Ammonia Odor Research Articles

Mechanisms of ammonia-like off-flavors formation in dried shrimp: Contribution of spoilage microbiota and their metabolism

Dried shrimp is susceptible to ammonia-like off-flavors (ALOF) during storage, yet the formation mechanisms are still not fully clear. This study analysed the contribution of different parts of dried shrimp to ALOF and characterised the formation mechanisms mainly from microbiological spoilage and amino acid metabolism points. Results showed that head viscera were the main contributors to ALOF, and visceral bacteria were the primary source of microorganisms in stored dried shrimp. The sensory scores of groups without head viscera kept at 0–1 during the storage, indicating no smellable ammonia odour. Analysis of off-flavor indicators showed that visceral bacteria promoted protein degradation and amino acid metabolism. Both amino acid deamination and decarboxylation activities of spoilage microbiota contributed to ALOF formation; however, deamination activities of visceral microbiota were more prominent, particularly for bitter amino acids metabolism. These results provide guidelines for controlling ALOF generation in dried shrimp products during storage.

Odorless Probiotic Chicken of Eco-Smart Poultry Coop

The smell of chicken waste has become a serious problem in Malaysia. Flies and an unpleasant odor from poultry coop plague the locals. To decrease the disagreeable odor of chicken manure, the approach used in this study is charcoal as an adsorption method to adsorb an ammonia gas. The sawdust is used as a drying agent for the chicken waste to ensure it produces no smell, and it also contains EM (Effective Microorganisms) as a decomposition mechanism for the bacteria in the chicken waste. The research result obtained positive results based on the number of flies, the odor examined through human surveys, the difference between probiotic and normal chicken waste, and the difference in fat content identified in probiotic chicken. It has been demonstrated by studies that while using wood dust and charcoal can aid in eliminating the odor of chicken droppings, processing chicken droppings with an EM solution is crucial before the droppings start to smell bad. Implementing an automatic system to manage chicken feed and drink is a recommended approach to ensure the project's success. This will ensure that the chickens obtain the proper amount of food and drink at the time specified. Given that chickens are highly susceptible to extreme heat or cold, the following recommendation is to monitor the cage's temperature and humidity levels. The ammonia odor associated with poultry farming affects not only the environment but also people. People who live close to the area where chickens are raised will feel uncomfortable because of this issue. The probiotic approach is the problem-solving strategy, according to the research. The chickens' digestive tract will be aided using EM solution as a drink and meal, resulting in less offensive chicken faeces.

Bio-enriched composite materials derived from waste cooking oil for selective reduction of odour intensity

Currently, pathogenic microorganisms are becoming more active in public utility areas like parking lots and waste shelters due to the accumulation of organic waste. This uncontrolled waste leads to decay, altering its composition and presenting a microbiological risk to public health. Additionally, it emits unpleasant odors containing chemicals that irritate the mucous membranes, causing discomfort in the nose, throat, and eyes by stimulating the trigeminal nerve. These odors can have various negative effects on both quality of life and public health. The study investigated the physicochemical properties of oil composites enriched with natural additives and determined their effectiveness in reducing the intensity of nuisance odours. The research showed over 82% reduction in decaying meat odour and almost 65% reduction in ammonia odour. A higher impact of the given composites on reducing the odour from decaying meat than from ammonia was observed. This may be due to the biocidal properties of the additives used (turmeric, thymol, salicylic acid, hops and curly sorrel) and the higher intensity of ammonia odor compared to meat-derived odour. Despite the non-porous nature of the solids tested (with similar specific surface areas ranging from 0.66 to 0.88 m2/g), they were capable of sorbing NH3.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices towards Silver Diamine Fluoride among Dentists in Vietnam.

Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a topical solution used for managing dental caries. The mixed-methods study consists of a quantitative study (questionnaire survey) and a qualitative study (in-depth interview) to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards SDF among dentists in Vietnam. A descriptive approach and a thematic approach were performed to analyze data, respectively. The questionnaire survey invited 436 licensed dentists registered for the national annual dental meeting and 226 dentists participated (response rate: 52%). Among them, 174 (77%, 174/226) dentists knew SDF, and 69 (40%, 69/174) dentists used SDF for caries management. Most of them considered SDF therapy as non-invasive (84%, 146/174) and simple (80%, 140/174). However, most of them expressed concern that SDF could discolor the tooth (74%, 128/174). Their most preferred teeth for SDF therapy were primary posterior teeth (92%, 160/174). The in-depth interview consulted 16 dentists to reach data saturation. They learned about SDF from outside curriculum resources as an effective anti-caries agent. They understood the advantages (simple, non-invasive, timesaving) and disadvantages (tooth discoloring, ammonia odor) of SDF. They used SDF to arrest caries in uncooperative children in the clinic and people living in rural areas in outreach services. Most dentists in Vietnam are supportive of SDF therapy, and they know its advantages and disadvantages for caries management. The results addressed the aim of the study to investigate Vietnamese dentists' perspectives towards SDF.

Non-staining resistance to dyes and odors of synthetic leathers composed of polyurethane resins with different glass transition temperatures

The objective of this study was to develop a highly durable synthetic leather with excellent resistance to light discoloration and deterioration without the use of fluorine or silicon and a surface that is resistant to dyes and odors. Environment-friendly biomass feedstock was used as the reaction component. Firstly, polyurethane (PU) resins with varying glass transition temperatures ( Tg) were synthesized. Subsequently, these were used as surface treatment agents for synthetic leather, and the relationship between the non-staining performance of the PU resin and the Tg values was discussed. In addition, the physical durability over time was investigated. The non-staining performance of the synthetic leather surface against dyed clothing and the odor of ammonia evidently depended on the Tg of the PU resin used as the surface treatment agent. The Tg range that is the most convenient for practical purposes, and the related best light discoloration and degradation resistance and bending resistance, were confirmed, and serve as indicators that the material can be used as a highly durable interior material.

Characteristics of Purified Horse Oil by Supercritical Fluid Extraction with Different Deodorants Agents.

This study investigated the impact of activated carbon, palm activated carbon, and zeolite on horse oil (HO) extracted from horse neck fat using supercritical fluid extraction with deodorant-untreated HO (CON) as a comparison. The yield and lipid oxidation of deodorant untreated HO (CON) were not significantly affected by the three deodorants. However, deodorant-treated HOs exhibited significantly elevated levels of α-linolenic acid (C18:3n3) and eicosenoic acid (C20:1n9) compared to CON (p<0.05), while other fatty acids remained consistent. Zeolite-purified HO demonstrated significantly lower levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) than other treatments (p<0.05). Remarkably, zeolite decreased the concentration of pentane, 2,3-dimethyl (gasoline odor), by over 90%, from 177.17 A.U. ×106 in CON to 15.91 A.U. ×106. Zeolite also effectively eliminates sec-butylamine (ammonia and fishy odor) as compared to other deodorant-treated HOs (p<0.05). Additionally, zeolite reduced VOCs associated with the fruity citrus flavor, such as nonanal, octanal, and D-limonene in HO (p<0.05). This study suggests that integrating zeolite in supercritical fluid extraction enhances HO purification by effectively eliminating undesirable VOCs, presenting a valuable approach for producing high-quality HO production in the cosmetic and functional food industries.

Feasibility study of Replacing Currently used Freons with Ammonium Chloride and Barium Hydroxide for Freezing System

The machinery used to cool or freeze food uses a lot of energy. Consequently, it is necessary to lower energy use. Additionally, due to their significant global warming potential (GWP), traditional refrigerants must be replaced to help reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, the usage of alternative refrigerants with lower GWPs is necessary. The possibility of the ammonium chloride (NH4Cl(s)) and solid hydrated barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2.8H2O(s)) based non-freon refrigerant as a substitute refrigerant was evaluated in this study. Demo-tests were conducted using a prototype refrigerator, which is essentially a closed chamber with foam and PVC insulation. Despite reaching the freezing point satisfactorily, the stirring chamber of the prototype had an unpleasant ammonia odor. Due to the lack of equilibrium between the reactant and product, these components were not permanent solutions like freons. Therefore, further research is needed to determine how effective it would be as a refrigerant

Identification of Effective Microbes for Ammonia and Odor Removal from Animal Manure

In intensive livestock husbandry, the issue with ammonia (NH3) emissions and odors is still only par¬tially solved. The main reason is the insufficiently detailed knowledge of processes taking place in animal wastes due to the large number of involved microorganisms. The emitted NH3 is directly implicated in the formation of PM2.5 (“fine particles”) in the atmosphere, water eutrophication and soil acidification, contrib¬utes indirectly to N2O emissions, has an adverse impact on animal health and productivity and decreases manure fertilizing value. The development of technologies for control of emissions from livestock opera¬tions requires investigations on mechanisms of these reductions, in particular with respect to microbial ad¬ditives for manure treatment. A number of microbial strains of great practical importance for mitigation of animal excreta odor are studied. The mechanisms of inhibition of ammonia production and odors include: 1) assimilation of ammonia and odorous components; 2) oxidation of ammonia to non-volatile nitrogen compounds (nitrification); 3) reduction of manure pH by organic acids production; 4) аntimicrobial activity against ammonifying and odor-generating microorganisms. The effects of different microbial communities and proportions on odor removal should be studied in order to develop efficient odor eliminators.

Mitigation of ammonia emissions during food waste composting through acetic acid addition: A promising strategy for sustainable waste management

This research investigates using acetic acid to reduce ammonia emissions during composting while also evaluating its impact on microbial activity, compost quality, and nitrogen content. Composting is essential for recycling food waste and achieving renewable resource targets, but ammonia emissions pose environmental and health concerns. Addressing these issues is crucial for advancing composting technology and promoting sustainable waste management practices. The study reveals that adjusting the pH of compost piles to pH5, pH6, and pH7 reduced ammonia odor production by 65%, 40%, and 20%, respectively, compared to the control pile without acetic acid. The dominant bacteria, including Lactobacillus, Bacillus, and Aneurinibacillus species, played a crucial role in nitrification, leading to significant ammonia reduction during thermophilic and mesophilic phases. Additionally, nitrogen assimilation during composting enriches the nutrient content of the mature compost, as evidenced by seed germination indexes more significant than 80% in the treated piles. These findings contribute to optimizing composting processes and promoting sustainable agricultural circular economies.

Water Quality Status of Way Batanghari River, Metro City, Lampung Province Based on Water Fit for Consumption Parameters

Introduction: The need of water fit for consumption will continue to be sustainable along with the increasing human population, so we need a source of clean water that suitable for consumption. Therefore, this study aims to determine the water quality status of the Way Batanghari river based on an analysis of the feasibility of potable water. Methods: This research used survey method and water sampling in the Way Batanghari tributary, Metro City, Lampung using the consecutive sampling method. Results and Discussion: The physical parameters which include water color exceeds the 50 TCU and indicates the odor of ammonia. The chemical parameters which include COD were 63.5 mg/L (4th class) upstream, 59.3 mg/L (4th class) downstream. DO values upstream were 4.36 mg/L (1st class), 2.83 mg/L (3rd class) downstream. The phosporus value shows a number of 0.54 mg/L (2nd class). pH parameter which shows a value of 7.1 on the upstream, 6.6 on the downstream. Found species from class of Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae as parameters of pollution. Conclusion: Based on Regulation of the Minister of Health, Republic of Indonesia Number 492 of 2010, this river has color and odor of water shows that indicates not meet the requirements for consumption.

Urinating in transponder-controlled feeding stations – Analysis of an undesirable behaviour in horses

Urination in transponder-controlled roughage feeding stations is a widespread undesirable behaviour of group-housed horses. Urination on hard surfaces, such as the floor of the stations, is contrary to the natural elimination behaviour of horses because they prefer to urinate on soft, absorbent surfaces, and it increases ammonia emissions around the stations. The following aspects were analysed: a) urination as potential displacement activity during feed anticipation, b) absence of appropriate elimination areas in the stable and c) ammonia odour as a trigger stimulus. We observed a group of 33 horses in three different situations: 1) baseline situation, 2) provision of elimination areas containing an absorbent substrate in front of the feeding stations and 3) neutralisation of ammonia odour in the feeding stations. In the baseline situation all horses were observed, regardless whether they urinated in the feeding station or not. In the other two situations, only the urinating-horses were observed. We analysed 5 h of video per day, recorded on 4 days from seven feeding stations in each situation. We used an information theory approach, calculating three different (generalized) linear mixed effects models and all according sub-models. In the baseline situation, the horses showed that the horses urinated often after ‘ground exploration’, and there was more ground exploration in the urinating-horses than in the non-urinating-horses. In addition, a higher percentage of the mares than of the geldings urinated during at least one station visit, and mares urinated more often per visit than geldings. Before urination, the horses in most cases lowered the head toward the hay container to trigger the sensor and cause the station to open the partition and make the hay accessible. The time span between lowering the head and access to feed could be perceived as too long by the horses (maximum duration: 30 s) and lead to urination as a displacement activity. In addition, urination never occurred when the hay was accessible, only when the hay was inaccessible, closed, opening or closing. This leads us to conclude that urination is related to feed anticipation. The frequency of urination bouts was not reduced by installing additional elimination areas or neutralising the urine odour, so additional elimination areas and urine odour do not seem to have a role in the undesirable behaviour. Further research is needed to investigate a displacement activity or a classical conditioning in more detail to prevent urination by horses in automated feeding stations.

Effect of modified waste introduction methods over short-term and long-term use of onsite sanitation systems

Insufficiently treated wastes contained within onsite sanitation systems (OSS) commonly used by disadvantaged and developing communities contribute to public and environmental health concerns, calling for practical alternative solutions. At the basic level, an improved understanding of the evolution of chemical and physical constituents under different waste introduction methods and for short-term and long-term operation is needed. While receiving non-dilute waste under mixed, unmixed, toilet paper exclusion, and urine diversion (UD) regimes, self-flushing OSS simulated using anaerobic digesters (ADs) were compared during three operational stages: (1) 0–1 month service for unsheltered encampments; (2) 1–3 month disaster relief scenario; and (3) ≥ 3 months representing refugee camps and long-term household use. Although stratification was found to promote suitable conditions for short-term use of self-flushing toilets, mixing increased beneficial biodegradation of organic constituents. Urine-containing ADs demonstrated a shift from sulfide to ammonia odor accompanied by high pH (> 8) after ~ 240 d. E. coli reduction following elevated nitrogen and dissolved solids levels pointed to decreased pathogen survival in ADs with urine. The benefits of bacterial disinfection, reduction of sulfurous odors, and heightened organics degradation in mixed, urine-containing ADs suggest this format as more desirable for prolonged use of self-flushing OSS over unmixed or urine-diverting formats.

NiO/BiVO4 p-n heterojunction microspheres for conductometric triethylamine gas sensors

Triethylamine (TEA), a clear and colorless liquid with strong ammonia odor, has great danger to human health and environment. We synthesize the NiO/BiVO4 p-n heterojunction microspheres using hydrothermal method for TEA detection. To characterize the as-prepared samples, XRD, XPS, SEM, UV–vis, and EIS are used. Among the pure NiO, BiVO4, 5%NiO-BiVO4 and 30%NiO-BiVO4, the 10%NiO-BiVO4 sensor exhibits excellent gas sensing properties, including fast response/recovery times, high humidity resistance, and low detection limit of 3.42 ppb toward TEA. Moreover, the enhanced mechanism of NiO/BiVO4 p-n heterojunction microsphere is also proposed. Consequently, NiO coupled with BiVO4 to form NiO-BiVO4 can be an effective strategy for improving TEA gas sensors.

Analisis Amonia, Hidrogen Sulfida dan Kebauan Limbah Cair Rumah Potong Hewan Kota Jambi

This study aims to determine the levels of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide contained in wastewater as well as the degree of odor to the environment around the Jambi City Slaughterhouse. The research design used was Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 4 sampling points as treatment, LI (cow and buffalo wastewater), L-II (swine wastewater), L-III (Mixed cow and buffalo liquid waste) , L-IV (Place of discharge of wastewater into public channels) and 4 replications. The observed variables were ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and environmental odor. Test results on the average ammonia content L-I = 124.75 ± 4.99; L-II = 60.25 ± 6.60; L-III = 108.50 ± 7.73 and L-IV = 95.50 ± 6.24. Test results on the average content of hydrogen sulfide L-I = 0.428 ± 0.08; L-II = 0.068 ± 0.10; L-III = 0.063 ± 0.09 and L-IV = 0.010 ± 0.00. The results showed that the ammonia and hydrogen sulfide content at the final outlet to the common channel decreased (P &lt;0.01). From this study it can be concluded that the handling of Jambi City Slaughterhouse liquid waste when viewed from the ammonia and hydrogen sulfide content at the wastewater outlet to the public channels are 95.50 mg / L and 0.01 mg / L, respectively. The level of odor of the Jambi City Slaughterhouse waste was still smelled up to a distance of 178 m from the Slaughterhouse complex to community housing. Almost all respondents agreed that the level of odor that was smelled up to the level of odor, even from some respondents stated that the waste originating from Slaughterhouse was very smelly.

20 ppm Anhydrous Ammonia Odor Agent Proposed for Hydrogen Fuel for Safe Detection of Leaks

Preferably 20 ppm anhydrous ammonia (NH3) is proposed to be added to hydrogen fuel (H) made from renewable energy sources (green hydrogen), so that H leaks may be easily detectable by smell, but not dangerously toxic. Including this odor agent, would allow H to be distributed safely in pipes, as required by law, and it would allow H to be safely stored, transported, and exported for sale, and widely commercialized. Further research is suggested to identify optimum pressure, temperature, and automated technique for injecting NH3 into H, and to chart the minimum concentration needed, as a function of temperature and humidity. An application to make hypersonic H burning aircraft safer for ground maintenance crews is proposed. An ability to make, store and distribute H, made from local sources of renewable energy, would reduce a need for fossil fuels, especially in poor, remote communities, where it could improve their economy by creating an export product for sale, while reducing pollution.

The Environmental Impact of Lowering Dietary Crude Protein in Finishing Pig Diets—The Effect on Ammonia, Odour and Slurry Production

Excess nitrogen excretion, ammonia and odour are environmental pollutants associated with pig production. Reducing dietary crude protein (CP) will lower the amount of nitrogen excreted, reducing the potential for ammonia emissions, if diets are adequately formulated to supply amino acids and production performance is maintained. Crude protein content in diets for finishing pigs has been lowered recently, but the quantitative effect of this reduction on ammonia, odour, and slurry output is not well-established. The relationship between ammonia and odour is equivocal, and the effect on slurry production is unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of lowering dietary CP on ammonia emission, odour emission and slurry output of finishing pigs. Thirty entire boar pigs were individually housed in groups of six, from 10 weeks of age (30 ± 3.0 kg) and offered standard diets. At 75 kg (±1.5 kg) pigs were assigned to one of three treatment diets; (1) 180 g/kg CP, 11.0 g/kg total lysine (High CP), (2) 150 g/kg CP, 11.1 g/kg total lysine (Medium CP), and (3) 130 g/kg CP, 9.0 g/kg total lysine (Low CP). After three weeks on the experimental diets pigs were moved, six each week, to individual calorimetry chambers to measure ammonia and odour emissions. Pigs were offered treatment diets ad libitum. At the end of the recording period, the pigs were removed from the chamber, weighed and feed disappearance recorded to calculate intake. The slurry in each chamber was collected and analysed. The reduction in CP in the diet from 180 g/kg to 150 g/kg resulted in a 22% reduction in ammonia emissions, and from 180 g/kg to 130 g/kg resulted in a 47% reduction (p &lt; 0.001). Slurry output from pigs offered the 130 g/kg CP diet was reduced by 39% (p &lt; 0.001) and dry matter increased by 35% compared to slurry from pigs offered the 180 g/kg CP diet (p &lt; 0.05). Water usage (p = 0.017), slurry output and nitrogen and phosphate in the slurry (p &lt; 0.05, respectively) were found to decrease linearly with decreasing dietary CP content. There was no significant effect of reducing CP on performance or odour emission but hydrogen sulphide emissions decreased linearly (p &lt; 0.010) with decreasing dietary CP. There was a weak positive relationship between odour emission and ammonia (linear: R2 = 0.25, p = 0.005) with odour emission reduced as ammonia emission reduced. Reducing dietary CP in finishing pig diets could reduce ammonia emissions, water usage and slurry and nutrient output from pig production.

IoT-Based System of Monitoring Realtime Air Quality with MQ135 and Automatic Chicken Feeding

IoT technology is useful for chicken farming to control the condition of the farm concerning some problems such as odour, temperature fluctuations and feeding time system. This study used MQ135 to detect ammonia odour level, DHT11 to check room temperature, and RTC3231 to regulate feeding time. The data obtained from the sensor was sent by wemos to the fire base and MySQL to be read on android so that it can be monitored directly by the breeder. When the ammonia level is above normal it will turn on the odour fan. If DHT11 reaches the value above 300C, it will turn on the cooling fan, and turn on the heating light when the temperature is below 250C. As RTC3231 sets the time at 07.00 and 14.00, the chicken feeder will automatically open to feed the chickens according to the time set. Table 1 and 2 show that the experiment obtained a value of 100% working well. This study succeeded in monitoring environmental conditions through Android and executing automatic feeding at the predetermined time. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of IoT technology for monitoring and feeding system automation in chicken farms is highly recommended.

IoT-Based System of Monitoring Realtime Air Quality with MQ135 and Automatic Chicken Feeding

IoT technology is useful for chicken farming to control the condition of the farm concerning some problems such as odour, temperature fluctuations and feeding time system. This study used MQ135 to detect ammonia odour level, DHT11 to check room temperature, and RTC3231 to regulate feeding time. The data obtained from the sensor was sent by wemos to the fire base and MySQL to be read on android so that it can be monitored directly by the breeder. When the ammonia level is above normal it will turn on the odour fan. If DHT11 reaches the value above 300C, it will turn on the cooling fan, and turn on the heating light when the temperature is below 250C. As RTC3231 sets the time at 07.00 and 14.00, the chicken feeder will automatically open to feed the chickens according to the time set. Table 1 and 2 show that the experiment obtained a value of 100% working well. This study succeeded in monitoring environmental conditions through Android and executing automatic feeding at the predetermined time. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of IoT technology for monitoring and feeding system automation in chicken farms is highly recommended.

Charactering the spoilage mechanism of “three sticks” of Jinhua ham

To investigate the spoilage characteristics of Jinhua ham, sensory scores, volatile compounds, biogenic amine, physicochemical parameters and microbial counts were evaluated between normal and spoiled hams. The results showed that off-odors of spoiled hams were dominated by rancid, sour, sulfide and ammonia odors derived from these compounds including butanoic acid, methanethiol and dimethyl disulfide. Total content of biogenic amine in spoiled hams was significantly higher (more than 10-fold) compared with normal hams, and putrescine, cadaverine and histamine were the key components of biogenic amine of spoiled hams. Lower salt content, and higher moisture, TVB-N and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were observed in spoiled hams compared with normal hams. The populations of Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus of spoiled hams were obviously higher than that of normal hams. High moisture and low salt content caused the abnormal growth of Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus in spoiled hams, which contributed to the spoilage of Jinhua ham.

Microbial Quality and Sensory Properties of Ogiri Produced from Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Seed

The aim is to study the microorganisms involved in fermentation, their occurrence and the organoleptic properties of fermented watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seeds. The watermelon seeds were dehulled, sorted, washed and boiled for 4 hours and fermented naturally for nine days. Microorganisms isolated from the fermenting watermelon seeds were Bacillus sp, Lactococcus sp, Pediococcus sp, Streptococcus sp, Micrococcus sp and Alcaligenes ps for bacterial, while the fungi obtained were Mucor sp, Rhizopus sp, Fusarium sp, Candida sp and Saccharomyces sp. The bacterial count increased from 4 x101 cfu/mL to 1.21 x 1010 cfu/mL while fungal count also increased from 8 x 101sfu/mL to 1.2 x 109sfu/mL during the period of fermentation. The pH and temperature increased from 6.3 to 8.7 and 29oC to 40oC respectively. The total titratable acidity decreased from 0.176% to 0.027%. The mean sensory characteristics value of fermented sample as scored by the panelist shows that the texture of the fermenting sample become softer as fermentation progressed. The aroma became more pungent with a strong ammonia odour responsible for the characteristic flavour and a darker colour of product. The overall acceptability of fermented sample was adjudged like very much while the sample bought from the market was adjudged like moderately.