Ammonium Salicylate Research Articles

Bidirectional pH Buffer Effect Facilitates High-Reversible Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries.

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) stand out from the crowd of energy storage equipment for their superior energy density, enhanced safety features, and affordability. However, the notorious side reaction in the zinc anode and the dissolution of the cathode materials led to poor cycling stability has hindered their further development. Herein, ammonium salicylate (AS) is a bidirectional electrolyte additive to promote prolonged stable cycles in AZIBs. NH4 + and C6H4OHCOO- collaboratively stabilize the pH at the interface of the electrolyte/electrode and guide the homogeneous deposition of Zn2+ at the zinc anode. The higher adsorption energy of NH4 + compared to H2O on the Zn (002) crystal plane mitigates the side reactions on the anode surface. Moreover, NH4 + is similarly adsorbed on the cathode surface, maintaining the stability of the electrode. C6H4OHCOO- and Zn2+ are co-intercalation/deintercalation during the cycling process, contributing to the higher electrochemical performance of the full cell. As a result, with the presence of AS additive, the Zn//Zn symmetric cells achieved 700h of highly reversible cycling at 5mA cm-2. In addition, the assembled NH4V4O10(NVO)//Zn coin and pouch batteries achieved higher capacity and higher cycle lifetime, demonstrating the practicality of the AS electrolyte additive.

Bio-based materials in tribology: New salicylate ionic liquid+ZnO nanolubricant of PLA and PLA nanocomposite

ZnO nanoparticles have been dispersed (in 0.05; 0.5 and 1.0 wt% proportions) in the protic ionic liquid bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium salicylate (DSa) to obtain new (DSa+ZnO) nanofluids. A non-Newtonian behavior was found for ZnO concentrations lower than 1 wt%. The Newtonian DSa+ 1 wt%ZnO nanofluid was selected as lubricant of polylactic acid (PLA) and as 5 wt% additive to obtain the new PLA+ (DSa+ZnO) nanocomposite. PLA+ZnO was also studied as a reference. The excellent friction-reducing and antiwear behavior of PLA+ (DSa+ZnO) is attributed to the porosity that promotes self-lubrication and to synergy due to interactions between the salicylate anion in DSa and the surface of ZnO nanoparticles. Electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), Raman spectroscopy, thermal analysis (DSC and TGA) and profilometry techniques were used.

Regenerative low‐cost ionic liquids: Synthesis, characterization, and application in desulphurization of flue gases

AbstractThree ionic liquids (ILs) containing the same cation but different anions were synthesized and used to separate SO2 from its mixture with air in a semi‐batch bubble column absorber. Desulphurization efficiency was determined using a state‐of‐the‐art experimental set‐up relevant to chemical process industries concerning the important process variables. The virgin and exhausted ILs were characterized using TGA, FTIR, and 1H NMR analyses. The concentrations of SO2 at the inlet to and exit from the absorber were measured using a ZRJFAY36, Fuji, Japan infrared SO2 analyzer. A maximum of 92 percent removal efficiency (PRE) was achieved from a feed gas containing 250–1500 ppm SO2 with the use of 2‐hydroxyethyl ammonium lactate [MEA][L] or tri (2‐hydroxyethyl) ammonium lactate ([TEA][L]), as the absorbents. This could be further enhanced by the interactive effect of the simultaneous increase in the superficial velocity of the gas and the volume of IL fed into the absorber. However, PRE was about 20% less with tri (2‐hydroxyethyl) ammonium salicylate ([TEA][S]). It was observed that the ILs, [MEA][L] and [TEA][L], were fairly suitable for flue gas desulphurization in industrial situations. A design criterion for continuous operation using two semi‐batch absorbers has been proposed.

Highly dispersed RuO2-biomass carbon composite made by immobilization of ruthenium and dissolution of coconut meat with octyl ammonium salicylate ionic liquid for high performance flexible supercapacitor

Poor dispersion of metal oxide-biomass carbon composite limits its further improvement in electrochemical properties. The study reports synthesis of highly dispersed RuO2-biomass carbon nanocomposite (HD–RuO2–BC). Octyl ammonium salicylate ionic liquid was combined with Ru3+ ion to form Ru-based ionic liquid. Followed by addition of coconut meat, microwave treatment to form homogeneous solution, thermal reduction in N2 and oxidation in air in sequence. The resulting HD–RuO2–BC shows three-dimensional architecture and high Ru loading of 9.2%. RuO2 nanoparticles of 6.2 nm were uniformly dispersed in biomass carbon sheets. Excellent dispersion and small size of RuO2 nanoparticles achieve to a significant synergy between RuO2 and biomass carbon. HD–RuO2–BC electrode gives high capacitance of 907.7 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. The value is more than that of BC (150.6 F g−1) and RuO2 electrodes (584.7 F g−1), verifying that introduction of RuO2 achieves to an obviously enhanced capacitance. The symmetrical flexible supercapacitor exhibits excellent supercapacitor performances, including high capacitance (403.8 F g−1 at 1.0 A g−1), rate-capacity (223.1 F g−1 at 50 A g−1), cycling stability (98.2% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles at 50 A g−1) and energy density (378.7 Wh Kg−1at power density of 5199.2 W kg−1).

Thermal analysis, synthesis and structural studies of heterometallic {Fe2MO} salicylate complexes

Four new trinuclear heterometallic molecular complexes with the {Fe2IIIMII μ3-O} core, where M = Mn(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II), have been synthesized by the reaction between iron nitrate and d-metal salts with ammonium salicylate in a mixture of solvents. The compounds were obtained as crystalline material suitable for single-crystal structure analysis with the following composition: [Fe2MnO(SalH)6(EtOH)(MeOH)2]·DMAA·EtOH·2MeOH·H2O (1); [Fe2NiO(SalH)6(EtOH)(MeOH)2]⋅DMAA⋅2MeOH⋅1.5H2O (2); [Fe2CuO(SalH)6(EtOH)(MeOH)2]⋅DMAA⋅4H2O (3); [Fe2ZnO(SalH)6(EtOH)(MeOH)2]⋅DMF⋅2MeOH⋅1.5H2O (4), where SalH = monodeprotonated salicylic ligand. The elemental analysis and IR spectra of the complexes 1–4 are in good agreement with the crystallographic data. The Mossbauer parameters are characteristic to iron(III) complexes with a spin value of S = 5/2. The thermal properties of all compounds have been studied in air and nitrogen atmosphere at the 20–1000 °C temperature range. The thermal analysis data revealed that after the elimination of external solvent molecules, the trinuclear core of the complexes is stable up to 250 °C.

Extractive desulfurization of fuels using trialkylamine-based protic ionic liquids

Despite the extraction desulfurization of fuel oils using ionic liquids (ILs) as promising alternatives to traditional extractants has attracted worldwide attention, the drawbacks of ILs, such as poor extraction efficiency, high cost and complex preparation, have limited their further application in industrial scale. In this study, a series of trialkylamine-based protic ionic liquids (PILs) were synthesized and characterized, and their extraction desulfurization for thiophene (TH), benzothiophene (BT), and dibenzothiophene (DBT) in model oil was carried out. Effects of PIL species, extraction time, temperature, PIL dosage, and initial sulfuric concentration on desulfurization efficiency were investigated. Experimental results showed that the PILs exhibited higher extraction ability for TH, BT, and DBT as compared to the reported ILs. Under optimal conditions, the removal efficiency of TH, BT, and DBT using tris(3,6-dioxaheptyl) ammonium salicylate ([TDA][SA]) as extractant was 72.68%, 76.31%, and 83.94%, respectively. Finally, the suggested PIL can be easily regenerated and reused via a back extraction process. After 5 extraction cycles, the removal efficiency has no noticeable decrease. With advantages such as higher desulfurization efficiencies, cheap and easily obtained raw materials and simple synthetic process, this study will provide new green solvents for extraction desulfurization process of fuels.

Use of the ionic liquid-tricaprylmethyl ammonium salicylate (TOMAS) as a flotation collector of quartz

Tricaprylmethyl ammonium salicylate (TOMAS), an ionic liquid has been employed as a collector for the flotation of quartz. The sign reversal of zeta potential of quartz from negative to positive values and increase in contact angle from 80 to 700 by the addition of TOMAS have substantiated the interaction of TOMAS with the quartz surface. The change in morphology as indicated in SEM and two peaks at 2933 and 2857cm−1 owing to the vibrations of CH2 and CH3 as seen in FTIR spectra support the adsorption of the reagent on quartz. The N(1s) peak as observed in the XPS spectra of the quartz treated with TOMAS, and the curve fitting data of C(1s) corroborate the reagent-mineral interaction. A comparative study of adsorption of DDA and TOMAS using classical molecular mechanics also suggests stronger adsorption of the latter on the hydroxylated quartz surface. Flotation studies of quartz at natural pH indicate ∼100% quartz recovery at a TOMAS concentration of 8*10−5M. Flotation of the natural occurring BHQ iron ore containing 38.7% Fe and 43.8% SiO2 concludes that a TOMAS concentration of 3.71*10−5M is sufficient to achieve 67.3% Fe with 66.6% iron recovery. TOMAS stands out as a better quartz collector, when compared with DDA.

Protic ammonium carboxylate ionic liquid lubricants of OFHC copper

The protic ionic liquids (PILs) di-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium] adipate (DAd), bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium salicylate (DSa) and bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium oleate (DO), composed of organic anions and cations, were selected for pin-on-disc tribological tests as lubricants of OFHC copper discs sliding against OFHC copper pins, after corrosion tests. The tribological performance of the new PILs was compared with that of the non-polar synthetic lubricant PAO 6 and with the aprotic ionic liquid (APIL) 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([HMIM](CF3SO2)2N). The order of coefficients of friction and wear rates was: DAd<DSa<([HMIM](CF3SO2)2N)<PAO 6. The fatty acid derivative DO, with a long lateral chain shows a transition from low to high friction and wear after the running-in period. The best performance is observed for the di(secondary ammonium) dicarboxylate DAd, with a friction coefficient one order of magnitude lower than that of PAO 6 and the absence of wear on the copper surfaces. DSa, with only one ammonium cation and one anion containing both carboxylate and hydroxyl groups, also shows outstanding tribological performance with a friction reduction of 70% and a wear rate reduction of 94% with respect to PAO 6. These results are interpreted in terms of the formation of hydrogen bonds and stable boundary films due to the higher number of ammonium protons and carboxylate and hydroxy groups present in DAd with respect to the rest of the lubricants. When DAd is added to PAO in a 1wt% proportion, a friction reduction of 20% and a wear rate reduction of 34% with respect to PAO 6 take place. Wear mechanisms and surface interactions are discussed.

Reduction of Np(VI) and Pu(VI) with anions of some substituted carboxylic acids

The reaction of Np(VI) with organic acid anions in solutions containing lithium salts of tartaric, malic, α-aminoglutaric, and trihydroxyglutaric acids was studied. Changes in the solution spectra show that Np(VI) forms complexes with organic acid anions, which is followed by the reduction of Np(VI) to Np(V). Similar processes occur in solutions containing Pu(VI) and sodium phenylglycolate or ammonium salicylate. In weakly acidic solutions, the loss of the Np(VI) and Pu(VI) concentrations is a linear function of time. The possible mechanism of the redox reactions was suggested.

One Pot Three Component Synthesis of Indole with Fused Chromenes Using an Efficient Tricaprylmethyl Ammonium Thiosalicylate Based Task Specific Ionic Liquids

This paper deals with the synthesis and characterization of a novel task specific ionic liquid (TSIL) using green chemicals such as tricaprylmethyl ammonium chloride (TCMA) and salicylate via an anion metathesis reaction and char- acterization by 1 H-NMR technique. Also, a method for the synthesis of indolyl chromenes has been accomplished by the one-pot three component reaction of salicyaldehyde and malononitrile with indole catalyzed by simple and efficient me- thyltricaprylammoniumthiosalicylate based ionic liquids. The proposed TSIL was recovered and reused for half a dozen times without potential loss in its efficiency. This work also describes the in vitro antioxidant activity of indolyl chromenes as potential antioxidants. Most of the compounds assayed showed excellent reducing power and free radical scavenging ac- tivities.

Hybrid organic–inorganic crystals based on ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and ammonium salicylate

ADP–NH 4Sal hybrid crystals are grown from aqueous solutions. The influence of the acidity of the mixed solution on the conditions of co-crystallization of the components is studied. The spectral and scintillation characteristics are determined. Co-crystallization of ammonium salicylate (NH 4Sal) and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP, NH 4H 2PO 4) is shown to be feasible, the structure of the doping addition being defined by the solution рН. In basic and weak acidic media the hybrid crystals ADP:NH 4Sal are formed in which salicylate anions are located in the interplanar space between the {110}-type planes in the lattice of ADP. The luminescence spectra contain an emission band maximum with λ max=360 nm. In acidic solutions there are ADP:HSal crystals in which salicylic acid molecules captured by the growth macrosteps are located in the interplanar space of the prismatic {100} and pyramidal {101} growth sectors. The luminescence band undergoes bathochromic shift to λ max=400 nm. The sensitivity of ADP:NH 4Sal scintillation crystals to fast neutrons depends on the concentration of ammonium salicylate in ADP matrix. The highest neutron sensitivity is characteristic of the co-doped ADP:NH 4Sal/Tl scintillation crystals.

Surface of Alumina Films after Prolonged Breakdowns in Galvanostatic Anodization

Breakdown phenomena are investigated at continuous isothermal (20∘C) and galvanostatic (0.2–5 mA cm−2) anodizing of aluminum in ammonium salicylate in dimethylformamide (1 M AS/DMF) electrolyte. From the kinetic -curves, the breakdown voltage () values are estimated, as well as the frequency and amplitude of oscillations of formation voltage () at different current densities. The surface of the aluminum specimens was studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Data on topography and surface roughness parameters of the electrode after electric breakdowns are obtained as a function of anodization time. The electrode surface of anodic films, formed with different current densities until the same charge density has passed (2.5 C cm−2), was assessed. Results are discussed on the basis of perceptions of avalanche mechanism of the breakdown phenomena, due to the injection of electrons and their multiplication in the volume of the film.

Integrated Antimicrobial and Nonfouling Hydrogels to Inhibit the Growth of Planktonic Bacterial Cells and Keep the Surface Clean

A new strategy integrating antimicrobial and nonfouling/biocompatible properties is presented. A mild antimicrobial agent (salicylate) was incorporated into a carboxybetaine ester hydrogel, poly(N,N-dimethyl-N-(ethylcarbonylmethyl)-N-[2-(methacryloyloxy)-ethyl]ammonium salicylate) (pCBMA-1 C2 SA) hydrogel, as its anionic counterion. This new hydrogel provides a sustained release of antimicrobial agents to inhibit the growth of planktonic bacteria and create a nonfouling surface to prevent protein adsorption or bacterial accumulation upon the hydrolysis of carboxybetaine esters into zwitterionic groups. The pCBMA-1 C2 SA hydrogel inhibited the growth of both gram-negative Escherichia coli K12 and gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis by 99.9%. This hydrogel holds great potential in applications such as wound dressing and surface coatings for medical devices.

COMPORTAMENTO DO FUNGO Colletotrichum gossypii South. var. cephalosporoides Costa EM SUBSTRATO COM DIFERENTES FONTES DE NITROGÊNIO

In this experiment, the effect of different nitrogenous substances on the mycelium growth, sporulation and morphological aspects of the colonies of the fungus Colletotrichum gossypii South Var. cephalosporoides Costa planted in a solid substrate were observed. A synthetic substrate was used as a basic medium, and to this was added peptone metionine, asparagine, sodium nitrate or ammonium salicylate, according to the treatment. The control (group) received no nitrogen whatsover. It was concluded that peptone was the best treatment for sporulation and mycelium growth, and that the next best was asparagine which was helpfull in inducing sporulation. Ammonium salicylate inhibited the vegetative growth and the sporulation of the fungus. For the production of inocule, over a short period of time, the use of peptone as source of nitrogen is recommended. Differences in the pigmentation, edges, and density of the colonies were observed. Sporulation, though abundant in the substrate containing peptone and asparagine, ocurred in the form of localized masses of conidia in the first and as dispersed conidia in the second.

Evaluation of separation and determination of phytoavailable and phytotoxic aluminium species fractions in soil, sediment and water samples by five different methods

The suggested research deals with the separation of phytoavailable and phytotoxic aluminium species fractions in soil, sediment and water samples by five different procedures (single and sequential extractions, membrane filtration, chelating solid phase extraction and kinetic strength discrimination method). The concentrations of Al in studied samples and relevant plant materials were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP OES) and UV/visible (VIS) spectrophotometry. The used separation procedures can be divided into three groups. The first group is consisting of weakly efficient single extraction procedures by H 2O, dilute acetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), salicylic acid, ammonium salicylate and 8-hydroxyquinoline, chelating solid phase extraction by resins Iontosorb Oxin and salicyl and kinetic strength discrimination method using 8-hydroxyquinoline which release from the samples only small amounts of phytoavailable and phytotoxic Al by ion-exchange or complexation processes. The more efficient extractions with KCl, NH 4Cl, CaCl 2, BaCl 2, CuCl 2, LaCl 3, NH 4F and (NH 4) 2C 2O 4 leach approximately the same amounts of phytoavailable Al as the total Al concentrations in plant material (grass Festuca rubra) growing on analysed soils and sediments. The third group of separation procedures contains the most aggressive leaching with Na 4P 2O 7, dilute HCl, NH 2OH · HCl in HNO 3 and H 2O 2/ammonium acetate in HNO 3. These extractants release the highest amounts of Al from solid samples, approximately 2–4-fold as the total Al concentrations in relevant plant material and they are unsuitable for purpose of this study.

Complexation efficiency of differently fixed 8-hydroxyquinoline and salicylic acid ligand groups for labile aluminium species determination in soils—comparison of two methods

Two methods utilizing the complexation of labile Al species by 8-hydroxyquinoline (HQN) and salicylic acid (SA) ligand groups were developed for aluminium operationally defined fractionation in acid soils. First, the solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure by a short-term ion-exchange batch reaction with chelating resins Iontosorb Oxin and Iontosorb Salicyl containing both ligand groups was used previously. Second, the 8-hydroxyquinoline, salicylic acid and ammonium salicylate agents with different concentrations by a single extraction protocol were applied in this paper. The flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma were used for aluminium quantification. The comparison of results from both methods show the possibility to supersede the first laborious method for the second simpler one in Al environmental risk assessment. The use of 1% 8-hydroxyquinoline in 2% acetic acid and 0.2% salicylic acid by a single extraction protocol without a need of sample filtration can supersede the SPE procedure in the Al pollution soil monitoring. Finally, the new scheme usable in a laboratory and moreover, directly in a field was proposed for Al fractionation in solid and liquid environmental samples. The labile Al species in soils and sediments are separated after their single leaching by 8-hydroxyquinoline or salicylic acid without a need of sample filtration. The labile Al species in soil solutions and natural waters are separated after their ultrafiltration followed by the SPE procedure with Iontosorb Oxin or Iontosorb Salicyl.

Electrochemical Measurements of Passivation Bilayers on Copper in a CMP System

Galvanostatic measurements, conducted using a novel electrochemical chemical mechanical planaritation tool, revealed surface passivation layers on copper-coated silicon wafers using benzotriazole (BTAH), ammonium salicylate, maleic acid, malonic acid, and 3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone. Measurements conducted in 249.5 g/L hydroxylamine sulfate containing 250 ppm of BTAH at pH 3.5 exhibited bilayer formation with associated measured passivation rates of 0.313/s and 0.00427/s. Similar rates were measured for ammonium salicylate and maleic acid. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

Chemically resistant anodic oxide films formed on Al–Nd alloy in non-aqueous electrolytes

Chemically resistant oxide films were formed by anodizing of Al–3 wt.% Nd alloy sputtered films in non-aqueous electrolytes that contain ammonium salicylate, ethylene glycol, and ethylene carbonate. The films were hardly etched by a typical etchant for Al thin films, while the films formed in conventional electrolytes were considerably etched. By secondary ion mass spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy, it was revealed that the films had a carbon rich outer layer.

Preparation and chemiluminescent properties of perylene-containing polyimides as polymeric red fluorophores

New polyimides containing perylene chromophore were synthesized by imidization reaction of 1,6,7,12-tetrakis(4- tert-butylphenoxy)-3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxydianhydride with various alkylenic diamines such as 2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5,5]undecan-3,9-dipropylamine, polytetrahydrofuran bis(3-aminopropyl) terminate and poly(propylene glycol) bis(2-aminopropylether). The polyimides were characterized by IR, NMR, DSC, UV-Vis and luminescence spectroscopy. All polymers showed an enhanced solubility in common organic solvents such as THF, dibutylphthalate, chloroform and acetone. Chemiluminescent reactions involving hydrogen peroxide and bis(2-carbopentyloxy-3,5,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate were observed using tetramethyl ammonium salicylate catalyst. The polymeric fluorophores exhibited a strong chemiluminescent red light emission around 620 nm; these are similar to the photoluminescent spectra. The chemiluminescent intensity decayed exponentially, but the glow was maintained more than 24 h and was visible with naked eye.

Light Sheet Visualization of the Shear-Induced Flow Pattern of Cationic Surfactant Solutions in a Searle Geometry

The flow patterns in a Searle gap of two dilute cationic surfactant solutions, tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium salicylate (TTASal) and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium salicylate (HTASal), are investigated by means of a light sheet visualization. Although the surfactant solutions differ only slightly in the chain length of the surfactant molecule and in concentration, the observed structures in flow are significantly different. In the case of the TTASal solution the observed structures are dark and only a short temporal evolution takes place, with a final state of inwardly and outwardly developing string-like structures similar for all shear rates above a critical value and with a limited amount of structures for high shear rates. The structures in the HTASal solution are in contrast mainly light and the temporal evolution is quite long, becomes faster with shear rate and shows different states in accordance to the shear rates. For higher shear rates typically first finger-like, afterwards bubble-like structures and finally a kind of homogenization can be observed.