Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate Single Crystals Research Articles

Investigation on growth, spectral, hardness, piezoelectric, contact angle, optical stress and nonlinear optical properties of acid blue 22 dye on ADP single crystals

Reclusive single crystals of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) and 0.1[Formula: see text]mol.% Acid Blue 22 dye-incorporated ADP were harvested by using a standard slow cooling mechanism. The skeletal framework of the anisotropic materials was analyzed by using single crystal X-ray diffraction cram. The powder X-ray diffraction examines the phase growth and incorporation of substituents in the crystalline matrices. The incorporation of additives in the system was examined by employing Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The analysis of vibrational bands gives insights into the incorporation of additives in ADP crystal system. The transmission window of the specimen and optical bandgap of the given material were analyzed by using UV–Vis spectroscopic analysis. The incorporation of additives to parent crystals was examined by using Scanning Electron Microscope. The quantification of elements in the grown specimen was investigated by using Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The mechanical rigidity of the material was inspected by using Vickers microhardness analysis. The piezoelectric charge coefficient of dye-incorporated ADP is higher than pristine ADP. The wettability of the material was identified by contact angle measurements. The optical stress was identified by employing photoelastic measurements. The second- and third-order nonlinear optical properties of pristine and dye-incorporated ADP crystals were investigated by using Kurtz–Perry powder technique and Z-scan technique.

An extensive investigation of crystalline, nonlinear, piezoelectric, optical, phase purity and electro-optic properties of doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals

Pure single crystals of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) and crystals containing 1, 3, and 5[Formula: see text]mol% of itaconic acid (ITA) were generated by the slow evaporation of an aqueous solution. With the help of powder X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, we were able to show that doping puts a lot of stress on crystals. According to the of Vickers microhardness results, the addition of ITA causes the ADP to have a greater degree of abrasiveness. The SHG efficiency of ITA-doped ADP is greater than that of pure ADP. The presence of dopant was established using the energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The [Formula: see text]-scan method was used to investigate the third-order nonlinear optical characteristics of ITA–ADP crystals formed by the slow evaporation method on a variety of planes. A He–Ne laser with a wavelength of 632.8[Formula: see text]nm was used to carry out the investigation. The nonlinear absorption coefficient, nonlinear refractive index, and third-order nonlinear susceptibility of the ITA–ADP crystals were also plotted in detail. The piezoelectric charge coefficient of pure ADP is lower than that of the ITA-doped ADP. Analysis of the electro-optic investigation reveals lesser half-wave voltage of doped ADP.

Investigation of Physiochemical Impact of Organic Molecule L-Lysine on Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate Single Crystal for Optoelectronics Applications

Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) single crystals along with the incorporated 0.5 and 1% L-lysine, an organic molecule which possesses a good nonlinear response, were grown with the vision to meet the requirements of the optoelectronic industry. The inclusion of the L-lysine molecule in the crystal was confirmed by the XRD and EDX. The experiment not only confirms the inclusion level of the impurity but also the capability of the amino acid molecule to bond hydrogen within the crystal facet. A minor decrease in lattice parameters was reported for all ADP: L-lysine crystals compared with pure ADP. The structures of the grown crystals were identified as tetragonal with the space group I42d by the single-crystal XRD analysis. Vibrational signatures and functional groups were confirmed using FTIR spectroscopy. The thermal stability and decomposition temperatures of 0.5 and 1% L-lysine-added crystals were measured by TG/DTA and found to be 203 °C and 207 °C, respectively. The UV–visible transmission spectra prove a higher transparency for doped crystals as compared to pure crystals; therefore, these doped crystals can be considered the best option for the frequency doubling process in a broad range of visible and near-IR spectra. The improved hardness of the doped crystals was confirmed by the Vickers hardness data. The nonlinear optical (NLO) behaviour investigated using a second-harmonic generation (SHG) technique, indicating an efficient quadratic nonlinear coefficient of ADP: Lysine crystals at a 1064 nm initial wavelength, shows about 1.5-fold higher efficiency compared with undoped ADP.

Effect of zinc acetate dihydrate on the crystal growth, structural, optical, mechanical, dielectric, and NLO properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals

Effect of zinc acetate dihydrate on the crystal growth, structural, optical, mechanical, dielectric, and NLO properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals

Effect of TGS on crystal growth and properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP)

Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) is an excellent inorganic nonlinear optical material having scalenohedral class of tetragonal structure provides order disorder phase tansitions used in various instrumental applications. Good quality of pure and three different wt% of TGS doped ADP single crystals have been grown by natural evaporation method at room temperature. The structural, optical and dielectric characterization of as-grown pure and doped ADP crystals was made using powder XRD, UV–Vis and dielectric spectroscopy. Band gap energies of the pure and doped crystals have been calculated at cut off frequencies using the UV–Vis spectrum analysis. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the grown crystals is measures using VNA with frequency ranges 200 MHz to 20 GHz at room temperature.

Effect of Erioglaucine dye dopant on the structural, optical, mechanical, electrical and nonlinear properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystal

Abstract The structural, optical, mechanical, electrical and nonlinear properties of standard Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate (NH4H2PO4, ADP) single crystals incorporating organic Erioglaucine dye dopant are presented. The effect of Erioglaucine dye dopant at varied concentration on these properties has been investigated through measurement of powder X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy, Vickers microhardness, light dependent I–V measurements and Second Harmonic Generation studies. These measurements reveal that doping with increasing dye concentration of Erioglaucine leads to change in properties of the ADP single crystals, making them suitable for optoelectronic applications. The Erioglaucine doped ADP single crystals were grown using solvent evaporation technique at room temperature. Optical properties like absorbance and emission of these crystals are determined using UV–vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy, respectively. Optical bandgap and photoluminescence of the crystals are found to increase with dye doping, indicating their suitability in photonic applications. The mechanical properties of the crystals are determined using Vickers microhardness measurement technique. Light dependent I–V measurements exhibit negative photoconductivity behavior of the ADP crystals. However, the current through the crystals is observed to increase with increase in doping concentration of the Erioglaucine dye. Second Harmonic Generation studies show enhancement in nonlinearity for doped crystals. Our experiments indicate gradual variance in the crystallinity, emission, hardness, conductivity and nonlinearity of the sample with change in dye concentration.

Influence of additives on the crystal growth kinetics and growth rate of Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) single crystals

Metastable zone width (MSZW) of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) solution was perpetrated by different concentration of additives like Borax, EDTA and Borax-EDTA admixture. The solubility, pH range and MSZW of ADP solution with a different combination of additives were determined and compared with pure system. On increasing the additive concentration, the supersaturation of ADP solution was found to increase. Nucleation time was calculated for different additive concentrations and compared to the pure ADP. It was observed that the increase in Borax concentration in ADP solution, stimulated faster growth along (100) and (010) direction. The additive concentration in ADP solution has shot up the total ionic strength. To decipher the critical nucleation parameters, induction-periods were analyzed and evaluated in accordance with the classical theory of homogeneous nucleation. The interfacial-energy values of ADP solution with additives were determined for different supersaturation ratio as a function of additive concentration. The different admixtures resulted in altered nucleation parameters such as radius of the critical nucleus and critical free-energy. Nucleation images of the ADP crystals were captured using in-situ nucleation cell.

Synthesis and Characterization of NLO Material L-Valine L-Valinium Perchlorate Monohydrate for Photonics Applications

L-valine L-valinium perchlorate monohydrate single crystal has been synthesized by slow evaporation technique at room temperature. The crystal structure and space group of the crystal were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffractometer. Optical behavior of the crystal was analyzed by using UV-visible spectrophotometer. Thermal stability was discussed by using thermo gravimetric analysis. Mechanical strength of the grown crystal was studied using Vickers microhardness tester. Nonlinear optical property was explored to confirm the second harmonic generation efficiency of the grown crystal. These preliminary investigations suggest that the title compound can serve as a potential material for photonics applications. Full Text: PDF ReferencesD. J. Williams, "Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic and Polymer Materials" (ACS Symposium series 233, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1983). CrossRef K. Bouchouit, Z. Sofiani, B. Derkowska, S. Abed, N. Benali-cherif, M. Bakasse and B. Sahraoui, "Investigation of crystal structure and nonlinear optical properties of 2-methoxyanilinium nitrate", Opt. Commun. 278, 180 (2007), CrossRef K. Bouchouit, H. Bougharraf, B. Derkowska-zielinska, N. Benali-cherif and B. Sahraoui, "Reversible phase transition in semi-organic compound p-Nitroanilinium sulfate detected using second harmonic generation as a tool", Opt.Mater. 48, 215 (2015), CrossRef J. H. Joshi, S. Kalainathan, M. J. Joshi and K. D. Parikh, "Crystal growth, spectroscopic, second and third order nonlinear optical spectroscopic studies of L-phenylalanine doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals", Arab. J. Chem. 13, 5018 (2020), CrossRef A. Vijayakumar, A. Ponnuvel and A. Sasikala, "Growth and characterization of α and β form of L-histidine dihydrochloride single crystals", Mater. Today 14, 338 (2019), CrossRef C. Usha, R. Sathakuamri, Lynnette Joseph, D.Sajan, R.Meenakshi, and A.Sinthiya, "Growth and combined experimental and quantum chemical study of glycyl-L-Valine crystal", Heliyon 5, e01574 (2019), CrossRef P. Maadeshwaran and J. Chandrasekaran, "Synthesis, growth and characterization of l-valine cadmium chloride monohydrate—A novel semiorganic nonlinear optical crystal", Optik 122, 1128 (2011) CrossRef S. Pandiyaran, M. Umadevi, R. K. Rajaraman and V. K. Ramakrishnan, "Infrared and Raman spectroscopic studies of l-valine l-valinium perchlorate monohydrate", Spectrochim. Act A Mol. 62, 630 (2005) CrossRef S. Pandiarajan, B. Sridhar and R. K. Rajaram, "L-Valine L-valinium perchlorate monohydrate", Acta Crystallogr. E, 57, 0466 (2001) CrossRef M. Lydia Caroline and S. Vasudevan, "Growth and characterization of l-phenylalanine nitric acid, a new organic nonlinear optical material", Mater. Lett. 63, 41 (2009) CrossRef J. Tauc, R. Grigorovici and A. Vancu, "Optical Properties and Electronic Structure of Amorphous Germanium", Phy. Solid. Stat. 15, 627 (1966), CrossRef J. Tauc, A. Menth and D.L. Wood, "Optical and Magnetic Investigations of the Localized States in Semiconducting Glasses", Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 749 (1970) CrossRef B. Thirumalaiselvam, R. Kanagadurai, D. Jayaraman and V. Natarajan, "Growth and characterization of 4-methyl benzene sulfonamide single crystals", Opt.Mater. 37, 74 (2014) CrossRef J. Bowman and M. Bevis, "The evaluation of the structure and hardness of processed plastics by the Vickers microhardness test", Colloid Polym. Sci. 255, 954 (1977) CrossRef S. K. Kurtz and T. T. Perry, "A Powder Technique for the Evaluation of Nonlinear Optical Materials", J. Appl. Phy. 39, 3798 (1968) CrossRef M. Prakash, D. Geetha and M. Lydia Caroline, "Crystal growth, structural, optical, spectral and thermal studies of tris(l-phenylalanine)l-phenylalaninium nitrate: A new organic nonlinear optical material", Spectrochim. Act A Mol. 81, 48 (2011) CrossRef

Tailoring the low dielectric constant in glutamic acid doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystal by virtue of MPa shock waves for microelectronic applications: the complex impedance and modulus formulation studies

Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate, ADP, (NH4H2PO4) crystal has a wide range of applications in integrated and nonlinear optics. The amino acid-like l-glutamic acid (C5H9O4N) causes the defect in the framework of ADP crystal. The 0.6wt% l-glutamic acid doped ADP crystal is grown using the slow evaporation technique. The grown crystal is subjected under the shockwave of Mach number 1.7 and shock number 2, 4 and 6. The Powder XRD study shows the lattice strain introduced in the structure of grown crystals due to impose of the shockwave. The Photoluminescence confirmed the presence of D-defect and Self Trapped Excitons. The influence of shockwave on dielectric, impedance and modulus properties of glutamic acid doped ADP crystal is well studied in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 10 MHz and the temperature range of 323 K to 373 K. The shockwave is reduced the dielectric constant, A.C. Conductivity, strength of polarizibility and the grain capacitance. The Correlation Barrier Hopping (CBH) conduction mechanism is well studied for pristine and shocked glutamic acid doped ADP crystals over the temperature range considered. The presence of grain over the frequency range considered is identified and confirmed using the complex impedance and the complex modulus spectroscopy. The pristine and shocked glutamic acid doped ADP crystals have possessed the temperature-independent, Non-Debye type relaxation process. The results are discussed here.

Crystal growth and effect of defects on the dielectric properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) single crystals

We report the growth of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, NH4H2PO4 (ADP) single crystals by slow evaporation method and study of their dielectric property. Furthermore, we correlate the effect of the defects present in the single crystals with the dielectric and other related properties. After determination of the solubility limit of ADP salt in water at different temperatures, the seed crystals were nucleated and grown in the supersaturated solution, which was obtained by cooling the higher temperature saturated solution to room temperature. The phase purity of synthesized ADP crystals was studied by powder X-ray diffraction technique, on the finely ground seed crystals. The seed crystals of appropriate size were used for growth of large crystals and also used for dielectric measurements. Two single crystals with different concentrations of defects were used for the investigation of dielectric property at room temperature. The obtained dielectric data are discussed along with their representation in modulus and impedance formalism to understand the dielectric properties of these crystals. Overall, the low frequency Maxwell–Wagner interfacial polarization was found to increase due to the presence of defects in the ADP single crystals.

Crystal growth, spectroscopic, second and third order nonlinear optical spectroscopic studies of L-phenylalanine doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals

The frequency doubling and tripling can be reached for Nd:YAG laser beam using the single crystal of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP). The growth and characterization of pure and L-phenylalanine doped ADP crystals are considered in the present contribution. The transparent good quality single crystals are grown using low temperature solution growth technique. The functional group alteration is studied using FT-IR spectroscopy. The larger improvement is observed in linear and nonlinear optical properties of ADP crystals on doping by L-phenylalanine. The reduction in charge carrier density is observed in photoconductivity spectra of all the grown crystals.

Growth and characterization of pure and picric acid doped ADP single crystals

Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) is a pioneer kind of nonlinear optical crystal. It can be used in various electro-optical, nonlinear optical applications. The pure and different weight percentage of Picric acid doped ADP single crystals are grown using the slow solvent evaporation technique at room temperature. The powder XRD study shows single phasic nature of all the grown crystals. The photoluminescence study suggests that the dopant causes defect in structure of ADP by virtue of vibration relaxation and self trapping exciton. The dielectric constant and the dielectric loss of all the grown crystals exhibited universal behaviour over frequency range considered. The Correlation Barrier Hopping and the Non Overlapping Small Polaron Tunnelling kind of conductivity mechanism are observed. The grain and grain boundary is indentified using the complex Impedance and the complex modulus spectroscopy. The third order nonlinear optical susceptibility is increased on doping the Picric acid in ADP crystals. The results are discussed here.

Sunset yellow dye doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals with enhanced optical, mechanical and piezoelectric properties

Pure and 0.1 mol% sunset yellow dye (SSY) doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) single crystals were grown by solvent evaporation technique with an aim of improving the properties of pure ADP crystals. The crystal structure and unit cell dimensions of both the crystals were analysed by using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was carried out to identify the functional groups present in grown crystals. In UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectra, four characteristic absorption bands were observed at ~ 234, 314, 412 and 481 nm for the dyed crystals, due to the inclusion of SSY dye in ADP matrix. Various optical constants i.e. optical band gap (Eg), extinction coefficient (K), refractive index (n) and optical conductivity (σ) were calculated for both the samples using transmittance data. In photoluminescence spectrum, a broad emission peak centred at 582 nm in addition to blue emission band (406–462 nm) indicates yellow emission. The mechanical strength of the crystals was analysed using Vickers microhardness test in the load range 5–100 g and was found to be higher for dyed ADP crystal. Raman analysis revealed that no structural changes were induced due to indentation thereby confirming the robustness of crystals. The piezoelectric charge coefficient of the ADP crystal got enhanced from 1.8 to 2.4 pC N−1 as a result of dye doping.

Influence of l-serine on microstructural, spectroscopic, electrical and nonlinear optical performance of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystal

To doubling the frequency of Nd: YAG and Nd: YLF laser sources the ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) single crystal is widely used. In the present communication, the effect of amino acid namely as l-serine on the growth and properties of ADP crystal is been reported. The slow solvent evaporation technique is adopted to grow pure and different weight percentage i.e. 0.4 wt%, 0.6 wt% and 0.8 wt% l-serine doped ADP crystals. The structural study suggested tetragonal structure symmetry of all grown crystal with single phasic nature of all of them. The amino acid dopant alters the functional group vibrations of ADP crystal as suggested in FT-IR spectroscopy. The change in morphology and presence of various elements is observed in SEM and EDAX spectroscopy. The improvement is observed in various optical properties like energy band gap, skin depth, SHG, third order nonlinear susceptibility, laser damage threshold etc. on doping the l-serine in ADP crystal. The spectra variation of refractive index of all grown crystals is studied. The pure and l-serine doped ADP crystals have posses negative kind of photoconductivity.

Complex impedance, FT-Raman, and photoluminescence spectroscopic studies of pure and L-phenylalanine doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals: the correlation with hydrogen bonding defect

Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) is an important nonlinear optical (NLO) material used for electro-optical applications. The aromatic side chain contained dopant like L-phenylalanine causes defect in ADP. The pure and L-phenylalanine doped ADP crystals are grown using slow solvent evaporation technique at room temperature. The Powder XRD spectra suggest tetragonal crystal system and slit shifting of peak. The FT-Raman shows strong absorption peak at 922 cm−1 due to v1 group symmetry of P - OH for all grown crystals without shifting indicating the single phase nature of all the crystals. The photoluminescence study suggests the presence of defects in doped crystals compared to the pure one due to increase of Stokes shift and vibrational energy relaxation phenomena. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss have shown the usual behavior with respect to frequency and temperature. The calculated electro-optic coefficient is found to be in accordance with dielectric constant. The protonic conduction is prevailing for electric transport, and from Jonscher’s plot, the correlation barrier hopping (CBH) is confirmed. The Nyquist plot and modulus spectra of pure ADP show the presence of grain and grain boundary while the same plots for L-phenylalanine doped ADP show the presence of grain only. The stretch exponent exhibits non-Debye-type relaxation.

Crystal growth, A.C. electrical and nonlinear optical studies of pure and dl-methionine doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals

The pure and 0.1 wt% dl-methionine doped ADP crystals are grown using slow solvent evaporation technique at room temperature. The powder XRD study shows single phase nature of both grown crystals with tetragonal structural symmetry. The UV–Vis transmittance spectroscopy shows improvement in optical transmittance, energy band, and low refractive index of doped ADP crystal compare to pure ADP crystal. The Wemple–DiDomenico single oscillator model is found to be appropriate for the refractive index dispersion below the energy band edge of ADP crystal. The Nyquist plots of pure and doped ADP crystals represent presence of grain and grain boundary. The Jonscher’s powder law is successfully applied to the conductivity phenomena in pure and doped ADP crystals. The complex modulus spectroscopy helps to discriminate the grain and grain boundary in grown crystals clearly. The Non-Debye type relaxation is observed in both crystals. The nonlinear optical properties such as second harmonic generation efficiency and third order susceptibility are improved on doping the dl-methionine in ADP crystal.

Effect of Sr2+ on growth and properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystal

The ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals have wide range of non-linear optical applications. The doping of bivalent impurity like strontium can strongly retard growth rate and modify properties of ADP crystals. The pure and 0.5 mol% Sr2+ doped ADP crystals are grown by using the slow evaporation technique at room temperature. The powder XRD indicates the single phase nature of both samples. The FT-IR spectra indicate the shifting of absorption peaks for the doped sample. The thermal study indicates that the doped sample is thermally less stable than the pure sample. The EDAX study confirms the presence of strontium in the doped sample. The UV–Vis spectra indicate slight decrement in the transmittance due Sr2+ doping. The Wemple–DiDomenico model is satisfactorily applied to dispersive behaviour of refractive index. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss decreases with frequency increased. The Jonscher’s power law is studied for A.C. conductivity. The Nyquist plot and complex modulus plot exhibits two semicircles for pure ADP due to grain and grain boundary contributions and the same plots show single semicircle for doped ADP due to grain contribution only. The stretch exponent (β) is obtained less than unity, indicates the non-Debye type relaxation process. The second harmonic generation efficiency of fundamental laser beam is found to be 2.07 and 1.54 times higher than the pure KDP for pure ADP and Sr2+ doped ADP, respectively. The Z-scan study reveals the self focusing and reverses saturable absorption kind of nonlinear response for both samples.

Raman, photoluminescence, and a.c. electrical studies of pure and l-serine doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals: an understanding of defect chemistry in hydrogen bonding

Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals have a wide range of nonlinear optical applications.

Mechanical Studies of Pure and L-Lysine Doped Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate Single Crystal

Mechanical Studies of Pure and L-Lysine Doped Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate Single Crystal

Effect of crystal violet dye on the structural, optical, mechanical and piezoelectric properties of ADP single crystal

Single crystals of pure and crystal violet (CV) dye doped (0.05mol%) ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) were grown and characterized. Structural and compositional studies were carried out using XRD, EDAX and FTIR. In UV⿿vis-NIR measurements, characteristic absorption at 590nm was observed for CV dye, with increased transmittance, wider optical window and increased band gap from 5.80eV to 6.0eV. In photoluminescence studies, CV doping resulted in partial quenching of blue emission at 440nm. The piezoelectric charge coefficient was also enhanced from 1.82 pC/N to 2.78 pC/N. In micro-hardness studies, CV doped crystals exhibited better mechanical strength. The distribution of hardness number was statistically analyzed using Weibull statistics. The values of transition point, critical load, etc. were evaluated for both the crystals. Raman studies revealed that no structural phase transformations were observed after indentation for both the samples.