Ammonium Research Articles

Biochar derived from peanut husks as an adsorbent to ammonium ions remediation from aqueous solutions

Biochar derived from peanut husks as an adsorbent to ammonium ions remediation from aqueous solutions

Synthesis, characterization and performance of quaternized cellulose based flocculant derived from office paper waste for dye removal

Abstract The quaternized cellulose derivatives (QCs) were synthesized by reacting extracted cellulose from office paper waste with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CHPTAC) in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) – urea. The characterization results by using Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicate that the office paper waste properties changed after chemical treatment and the extract product was confirmed cellulose. In addition, the FT-IR and SEM results confirmed the successful introduction of cationic quaternary ammonium groups into the main chain of cellulose. Meanwhile, the XRD results revealed that the crystalline structure was destroyed during etherification reaction. By using synthetic Congo red dye, the flocculation performance of the QCs was evaluated via standard jar test method at different QC dosages, initial Congo red dye concentration and pH values. It was found that the QC10 exhibited a more effective flocculation capability as compared to other synthesized QCs for over a wide pH value. The QC10 performed the best at pH 7, 100 mg/L of Congo red dye concentration and 50 mg/L of QC dosage, with percentage removal of 89.09 %. These findings demonstrated the potential application of QC in dye removal.

Corrosion Inhibition Properties of Corrosion Inhibitors to under-Deposit Corrosion of X65 Steel in CO2 Corrosion Conditions.

Under-deposit corrosion is widely present in the pipelines of oil and gas production, causing significant corrosion damage. In this paper, a novel electrochemical cathodic-polarization method was carried out to accelerate the formation of CaCO3 scale on a X65 steel surface in a simulated solution containing scaling ions. Subsequently, pre-scaled X65 steel was placed in a high temperature and pressure autoclave to conduct corrosion weight-loss experiments and in situ electrochemical measurements. The study mainly compared the corrosion inhibition behavior of four quaternary ammonium salt corrosion inhibitors, pyridinium quaternary salt (BPC), quinolinium quaternary salt (BQC), 8-hydroxyquinolinium quaternary salt (BHQ) and pyridinium (1-chloromethyl naphthalene) quaternary salt (1-CPN), in a simulated oilfield scale under corrosive conditions. The results of the weight-loss experiments demonstrated that the inhibition efficiencies of the corrosion inhibitors from high to low were as follows: 1-CPN < BHQ < BQC < BPC. The in situ electrochemical measurements showed that the immersion time and type of corrosion inhibitor had a pronounced influence on the corrosion and corrosion inhibition behavior of X65 steel with CaCO3 coating. It was also proved using both EIS and PC that 1-CPN shows the best inhibition performance in all. Lastly, the inhibition mechanism of corrosion inhibitors at under-deposit conditions was analyzed via a surface morphology observation of SEM.

Durable antibacterial cotton fabrics with good performance enabled by quaternary ammonium salts

Durable antibacterial cotton fabrics with good performance enabled by quaternary ammonium salts

Amino polysaccharide quaternary ammonium salt grafted to PET‐Cuff by ultraviolet irradiation for improving the sustained antibacterial property of semi‐permanent central vein tunneled cuffed catheter

AbstractIn hemodialysis, tunneled cuffed catheter (TCC) is commonly used as a medical device for establishing vascular access. To address the current problem that the skin tunnel of TCC is susceptible to bacterial infection, this work proposes quaternized modification of the cuff of TCC to comprehensively enhance the long‐lasting antimicrobial performance of TCC. The morphology of the cuff basically resembles the polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Via ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, acrylic acid (AA) was grafted onto PET. Then, amino polysaccharide quaternary ammonium salt (As) replaced H+ of the carboxyl groups on the macromolecular chain of PET through solution post‐treatment method. Through the single factor experiment, the degree of grafting reached 159.8% under the optimum preparation conditions (AA concentration of 25 vol%, H+ concentration of 0.2 mol/L, photosensitizer capacity of 15 wt%, and photo‐irradiation time of 30 min). By the above method, we successfully synthesized a highly hydrophilic, well biocompatible, and highly efficient antimicrobial PET‐g‐PAA@As. Animal experiments and histological analyses showed that PET‐g‐PAA@As was superior to PET control and blank control groups in controlling infection and promoting wound healing. This catheter material with excellent biocompatibility, sustained antimicrobial activity, and wound healing ability will have great potential for use in hemodialysis.

Development and validation of a simultaneous quantitative analytical method for two Alternaria toxins and their metabolites in plasma and urine using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Much more attention has been paid to the contamination of Alternaria toxins because of food contamination and the threat to human health. In this study, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous detection of the prototypical alternariol, alternariol monomethylether, and the metabolites 4-oxhydryl alternariol, and alternariol monomethylether 3-sulfate ammonium salt of Alternaria toxins. The positive samples were used as matrix samples to optimize the different experimental conditions. 0.01% formic acid solution and acetonitrile were used as the mobile phase, and analytes were scanned in negative electron spray ionization under multiple reaction monitoring, and quantitative determination by isotope internal standard method. Application of this method to samples of human plasma and urine showed the detection of the above analytes. The results showed that the recoveries were from 80.40% to 116.4%, intra-day accuracy was between 0.6% and 8.0%, and inter-day accuracy was between 1.1% and 12.1%. The limit of detection of the four analytes ranged from 0.02 to 0.6µg/L in urine, and 0.02 to 0.5µg/L in plasma, respectively. Thus, the developed method was rapid and accurate for the simultaneous detection of analytes and provided a theoretical basis for the risk assessment of Alternaria toxins for human exposure.

Mechanism of Intramolecular Cyclization of Quaternary Ammonium Salts Containing a β,γ-Unsaturated Fragment and Various π4 Fragments

Mechanism of Intramolecular Cyclization of Quaternary Ammonium Salts Containing a β,γ-Unsaturated Fragment and Various π4 Fragments

2-Octyl-Cyanoacrylate Mesh Dressings for Total Joint Arthroplasty: Dressing Design Influences Risks of Wound Complications

BackgroundRecent liquid adhesive skin closure systems with a mesh patch and a 2-octyl cyanoacrylate liquid formula have shown promising results in total joint arthroplasty. Chemical accelerators are typically included to promote the rapid polymerization of 2-octyl cyanoacrylate. The goal of the study is to distinguish designs and wound complication differences between 2 similar systems. MethodsAn 18-week retrospective study was conducted from July to December 2023, including 207 total hip arthroplasty and 212 total knee arthroplasty cases from 4 attending surgeons at 1 institution that used 1 of 2 dressing designs. Both dressings had a 2-octyl cyanoacrylate liquid adhesive formula that applied topically to a polyester-based mesh overlaying the wound. Mesh A (used in 274 cases) included an accelerator, a quaternary ammonium salt, on the mesh patch, whereas Mesh B (used in 145 cases) included a similar accelerator within the adhesive applicator. ResultsWound complications (3.2 versus 7.6%; X2 = 3.86; df = 1; P = .049), early periprosthetic joint infections (0 versus 2.8%; X2 = 7.63; df = 1; P = .006), and 90-day reoperations for wound complications (0.4 versus 3.4%; X2 = 6.39; df = 1; P = .011) were significantly lower in patients who received Mesh A versus B, respectively. There was no difference in superficial surgical site infections (0.7 versus 0%; X2 = 1.06; df = 1; P = .302) or allergy rates (3.3 versus 4.1%; X2 = 0.12; df = 1; P = .655) between Mesh A and B. ConclusionsWe observed significantly different performance in wound complications, early postoperative periprosthetic joint infections, and 90-day reoperation between the 2 designs. Having the accelerator in the applicator rather than on the mesh patch may lead to premature polymerization before bonding appropriately with the mesh to create the desired wound closure and seal. Level of EvidenceLevel III.

Intercalation of quaternary ammonium cations as a key factor of electron storage in MoS2 thin films

Electrochemical intercalation of cations within two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides presents a promising route for tailoring their optoelectronic properties. We have now succeeded in modulating the optical properties of MoS2 thin films through electrochemical intercalation of quaternary ammonium cations. The spectroelectrochemical experiments conducted with varying sizes of the intercalant revealed the size-dependent stability of the intercalated MoS2 nanosheets. The observed absorption change of the exciton bands is reversible and arises from the storage of electrons in MoS2 nanosheets and the subsequent weakening of interlayer van der Waals interactions following cation intercalation. This structural change is evidenced by the emergence of A*1g out-of-plane Raman mode. Additionally, the photoelectron spectroscopy reveals the emergence of a lower binding energy component of Mo 3d and the shift in Fermi level to higher energies, confirming the presence of stored electrons in cation intercalated-MoS2. The underlying mechanism of intercalation-induced property modifications in MoS2 discussed in the present study is useful in developing strategies for energy conversion devices.

Hydrazine-derived salts: Unveiling their diverse potential through synthesis, characterization, pharmacology, and theoretical analysis

This study focuses on newly synthesized compounds derived from hydrazine derivatives, specifically methyl carbazate (MCZ, C2H6N2O2) and 2-thiobarbituric acid (2-TBA, C4H4N2O2S). The reaction between MCZ and 2-TBA resulted in the formation of three types of salts with the following compositions: [(C2H7N2O2)+(C4H3N2O2S)−(1), (C2H7N2O2)+(C4H3N2O2S)−(C2H6N2O2) (2), and (C2H7N2O2)+(C6H16N)+(C4H3N2O2S)2−(3) [(C6H16N)+ represents the triethyl ammonium cation]. The prepared salts were comprehensively characterized, showing that compound (3) exhibited a monoclinic crystal structure and met Lipinski’s rules, indicating significant drug-like properties. Molecular docking analysis revealed that these compounds exhibited strong binding affinities toward bacterial proteins, particularly Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, indicating their potential as antibacterial agents. The synthesized compounds demonstrated remarkable free radical-scavenging abilities, as evidenced by DPPH assays. The results of pharmacological evaluations, including brine shrimp lethality assays, antibacterial tests, and anticancer studies on MCF-7 cell lines, revealed that the compounds exhibit highly significant activities, particularly cytotoxic effects, suggesting their potential as anticancer agents. The compound (3) emerged as the most effective anticancer agent against MCF-7 cells. These findings underscore the broad potential of these compounds, especially (3), as promising agents with significant antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities, suggesting that they may contribute to the field of medicinal chemistry with implications for therapeutic applications.

Conjugated polyaniline as “conveyor” in tungstate boosting cation storage for high-performance aqueous batteries

Aqueous ion storage systems have motivated great interest by virtue of low reduction, high eco-sustainability and safety. Among various cathode candidates, transition metal compounds are featured with easy dissolution in aqueous solutions and inferior conductivity, which severely hinder their application. Herein, advantages are taken of the “conveyor effect” of conjugated polyaniline to prepare an oxygen defective tungstate-linked polyaniline (Od-WOP) material with chrysanthemum-like microstructure. By virtue of the high electronic conductivity derived from conductive conjugated polyaniline skeleton, unbalanced charge distribution triggered by the defective structure, and reversibly rapid ion (de)intercalation benefited from the open framework with porous chrysanthemum-like microstructure, it delivers outstanding rate capability with a maximum specific capacity of 162.2 mAh g−1 and great cycle stability for storing NH4+. Additionally, it also adopts a high reversible capacity of 140.4 mAh g−1 and outstanding cycling performance to store Ca2+. Consequently, the assembled Od-WOP//PTCDI flexible aqueous ammonium ion batteries and calcium ion batteries exhibit superior capacities, energy densities and flexibilities. Od-WOP achieves the NH4+ and Ca2+ storage capability by interacting with them through hydrogen and ionic bonds, respectively. The deep insight from this work sheds light upon a novel strategy to excavate greater potential of transition metal compounds for aqueous ion batteries.

Biomaterial-based sponge for efficient and environmentally sound removal of bacteria from water

Designing materials capable of disinfecting water without releasing harmful by-products is an ongoing challenge. Here, we report a novel polycationic sponge material synthesized from chitosan derivatives and cellulose fibers, exhibiting antibacterial properties. The design of such material is based on three key principles. First, the formation of a highly porous structure through cryogelation for an extensive surface area. Second, the incorporation of cationic quaternary ammonium moieties onto chitosan to enhance bacterial adsorption and antibacterial activity. Lastly, the reinforcement of mechanical properties through integration of cellulose fibers. The presented sponge materials exhibit up to a 4-log (99.99%) reduction within 6 h against both gram-positive B. subtilis and gram-negative E. coli. Notably, QCHI90/Cell, with the highest surface charge, exhibits a 2–4.5 log reduction within 1 h of incubation time. The eco-friendly synthesis from water and readily available biomaterials, along with cost-effectiveness and simplicity, underscores its versatility and feasibility of upscaling. Together with its outstanding antibacterial activity, this macroporous biomaterial emerges as a promising candidate for water disinfection applications.

Alkali Metal/Quaternary Ammonium Salt Synergistic Catalytic System for the Efficient Synthesis of Biobased Poly(Isosorbide Carbonate)

Alkali Metal/Quaternary Ammonium Salt Synergistic Catalytic System for the Efficient Synthesis of Biobased Poly(Isosorbide Carbonate)

COMPLEX TITANIUM-CONTAINING REAGENTS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES OF THE FISHING INDUSTRY

The issues of removing nutrients from wastewater from various industries have recently received more and more attention. Traditional coagulants based on aluminum and iron salts can effectively remove phosphate ions from water, but these reagents are not effective against ammonium ions. As part of the work done, the possibility of using complex titanium-containing coagulants in the processes of dephosphatization of wastewater from the fish processing industry was considered. It has been proven that the use of magnesium titanium reagents makes it possible to carry out the coprecipitation of ammonium and phosphate ions in the form of the complex compound of magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) with high efficiency. To implement the purification process, a 10–20% stoichiometric excess of magnesium compounds from the calculated value is required, while the efficiency of precipitation of ammonium compounds exceeds 50%, and phosphate anion 95%. The optimal pH range for the process of coprecipitation of ammonium and phosphate ions in the form of a complex compound is 10.0 – 10.5. The results of studies conducted on real water from a fish processing plant demonstrated the increased efficiency of complex titanium-containing reagents compared to traditional coagulants based on aluminum, iron and magnesium salts. The possibility of using magnesium-containing waste from the production of refractory materials has been established both as a precursor for the production of complex coagulants and as an individual reagent. It has been proven that the use of complex titanium-containing reagents makes it possible to significantly intensify the processes of sedimentation (15%) and filtration (20%) of coagulation sludge. The use of complex reagents will significantly increase the level of environmental safety of production and reduce the anthropogenic load on the hydrosphere. For citation: Kuzin E.N. Complex titanium-containing reagents in wastewater treatment processes of the fishing industry. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2024. V. 67. N 7. P. 127-135. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20246707.6997.

Enhancing Mesopore Volume and Thermal Insulation of Silica Aerogel via Ambient Pressure Drying-Assisted Foaming Method.

Ambient pressure drying (APD) of silica aerogels has emerged as an attractive method adapting to large-scale production. Spring-back is a unique phenomenon during APD of silica aerogels with volume expansion after its shrinkage under capillary force. We attribute the intense spring-back at elevated drying temperatures to a dense structure formed on the surface and the formation of positive internal pressure. Furthermore, an APD-assisted foaming method with an in situ introduction of NH4HCO3 was proposed. NH4HCO3 decomposing at drying temperatures hastened the emergence of positive pressure, thereby increasing the expansion volume. Compared to the previous method, the porosity of silica aerogel increased from 82.2% to 92.6%, and mesopore volume from 1.79 cm3 g-1 to 4.54 cm3 g-1. By adjusting the amount of the silicon source, silica aerogels prepared by the APD-assisted foaming method generated higher volume expansion and lower thermal conductivity. After calcination to remove undecomposed ammonium salts, the hydrophobic silica aerogel with a density of 0.112 g cm-3 reached a mesopore volume of 5.07 cm3 g-1 and a thermal conductivity of 18.9 mW m-1·K-1. This strategy not only improves the thermal insulation properties, but also offers a significant advancement in tailoring silica aerogels with specific porosity and mesopore volume for various applications.

Structure Characterization and Dye Adsorption Properties of Modified Fiber from Wheat Bran.

The fibers from four wheat varieties (FT, XW 26, XW 45, and KW 1701) were selected and chemically modified with NaOH, epichlorohydrin, and dimethylamine to improve the adsorption capacity for anionic dye. The structure of the fibers with or without modification was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry. The modified products were studied from the aspects of adsorption capacities, adsorption kinetics, and thermodynamics to provide a reference for the utilization of wheat bran. By SEM, more porous and irregular structures were found on the modified fibers. The XRD results showed that the crystals from the original fibers were destroyed in the modification process. The changes in fibers' infrared spectra before and after modification suggested that quaternary ammonium salts were probably formed in the modification process. The maximum adsorption capacity of wheat bran fibers for Congo red within 120 min was 20 mg/g for the unmodified fiber (XW 26) and 93.46 mg/g for the modified one (XW 45). The adsorption kinetics of Congo red by modified wheat bran fiber was in accord with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model at 40 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C, indicating that the adsorption process might be mainly dominated by chemisorption. The adsorption was more consistent with the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model, implying that this process was monolayer adsorption. The thermodynamic parameters suggested that the adsorption occurred spontaneously, and the temperature increase was favorable to the adsorption. As mentioned above, this study proved that the wheat bran fiber could possess good adsorption capacities for anion dye after chemical modification.

Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of quaternary ammonium compounds from natural oils

Quaternary ammonium salts refer to any class of salt derived from ammonium in which the nitrogen atom is attached to four organic groups covalently, as in benzalkonium chloride (R4N+). Quaternary ammonium compounds were synthesized from Canola oil (Brasssicanapus) and Coconut oil (Cocos nucifera) extracts by reacting the oils with N,N-diethylethylenediamine in the presence of potassium tertiary butoxide as catalyst. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometric analyses of the starting materials, the intermediates and the final products were conducted, the results showed a disappearance of the carbonyl (C=O) stretch of an ester (the oil) at 1744cm-1 and appearance of N-H band of an amide at 3433cm-1, which resulted from the quaternization of benzyl chloride with the intermediates for both oils. Other functional groups such as C=C and C-H stretch of aromatic compound, C=O stretch of an amide were also observed.Mass spectrometric analysis of the final products were conducted and results showed the Molecular Ion peak (M+) which is the molecular weights of the products. Vital fragments such as base peaks were observed for both quats, other fragmented radical cations were observed.Antimicrobial activity of the synthesized Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) exhibited excellent anti-bacterial activity covering a diameter of 22 mm and 28 mm of E. coli for QACs from Cocos nucifera and Brassic anapus oils respectively as compared to the standard antibiotic (Ampillicin).

High‐Quality γ‐CsPbI3 Cuboid Crystallites Grown by Amorphous‐Complex Conversion for Efficient and Bright Deep‐Red Light‐Emitting Diodes

AbstractInorganic CsPbI3 perovskite has great potential to fabricate deep‐red light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) owing to excellent color purity, thermal stability, and carrier mobility. However, fabricating high‐quality CsPbI3 thin films for high‐performance LEDs remains challenging. While it is demonstrated that hydrogen bonds between organic ammonium cations and molecule additives can lead to high‐quality organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite films, this method cannot be applied to CsPbI3 thin films due to the absence of hydrogen bonds between Cs+ ions and additives. In this study, an amorphous complex‐seed‐crystal growth process to fabricate high‐quality γ‐CsPbI3 cuboid crystallite thin films, is reported. During the initial annealing, the metastable intermediates formed crystal nucleate seeds and transformed into amorphous complex intermediates, maintaining stability at an elevated temperature for perovskite crystallization. With prolonged annealing, the amorphous complex around the nucleate seeds gradually converts to γ‐CsPbI3 perovskite, enabling us to fabricate CsPbI3 thin films with high crystallinity and orientation. The resulting deep‐red LEDs exhibit a peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 16.5% and a high maximum luminance of 3158 cd m−2. Moreover, the devices show significantly suppressed efficiency roll‐off, maintaining an EQE of 14.8% even under a high current density of 500 mA cm−2.

Membraneless channels sieve cations in ammonia-oxidizing marine archaea

Nitrosopumilus maritimus is an ammonia-oxidizing archaeon that is crucial to the global nitrogen cycle1,2. A critical step for nitrogen oxidation is the entrapment of ammonium ions from a dilute marine environment at the cell surface and their subsequent channelling to the cell membrane of N. maritimus. Here we elucidate the structure of the molecular machinery responsible for this process, comprising the surface layer (S-layer), using electron cryotomography and subtomogram averaging from cells. We supplemented our in situ structure of the ammonium-binding S-layer array with a single-particle electron cryomicroscopy structure, revealing detailed features of this immunoglobulin-rich and glycan-decorated S-layer. Biochemical analyses showed strong ammonium binding by the cell surface, which was lost after S-layer disassembly. Sensitive bioinformatic analyses identified similar S-layers in many ammonia-oxidizing archaea, with conserved sequence and structural characteristics. Moreover, molecular simulations and structure determination of ammonium-enriched specimens enabled us to examine the cation-binding properties of the S-layer, revealing how it concentrates ammonium ions on its cell-facing side, effectively acting as a multichannel sieve on the cell membrane. This in situ structural study illuminates the biogeochemically essential process of ammonium binding and channelling, common to many marine microorganisms that are fundamental to the nitrogen cycle.

Synthesis and characterization of cationic tamarind seed polysaccharide: An effective flocculating agent

A series of cationic tamarind seed polysaccharides (CTSPs) with different degrees of substitution were synthesized by etherification of tamarind seed polysaccharides (TSP) with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC). By elemental analysis, zeta potential and FTIR, the successful linking of cationic groups on the chain of TSPs were confirmed, and the substitution degrees were determined as 0.143, 0.197 and 0.346, respectively. NMR data indicated that the quaternary ammonium groups were linked to C6 of T-Gal. Subsequently, the flocculation behaviors of CTSPs in kaolin solution were investigated, and the results showed that both the degree of substitution and pH affected their flocculation properties. Charge neutralization and positional blocking effects caused flocculation to show an increasing and then decreasing trend with increasing substitution of CTSPs, whereas the lower the pH, the less flocculant was required to achieve the same flocculation effect. The presence of positive charges allowed CTSPs to effectively remove negatively charged waste water such as kaolin suspensions.