temporal resolution of several Hz. The new approach has been successfully deployed over a temperate ponderosa pine plantation in California during the BEARPEX-2007 campaign, providing both total and chemically resolved non-refractory (NR) PM1 fluxes. Average deposition velocities for total NR-PM1 aerosol at noon were 2.05 ± 0.04 mm s−1. Using a high resolution measurement of the NH2+ and NH3+ fragments, we demonstrate the first eddy covariance flux measurements of particulate ammonium, which show a noon-time deposition velocity of 1.9 ± 0.7 mm s−1 and are dominated by deposition of ammonium sulphate.

Expression, Purification, and Characterization of Recombinant Protein GX1-rmhTNFα

A phage-displayed peptide CGNSNPKSC (GX1) was obtained previously in our lab, which could specifically bind to the vasculature of human gastric cancer. GX1-rmhTNFalpha was a fusion protein of GX1 and recombinant mutant human tumor necrosis factor alpha (rmhTNFalpha), which was designed by us with the expectation of enhancing selectivity of rmhTNFalpha. The DNA fragment encoding GX1 was cloned into the vector pBV220 with rmhTNFalpha between the EcoRI site and the BamHI site, and then expressed in Escherichia coli DH5alpha by temperature induction. Subsequently, E. coli DH5alpha was lysed, and the GX1-rmhTNFalpha protein was found in both soluble form and inclusion bodies. The protein was fractionated with ammonium sulfate deposition from 30% to 60%, and purified by cation and anion exchange chromatography using SP Sepharose Fast Flow column and Q Sepharose Fast Flow column. The purity of protein was then identified by SDS-PAGE and HPLC. Subsequent studies showed that GX1-rmhTNFalpha had high bioactivity of 5.65 x 10(8) IU/ml, which was similar with natural human TNFalpha and could reach the tumor site relatively faster than rmhTNFalpha.

Adhesional inhibiton of polyclonal anti-porin I antibody

To investigate the blockness effects of purified polyclonal anti-porin I antibody on N. gonorrhoeae adherence to genitourinary tract epithelia of BALB/c mouse. Polyclonal anti GST-PI antibody was generated by immunizing rabbit with GST-PI fusion protein which was constructed and expressed by ourselves. The purified immunoglobulin G was obtained by ammonium sulphate deposition and DEAE cellulose chromatography. Mice model of gonorrhea was established. In order to evaluate the effects of PI-IgG on gonococcus adhesion to vagina mucus, the macroscopic and pathological assessing as well as gonococcus culture was employed after gonococcus challenge on PI-IgG immunized mice. No pus and pathological inflammation were observed on mice vagina mucus treated with 1 mg/ml PI-IgG 3 hours before gonococcus challenge. Gonococcus could not be detected in the smears and washing solutions from vagina. Pathological inflammation was found in mice treated with anti PI-IgG, in which the concentrations were lower than 1 mg/ml or the treated time was longer than 3 hours prior to gonococcus challenge. The purified anti PI-IgG can effectively inhibit the adherence and infection of gonococci to genitourinary tract epithelia of BALB/c mice. In addition, the blocking duration of anti PI-IgG is associated with antibody concentration.

The effects of ammonium sulphate deposition and root sinks on soil solution chemistry in coniferous forest soils

The effects of enhanced (NH4 2SO4deposition on soil solution cation and anion concentrations and annualionic fluxes were followed using a standardised experimental protocolin six European coniferous forests with contrasting soil types, pollutioninputs and climate. Native soil cores containing a ceramic suction cupwere installed in the field, roofed and watered every two weeks withlocal throughfall or local throughfall with added(NH4)2SO4 at 75 kgNH4 +-N ha-1 a-1. Livingroot systems were established in half of the lysimeters.Untreated throughfall NH4 +-N deposition at thesites ranged from 3.7 to 29 kg ha-1 a-1Soil leachates were collected at two weekly intervalsover 12 months and analysed for volume, andconcentrations of major anions and cations. Increasesin soil solution NO3 - concentrations inresponse to N additions were observed after 4–9months at three sites, whilst one sandy soil with highC:N ratio failed to nitrify under any of thetreatments. Changes in NO3 - concentrationsin soil solution controlled soil solution cationconcentrations in the five nitrifying soils, withAl3+ being the dominant cation in the more acidsoils with low base saturation. The acidification responses ofthe soils to the (NH4 2SO4additions were primarily related to the ability of thesoils to nitrify the added NH4 +. pH and soiltexture seemed important in controllingNH4 + leaching in response to the treatments,with two less acidic, clay/clay loam sites showingalmost total retention of added NH4 +, whilstnearly 75% of the added N was leached asNH4 + at the acid sandy soils. The presenceof living roots significantly reduced soil solutionNO3 - and associated cation concentrations attwo of the six sites. The very different responses of the sixsoils to increased (NH4)2SO4deposition emphasise that the establishment of N critical loadsfor forest soils need to allow for differences in N storagecapacity and nitrification potential.

Ammonium deposition and the mycoflora in the rhizosphere of Douglas-fir

Ammonium deposition seems to be a major factor in the observed forest dieback in The Netherlands. We studied the effects of ammonium sulphate (AS) on saprophytic fungi in the rhizosphere of Douglas-fir. In two Douglas-fir stands (Kootwijk and St Anthonis) with a different deposition rate of AS ( ca 22 and 30 kg N ha −1 yr −1, respectively), fungi were isolated from the roots and identified. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that the fungal populations in the two stands differed significantly at the community level. Regression analysis showed that Trichoderma viride and Pénicillium spinulosum occurred significantly more frequently in the Kootwijk stand, whereas Cylindrocarpon didymum and Sesquicillium candelabrum were dominant species in the St Anthonis forest. P. brevicompactum appeared to be common in both Douglas-fir stands. To estimate the possible role of AS in the observed differences between the two stands, a laboratory experiment was performed in which 5, 50 and 200 kg N ha −1 yr −1 was applied to 3yr old Douglas-firs for 23 months. Although the occurrence of Sesquicillium candelabrum, Trichoderma hamatum and T. viride increased and Sphaerodes retispora decreased with increasing ammonium deposition, CCA did not show that the overall fungal community was affected. The results of both CCA and regression analysis indicated that the differences between the two Douglas-fir stands were not primarily caused by different amounts of AS deposition. Separate analyses of the fungal communities of root tips and older roots showed that deposition of AS tended to alter the fungal community on the root tips; the occurrence of Sporothrix inflata was stimulated at increasing rates of AS, whereas the occurrence of ‘unidentified chlamydospores‘ decreased.

Effects of ammonium and pH on growth of some ectomycorrhizal fungiin vitro

SUMMARY In The Netherlands, together with the vitality of trees, most of the associated ectomycorrhizal fungi are declining. This decline is strongly correlated with the deposition of ammonium sulphate. The effect of ammonium and pH on pure culture growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi originating from Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantations was examined at a range of ammonium and pH levels. One isolate each of three ectomycorrhizal fungi, Laccaria bicolor, Lactarius rufus and L. hepaticus were selected and responded to an increase in the ammonium concentration from 1 to 10 mM, with a considerable increase in biomass production and a decrease in radial growth. During growth, acidification of the medium occurred. Addition of ammonium up to concentrations of 10 mM caused this acidification to increase considerably. Buffering the medium slightly affected the effect of ammonium upon biomass production; however, the radial growth production found in unbuffered medium was not apparent in L. bicolor and L. rufus, and was diminished in L. hepaticus. The sensitivity to medium acidification increased in the order L. rufus, L. hepaticus, L. bicolor. Both Lactarius isolates showed optimal radial growth at pH 4·0, whereas radial growth of L. bicolor increased with increasing pH values up to 6·6. Optimal biomass growth occurred at lower pH values of 3·0, 4·0 and 4·8 for L. rufus, L. hepaticus and L. bicolor, respectively. In contrast with elevated ammonium concentrations, low pH had strong inhibitory effects on two of the fungi examined. That soil pH per se is a key factor in the decline of L. rufus and the increase of L. hepaticus is not supported by the pH response in pure culture.

Effects of simulated ammonium sulphate and sulphuric acid rain on acidification, water quality and flora of small-scale soft water systems

In a greenhouse, seven identical small-scale ecosystems, simulating hydrologically isolated lentic soft waters, were exposed to different artificial rain solutions during a 2-year period. Two major types of rain were used, one being sulphuric acid rain (pH 5.6–3.5) containing nitrate, the other being rain (pH 5.6) containing ammonium sulphate. The treatments with ammonium sulphate, particularly, caused remarkable changes in water quality and flora. pH decreased down to 3.5, whereas both ammonium and sulphate accumulated. Nitrification of ammonium appeared to be the dominant acidifying process. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Al, Cd and Zn increased as a result of acidification. In the acidified systems exposed to a high deposition of ammonium sulphate, typical soft water plants, such as Littorella uniflora (L.) Aschers., disappeared and a luxuriant growth of both Sphagnum cuspidatum Ehrh. ex Hoffm. and Juncus bulbosus L. occurred. The microflora community also altered remarkablym with the filamentous green algae, Oedogonium spp. and Mougeotia spp., becoming dominant. Implications for the quantitative importance of airborne ammonium-induced acidification and eutrophication of surface waters in The Netherlands are given. It is suggested that for the survival of the biocoenoses of oligotrophic soft waters, total inputs of acid and ammonium-nitrogen should not exceed 250 and 1380 mol ha −1 year −1, respectively. It is emphasized that internationally, more attention should be focused on the role of atmospheric ammonium deposition in the acidification problem.

Atmospheric ammonium sulphate deposition and its role in the acidification and nitrogen enrichment of poorly buffered aquatic systems

The atmospheric transport of NH3, emitted from breeding farms and strongly manured cropland, causes a severe loading of neighboring non-agricultural environments. Particularly the wet deposition of ammonium sulphate is enhanced, while the pH of rainwater is only slightly acidic. Due to the variation of gaseous air pollutants over the Netherlands large differences are noticed in the relative contribution of each acidifying component in rainwater. In areas with high atmospheric NH3 concentrations, ammonium sulphate contributes the major part to the potential acidifying influence of wet deposition. Preliminary experiments show a causal relation between ammonium sulphate and water acidification, ammonium enrichment and the expansion of ammonium tolerant shore macrophytes. For the Dutch situation it is clear that, particularly in areas with enhanced atmospheric NH3 concentrations, the deposition of NH3 and SO2 derived compounds has provided the major contribution to acidification and N-enrichment of hydrologically isolated, poorly buffered pools. In all countries, particularly in areas with high NH3 emission, it will be useful to pay more attention to the environmental impact of airborne ammonium sulphate deposition.

Effects of sulphuric acid and acidifying ammonium deposition on water quality and vegetation of simulated soft water ecosystems

In a greenhouse, seven identical mini-ecosystems, simulating soft water ponds, were exposed to different types of artificial rain water. The effects of rain water containing H2SO4 and nitrate, and rain water containing ammonium sulphate on water quality and vegetation were studied and compared. Causal relations were established between rain water quality, water chemistry and changes in floristic composition. Ammonium sulphate deposition, particularly, strongly affected water quality and vegetation development. Although ammonium sulphate deposition was only slightly acid, due to nitrification it acted as an important acid source, causing acidification to pH=3.8. Under acidified conditions, ammonium sulphate deposition lead to a luxuriant growth of Juncus bulbosus and Agrostis canina. In the mini-ecosystems, H2SO4 deposition with a pH of 3.5 only decreased the pH of the water to 5.1 within 1 yr. The acidification of water appeared to be coupled with changes in alkalinity, sulphate, Al, Cd, Ca, Mg, K and inorganic-N. It is concluded that in NH3-affected regions in The Netherlands, the high atmospheric deposition of ammonium sulphate probably contributes to a large extent in the acidification, eutrophication and floristic changes of oligotrophic soft waters.

The effect of air-borne ammonium sulphate onPinus nigra var.maritima in the Netherlands

As a result of air pollution, considerable deposition of ammonium sulphate occurs on vegetation and soil in the vicinity of chicken farms and fields dressed with animal slurry. A clear relation exists between this ammonium sulphate deposition and the distance to certain agricultural activities. Field investigations and ecophysiological experiments both show that the needles ofPinus nigra var.maritima (Ait.) Melville take up ammonium and excrete potassium, magnesium and calcium. This often results in potassium and/or magnesium deficiencies and may lead to premature shedding of needles. The high levels of nitrogen in the needles are strongly correlated to fungal diseases. Whether the observed cation leaching will result in disturbed nutrient budgets depends mainly on soil conditions. Leaching of K, Mg and Ca from the soil, caused by ammonium sulphate, may further inhibit nutrient uptake. Field investigations show a clear correlation between increased ratios of NH4 to K, Mg and Ca in the soil solution and the damage to pine forests.

Soil acidification from atmospheric ammonium sulphate in forest canopy throughfall

Acid rain commonly has high concentrations of dissolved SO2−4, NH+4 and NO−3. Sulphuric and nitric acids are usually considered to be the acidic components, whereas ammonium has a tendency to increase the pH of rainwater1. Ammonium can be transformed to nitric acid in soil but this source of acidity is generally less important than wet and dry deposition of free acids2,3. Here we describe the occurrence of high concentrations of ammonium in canopy throughfall (rainwater falling through the tree canopy) and stemflow in woodland areas in the Netherlands, resulting in acid inputs to soils two to five times higher than those previously described for acid atmospheric deposition2–5. The ammonium is present as ammonium sulphate, which probably forms by interaction of ammonia (volatilized from manure) with sulphur dioxide (from fossil fuels), on the surfaces of vegetation. After leaching by rainwater the ammonium sulphate reaching the soil oxidizes rapidly to nitric and sulphuric acid, producing extremely low pH values (2.8–3.5) and high concentrations of dissolved aluminium in the non-calcareous soils studied. Deposition of ammonium sulphate on the surfaces of vegetation and its environmental consequences are probably most important in areas with intensive animal husbandry.