Glufosinate Research Articles

Relationship between Serum Neuron Specific Enolase Level and Seizure in Patients with Acute Glufosinate Ammonium Poisoning

Purpose: Glufosinate ammonium poisoning can cause seizures, even after a symptom-free period. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between serum neuron specific enolase (NSE) level and the occurrence of seizures in patients with acute glufosinate ammonium poisoning. Methods: For this retrospective observational study, data from patients diagnosed with acute glufosinate ammonium poisoning were collected between January 2016 and June 2016. Serum NSE was measured within 2 hours of arrival at the emergency department. The patients were divided into a seizure group and a non-seizure group. Results: The seizure group included eight of the 15 total patients (53.3%). The serum NSE level was significantly higher in the seizure group than in the non-seizure group ($32.4{pm}11.9ng/mL$ vs. $19.5{pm}5ng/mL$, p=0.019). The amount of glufosinate ingested and initial and peak serum ammonia levels were significantly higher in the seizure group than in the non-seizure group. There was no significant difference in the area under the curve of the serum NSE level or the initial and peak serum ammonia levels in terms of predicting the occurrence of seizures. Conclusion: In acute glufosinate poisoning, initial serum NSE levels may help in prediction of seizures.

Herbicides in river water across the northeastern Italy: occurrence and spatial patterns of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid, and glufosinate ammonium.

Glyphosate and glufosinate ammonium are the active ingredients of commonly used herbicides. Active agricultural lands extend over a large part of the Veneto region (Eastern Po Valley, Italy) and glyphosate and glufosinate ammonium are widely used. Consequently, surface waters can be potentially contaminated. This study investigates the occurrence of glyphosate and glufosinate ammonium as well as aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA, the degradation product of glyphosate) in river water of Veneto. Eighty-six samples were collected in 2015 at multiple sampling points across the region. Samples were analyzed for the two target herbicides, AMPA as well as for other variables, including water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, hardness, BOD, COD, inorganic ions, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total suspended solids, arsenic, and lead. The average concentrations (all samples) were 0.17, 0.18, and 0.10μgL-1 for glyphosate, AMPA, and glufosinate ammonium, respectively. The European upper tolerable level for pesticides (annual average 0.1μgL-1) was often exceeded. Chemometric analysis was therefore applied to (i) investigate the relationships among water pollutants, (ii) detect the potential sources of water contamination, (iii) assess the effective water pollution of rivers by identifying river basins with anomalous pollution levels, and (iv) assess the spatial variability of detected sources. Factor analysis identified four factors interpreted as potential sources and processes (use of herbicides, leaching of fertilizers, urban/industrial discharges, and the biological activity on polluted or stagnant waters). A discriminant analysis revealed that the pollution from anthropogenic discharges is homogeneously present in surface water of Veneto, while biological activity and fertilizers present heterogeneous distributions. This study gives insights into the concentrations of herbicides in rivers flowing through a wide region that has heavy use of these chemicals in agriculture. The study also points out some hot-spots and suggests the future implementation of the current monitoring protocols and network.

Sensitivities of Urochloa decumbens Plants to Glufosinate

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to assess the response of Urochloa decumbens plants to different doses of glufosinate ammonium, and the sensitivity of plant population to the herbicide. Two studies were conducted, both in greenhouse and repeated at different times. In the dose-response analysis, two experiments were conducted using seven doses of the glufosinate ammonium (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1,600 g a.i. ha-1) with four replications each. In the analysis of sensitivity levels of U. decumbens to herbicide, 44 plants were sprayed with a dose of 200 g a.i. ha-1 of the herbicide. Tissue ammonium content was determined, and injury percentage was visually assessed. Experiment data were converted to mg of ammonium per kg-1 of fresh mass and submitted to analysis of variance, and treatment means were compared by t test (p?0.10). Control of Urochloa decumbens plants by glufosinate might be associated with plant tissue ammonia content, which increased as a function of herbicide application, but not linearly as a function of dose rate. Variability existed in the ammonium content among the individuals of the population of U. decumbens.

PENGENDALIAN GULMA UMUM DENGAN HERBISIDA CAMPURAN (Amonium Glufosinat 150 g/l dan Metil Metsulfuron 5 g/l) PADA TANAMAN KELAPA SAWIT TBM

Percobaan ini dilakukan dengan tujuan mengetahui efektivitas herbisida campuran dengan bahan aktif Amonium Glufosinat 150 g/l dan Metil Metsulfuron 5 g/l untuk mengendalikan gulma umum pada tanaman kelapa sawit belum menghasilkan. Percobaan dilakukan di Perkebunan Sawit Sagala Herang Kecamatan Serang Panjang Kabupaten Subang Jawa Barat. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak kelompok dengan empat ulangan dan enam perlakuan kemudian diuji lanjut dengan uji Duncan pada tingkat kepercayaan 95%. Perlakuan herbisida campuran yang diuji yaitu -1 Amonium Glufosinat 150 g/l g L dan Metil -1 Metsulfuron 5 g L dengan dosis 193.75 l Ha-1, dosis -1 -1 -1 387.5 l Ha , dosis 581.25 l Ha , dan dosis 775 l Ha , penyiangan manual dan tanpa perlakuan (kontrol). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa herbisida campuran dengan dosis 193.75 – 775 l Ha merupakan herbisida yang efektif mengendalikan gulma rumput seperti Ottochloa nodosa L, Imperata cylindrica L, dan gulma daun lebar Ageratum conyzoides L serta gulma total pada budi daya kelapa sawit umur 2 – 4 tahun sampai umur pengamatan 12 MSA dan tidak menimbulkan keracunan pada tanaman kelapa sawit TBM sampai pengamatan tiga minggu setelah aplikasi.

Efficient genetic transformation of sour orange, Citrus aurantium L. using Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing the coat protein gene of Citrus tristeza virus

Transgenic Citrus aurantium plants have been obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer using seedling-derived epicotyl segments as explants and Basta herbicide as the selective agent. In the present research, hypocotyl, and epicotyls parts of C. aurantium plant were inoculated with A. tumefaciens strain EHA-105. Then, explants were transferred into the regeneration medium and shoot growth containing various concentrations of kinetin and IAA growth regulators. In order to detect transgenic shoots, herbicide Basta (ammonium glufosinate) was added at a rate of 1 mg/L to the regeneration medium. Production buds happened in explants which Marker BAR gene resistant to Basta herbicides was received. After PCR, to approve the final transgenic plants, transformation efficiency was evaluated by 9.16%. Regeneration of explants treated with hormones showed a significant difference at 1% compared with control explants. The Maximum regeneration was showed in 0.5 mg/L kinetin treatment. These results indicated that the combination between kinetin and IAA could be effective in increasing regeneration.

Glufosinate Ammonium Suppresses Tetranychus urticae in Cotton

Twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae, are an important agricultural pest of many field crops worldwide. Insecticides and acaricides play a primary role in controlling T. urticae populations on agricultural crops. Here, we used greenhouse and field applied foliar spray tests and leaf dip bioassays to examine the susceptibility of T. urticae to glufosinate ammonium in cotton. Leaf dip bioassay results indicated that T. urticae is highly susceptible to concentrations of formulated glufosinate ammonium. The LC50 value was determined to be 10.31 ppm. Field-applied glufosinate ammonium at 1.61 and 3.14 L ha−1 provided 48.9 and 80.2% control, while fenpyroximate provided 89.6% control five days after treatment in 2015. Greenhouse applications resulted in 55.4% control 14 days after treatment with 0.73 L ha−1, while 1.61 L ha−1 resulted in 72.9% control and 3.14 L ha−1 resulted in 91.9% control of T. urticae populations. Treatment with glufosinate ammonium resulted in significant phytotoxic effects to drought-stressed cotton in the 2015 field trial. These results suggest that glufosinate ammonium may be a useful tool for integrated pest management of weeds and spider mites in cotton. Due to the high cost associated with glufosinate ammonium and possibility of phytotoxic effects under certain conditions, this herbicide it is not considered a viable treatment targeting spider mites but may prove useful for managing mites when utilized for weed management.

Determination of glyphosate, glufosinate, and main metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid residues in dry tea using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A method has been developed for the determination of glyphosate (GLY), glufosinate (GLUF), and the main metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) residues in dry tea based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) coupled with pre-column derivatization. A systematic study of the effects of pretreatment methods including extraction and purification procedures was designed and carried out for the determination of GLY, GLUF, and AMPA. The results indicated that the optimal pretreatment method was as follows:the tea sample was first extracted by water in vortex, and then purified by a cation exchange solid-phase extraction column with the elution of 0.5% (v/v) formic acid aqueous solution. Finally, the eluant was derivatized by 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate, and the target compounds were separated on a C18 chromatographic column and analysed by UPLC-MS/MS (ESI+). GLY, GLUF, and AMPA showed good linearity in the range of 1-100 μ g/L, with correlation coefficients above 0.991. The limits of detection and limits of quantification were found to be 0.0160-0.0300 mg/kg and 0.0530-0.100 mg/kg, respectively. The average spiked recoveries of GLY, GLUF, and AMPA varied from 78.3% to 108% at three spiked levels (0.0500, 0.400, and 1.20 mg/kg), while the relative standard deviations ranged from 5.46% to 9.63%. The proposed method was utilized to detect 837 batches of tea samples. The detection ratios of GLY, GLUF, and AMPA were 3.46%, 0.24%, and 4.42%, respectively, while 0.24% of the investigated tea samples had values above maximum residue limits. The developed method is simple, rapid, sensitive, and accurate for the determination of GLY, GLUF, and AMPA in dry tea and may be used for routine analysis.

Comparative Selectivity of Herbicides Used in Wheat Crop on the Predators Chrysoperla externa and Eriopis connexa

ABSTRACT: The selectivity of eight herbicides registered for use in the wheat crop was assessed on the predators Chrysoperla externa and Eriopis connexa. Bioassays were conducted in the laboratory by exposing larvae, eggs, and pupae of these predators to dry residues of the herbicides 2,4-D amine, bentazon, glyphosate 1.200, glyphosate 1.440, ammonium glufosinate, iodosulfuron-methyl, metsulfuron-methyl, and pyrimidinedione. The herbicide ammonium glufosinate was classified as moderately harmful (class 3) to the larval stage of both predators. In the egg stage, only metsulfuron-methyl showed a reduction in larval hatching higher than 30% and was classified as slightly harmful (class 2) to eggs of E. connexa. The herbicide 2,4-D amine was classified as slightly harmful (class 2) to pupae of C. externa, while pyrimidinedione presented the same classification to pupae of E. connexa. The herbicides bentazon, glyphosate 1.200, glyphosate 1.440, and iodosulfuron-methyl were considered as innocuous to the stages of larva, egg, and pupa of C. externa and E. connexa and can be used in the integrated pest management of wheat crop, assisting in predator conservation.

HERBICIDE SCREENING FOR THE CONTROL OF ROLANDRA FRUTICOSA

Several herbicides were screened to determine their efficacy against an invasive weed, Rolandra fruticose. Tank-mix of 44.5 ml glyphosate isopropylamine 48.6 per cent w/v plus 100 ml triclopyr butotyl-ethyl-ester (BEE) 67.0 per cent wlv in 10 L water and tank-mix of 75 ml glufosinate ammonium 15.0 per cent wlv plus 2.22 g saflufenacil 70 per cent wlw in 10 L water achieved 100 per cent kill at the fifth and first week after treatment respectively. The weed did not regenerate in both treatments at the eleventh week, the duration of the trial. In the second trial, the dosage was reduced by 50 per cent and 75 per cent for both treatments. At the reduced dosage, they were equally effective against this weed. A tank-mix of glyphosate isopropylamine and triclopyr BEE at the three rates evaluated in the second trial were repeated in a large commercial scale trial done by the estate. It was confirmed that the lowest dosage of 12 ml glyphosate isopropylamine 48.6 per cent wlv plus 25 ml triclopyr BEE 67. 0 per cent wlv in 10 L water was effective in controlling the weed. However, a follow-up spraying was required to eliminate the missed patches. The combination of 75 ml glufosinate ammonium 15.0 per cent wlv plus 2.22 g saflufenacil 70 per cent wlw in 10 L water also provided good control of R. fruticosa and could be recommended as an alternative. Keywords: Rolandra fruticosa, weed management, invasive weed.

Comparative Early Life Stage Toxicity of the African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis Following Exposure to Selected Herbicide Formulations Applied to Eradicate Alien Plants in South Africa.

The rise in pesticides application has increased the need for better understanding of their ecological impacts. The global amphibian declines, for example, have been positively correlated with pesticides use. The differential susceptibility in the developmental stages of amphibians to chemical substances are still largely unknown. We examined the 96-h differential toxicity responses of embryos, premetamorphic and transitional larval stage of Xenopus laevis, to six formulated aquatic herbicide products containing the active ingredients of diquat dibromide (Midstream), glufosinate ammonium (Basta), imazapyr (Arsenal), and three glyphosate formulations (Roundup, Kilo Max, and Environ Glyphosate). The results showed the premetamorphic stage as the most sensitive to the herbicides toxicity. This study confirmed that the developmental stage at which amphibian are exposed to contaminants is critical to their survival and that the chemical contamination hypothesis of the global decline of amphibians should continue to be considered. This establishment of the premetamorphic larval as sensitive toxicity representative for all developmental stages of X. laevis means that this stage could be used more extensively in pesticides toxicity assessments.

Runoff of the herbicides triclopyr and glufosinate ammonium from oil palm plantation soil

This study focused on the residue detection of the herbicides triclopyr and glufosinate ammonium in the runoff losses from the Tasik Chini oil palm plantation area and the Tasik Chini Lake under natural rainfall conditions in the Malaysian tropical environment. Triclopyr and glufosinate ammonium are post-emergence herbicides. Both herbicides were foliar-sprayed on 0.5ha of oil palm plantation plots, which were individualized by an uneven slope of 10-15%. Samples were collected at 1, 3, 7, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120days after treatment. The concentrations of both herbicides quickly diminished from those in the analyzed sample by the time of collection. The highest residue levels found in the field surface leachate were 0.031 (single dosage, triclopyr), 0.041 (single dosage, glufosinate ammonium), 0.017 (double dosage, triclopyr), and 0.037μg/kg (double dosage, glufosinate ammonium). The chromatographic peaks were observed at "0" day treatment (2h after herbicide application). From the applied active ingredients, the triclopyr and glufosinate losses were 0.025 and 0.055%, respectively. The experimental results showed that both herbicides are less potent than other herbicides in polluting water systems because of their short persistence and strong adsorption onto soil clay particles.

Herbicide glufosinate inhibits yeast growth and extends longevity during wine fermentation

Glufosinate ammonium (GA) is a widely used herbicide that inhibits glutamine synthetase. This inhibition leads to internal amino acid starvation which, in turn, causes the activation of different nutrient sensing pathways. GA also inhibits the enzyme of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in such a way that, although it is not used as a fungicide, it may alter yeast performance in industrial processes like winemaking. We describe herein how GA indeed inhibits the yeast growth of a wine strain during the fermentation of grape juice. In turn, GA extends longevity in a variety of growth media. The biochemical analysis indicates that GA partially inhibits the nutrient sensing TORC1 pathway, which may explain these phenotypes. The GCN2 kinase mutant is hypersensitive to GA. Hence the control of translation and amino acid biosynthesis is required to also deal with the damaging effects of this pesticide. A global metabolomics analysis under winemaking conditions indicated that an increase in amino acid and in polyamines occurred. In conclusion, GA affects many different biochemical processes during winemaking, which provides us with some insights into both the effect of this herbicide on yeast physiology and into the relevance of the metabolic step for connecting nitrogen and carbon metabolism.

Controle em pré semeadura da cultura de soja de algodão voluntário tolerante ao glyphosate e amônio glufosinate e de Eleusine indica

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência, em diferentes doses e épocas, antes da semeadura de soja sob condição de déficit hídrico, para o controle de plantas voluntárias de algodão, tolerante aos herbicidas glyphosate e amônio glufosinate, e Eleusine indica. O ensaio foi conduzido no município de Formosa do Rio Preto/BA, durante a safra 2015/16, utilizando o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e dez tratamentos, sendo: glyphosate + diclosulam (960 + 25,2 g ha-1 e.a./i.a.) e glyphosate + diclosulam (960 + 35 g ha-1 e.a./i.a.), aplicados aos 50, 20 e 0 dias antes da semeadura (DAS), glyphosate + flumioxazin (960 + 50 g ha-1 e.a./i.a.), glyphosate + sulfentrazone (960 + 150 g ha-1 e.a./i.a.) e glyphosate + sulfentrazone (960 + 200 g ha-1 e.a./i.a.) aplicados 0 DAS, além de um tratamento controle. Avaliações visuais de controle foram efetuadas aos 7 e 0 DAS, aos 14 e 45 dias depois da semeadura (DDS) e a produtividade da soja estimada. A aplicação do herbicida diclosulam é eficaz no controle de algodão voluntário, quando aplicado 50, 20 e 0 DAS, nas doses de 25,2 e 35 g ha-1 i.a. O tratamento sulfentrazone é eficaz, quando aplicado 0 DAS nas doses de 150 e 200 g ha-1 i.a., enquanto o herbicida flumioxazin não é eficaz. No controle de Eleusine indica o diclosulam foi o melhor tratamento quando aplicado 0 DAS a 25,2 e 35 g ha-1 i.a. A produtividade foi considerada igual entre tratamentos.

Perinatal Exposure to the Cyanotoxin β-N-Méthylamino-L-Alanine (BMAA) Results in Long-Lasting Behavioral Changes in Offspring-Potential Involvement of DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress.

We recently demonstrated that perinatal exposure to the glutamate-related herbicide, glufosinate ammonium, has deleterious effects on neural stem cell (NSC) homeostasis within the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ), probably leading to ASD-like symptoms in offspring later in life. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether perinatal exposure to another glutamate-related toxicant, the cyanobacterial amino acid β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), might also trigger neurodevelopmental disturbances. With this aim, female mice were intranasally exposed to low doses of BMAA, 50mgkg-1 three times a week from embryonic days 7-10 to postnatal day 21. Behavioral analyses were performed during the offspring's early life and during adulthood. Developmental analyses revealed that perinatal exposure to BMAA hastened the appearance of some reflexes and communicative skills. BMAA-exposed offspring displayed sex-dependent changes in emotional cognition shortly after exposure. Later in life, the female offspring continued to express emotional defects and to display abnormal sociability, while males were less affected. To assess whether early exposure to BMAA had deleterious effects on NSC homeostasis, we exposed mice NSCs to 1 and 3mM BMAA during 24h. We found that BMAA-exposed NSCs produced high levels of ROS, highlighting the ability of BMAA to induce oxidative stress. We also showed that BMAA exposure increased the number of γH2AX/53BP1 foci per nucleus, suggesting that BMAA-induced DNA damage in NSCs. Collectively, this data strongly suggests that perinatal exposure to the cyanobacteria BMAA, even at low doses, results in neurobehavioral disturbances during both the postnatal period and adulthood. This is considered to be underpinned at the cellular level through dysregulation of NSC homeostasis in the developing brain.

VARIATION IN THE SENSITIVITY OF WANDERING JEW PLANTS TO GLUFOSINATE AMMONIUM

ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify the response of wandering jew (Commelina benghalensis L.) plants to different doses of glufosinate ammonium and the sensitivity of plants populations to the herbicide. Two studies were conducted, both in a greenhouse, and were repeated at different times. In the first study, two experiments were conducted to examine the dose-response curve using seven different doses of the glufosinate ammonium herbicide (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 g a.i. ha-1) with four replicates each. In the second study, which examined the range in sensitivity of wandering jew plants to glufosinate ammonium, 26 plants were sprayed with a dose of 200 g a.i. ha-1 herbicide. Visual assessments of percent injury and measurements of leaf tissue ammonium content were conducted. The use of untreated wandering jew control plants allowed for the correlation of glufosinate ammonium treatment with the ammonium concentrations in treated plant tissues; the ammonium concentration increased as a function of herbicide application, albeit not linearly with the dose. Ammonium content varied among individuals of the wandering jew plant population.

Lethal effects of selected novel pesticides on immature stages of Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae).

Trichogramma pretiosum Riley is an important egg parasitoid and biological control agent of caterpillar pests. We studied the acute toxicity of 20 pesticides (14 insecticides/miticides, three fungicides and three herbicides) exposed to recommended field rates. Egg, larval, and pupal stages of the parasitoid in their hosts were dipped in formulated solutions of the pesticides and evaluated 10 days later for percentage of host eggs with holes, number of parasitoids emerged per egg with holes, and stage-specific mortality of immature as well as adult wasps within the host eggs. Seven insecticides (buprofezin, chlorantraniliprole, spirotetramat, flonicamid, flubendiamide) and miticides (spiromesifen, cyflumetofen), one herbicide (nicosulfuron), and three fungicides (myclobutanil, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole) caused no significant mortality to immature stages or pre-emergent adult parasitoids relative to controls. By contrast, seven insecticides/miticides (abamectin, acetamiprid, dinotefuran, fipronil, novaluron, spinetoram, tolfenpyrad) adversely affected immature and pre-emergent adult T. pretiosum, with tolfenpyrad being particularly lethal. Two herbicides had moderate (glufosinate ammonium) to severe (s-metolachlor) acute lethal effects on the immature parasitoids. This study corroborates earlier findings with adult T. pretiosum. Over half of the pesticides-and all the fungicides-tested in the current study would appear to be compatible with the use of T. pretiosum in integrated pest management programs, with respect to acute parasitoid mortality. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effective Screening of Transgenic Pigeonpea in Presence of Negative Selection Agents

Selection of putative transformants is an essential step in transgenic plant development program of important pulse crop pigeonpea. The multiple shoot induction of pigeonpea was studied under the influence of three negative selection agents kanamycin, hygromycin and glufosinate ammonium. Minimum inhibitory concentration of these selection agents on shoot regeneration was determined. These observations were then applied to genetic transformation studies where 100 mg/l kanamycin and 2.0 mg/l glufosinate ammonium were used to select the neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) and bar expressing T0 pigeonpea transformants, respectively. Hygromycin was found to be detrimental for shoot regeneration in all applied concentrations. T1 seeds obtained from nptII positive events were screened by incubating 5 h in 100 mg/l kanamycin solution prior to germination. T1 events containing bar gene were selected by painting 2.0 mg/l solution of glufosinate ammonium on adaxial surfaces of the leaves. Positive transformants survived in both the selection processes, were further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Knowledge generated through this study will facilitate the incorporation of agronomically important traits in transgenic pigeonpea for its betterment.

The relationship between serum ammonia level and neurologic complications in patients with acute glufosinate ammonium poisoning: A prospective observational study.

Glufosinate ammonium poisoning can cause neurological complications even after a symptom-free period. We prospectively investigated the predictors of neurologic complications in acute glufosinate ammonium poisoning and the change of serum ammonia level as a predictor of patient's presence and recovery of neurologic complication. This prospective observational study collected data from consecutive patients diagnosed with acute glufosinate ammonium poisoning between September 2014 and June 2016. Serum ammonia was serially measured. The patients were divided into two groups: the neurologic complication group and the nonneurologic complication group. We also defined 25 other insecticide- or herbicide-poisoned patients as controls. The neurologic complication group included 18 patients (72.0%). The latency period for neurologic complications was within 48-h postingestion. The peak ammonia level was statistically higher in the neurologic complication group than in the control group ( p < 0.001) and the nonneurologic complication groups ( p = 0.001). There was a statistical difference between the nonneurologic complication group and the neurologic complication group ( p = 0.0085) in terms of ingested amount. The peak ammonia was the only predictor for the development of neurologic complications (the optimal cutoff: 90 μg/dL). In patients with mental changes, the mean serum ammonia levels before and after recovery of the mental changes were statistically different ( p = 0.0019). In acute glufosinate ammonium poisoning, serial serum ammonia level measurements are needed and a serum peak ammonia level greater than 90 μg/dL is a predictor of neurologic complications. Also, it is important to treat the hyperammonemia in acute glufosinate ammonium poisoning.

Efikasi Herbisida Amonium Glufosinatt Gulma Umum Pada Perkebunan Karet yang Menghasilkan [Hevea Brasiliensis (Muell.) Arg

This research was aimed to determine the efficacy of glufosinate ammonium on weed in rubber plants and to know it composition change. Research was conducted in the PTPN 7 UU Way Galih, Tanjung Bintang, and Weed Laboratory, Agricultural Faculty, University of Lampung, during June – August 2013. The Research using randomized complete block design with 6 treatments(t1= 225 g ha-1; t2= 300 g ha-1; t3= 375 g ha-1; t4= 450 g ha-1; t5= mechanical control; t6= control/ no treatment) and 4 replications. Data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variant. Homogenity using Bartlet Tast and aditifity using Tuckey Test. Differences in median tested using Least Significant Differenc (LSD) level 5%.Results: (1) all treatments of ammonium glufosinate (225 – 450 gha-1) significantly reduced weed total, broad leaves, and Selaginella wildenowii for 12 Weeks After Aplication (WAA). (2) Ottochloa nodosa and Grasses can be controlled only in higest dosage level of ammonium glufosinat (450 g ha-1) at 4 WAA. (3) Cyrtococcum acrescens can’t be controlled by treatments of ammonium glufosinate herbicide (225 – 450 g ha-1). Keywords : Ammonium glufosinate, weed, Hevea brasiliensis.

The Usefulness of Serum Lipid Concentration as a Predictor of Convulsion in Patients with Glufosinate Ammonium Poisoning

Purpose: Glufosinate ammonium (GA; phosphinothricin) can induce neurological complications such as altered mental status, amnesia, and convulsions. This study was conducted to evaluate whether blood lipid profiles can help predict convulsions in patients with GA poisoning. Methods: This study was a retrospective review of data acquired at a tertiary academic university hospital from March 2014 to July 2016. Independent t-test, Mann-Whitney test and Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) of demographic and laboratory findings of 50 patients with GA poisoning were performed to identify correlations of general characteristics and laboratory findings, including blood lipid profiles of GA-poisoned patients between with and without convulsions. Results: Convulsion as a GA complication showed a significant association with poison volume, age, white blood cell count, and creatine phosphokinase (CK), albumin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) content in blood according to an independent t-test and Mann-Whitney test. However, ANCOVA demonstrated significant association with LDL and triglyceride. Conclusion: Blood lipid profiles, especially serum LDL and triglyceride, were useful in predicting convulsions in patients with GA poisoning.