Ammonia Hydrate Research Articles

Research in the imidazole series. 94. Synthesis of derivatives of pyrrolo[1,2a]benzimidazolyl-4-acetic acid

Derivatives of pyrrolo[1,2a]benzimidazolyl-4-acetic add have been synthesized by quaternization of 2-alkyl(aralkyl)benzimidazolyl-1-acetic acids and their esters and amides by α-bromoketones, followed by cyclization of the resulting 1,2,3-substituted benzimidazolium bromides by the action of sodium alcoholate, ammonia, amines (primary, secondary, or tertiary), or hydrazine hydrate.

Addition of methyl mercaptoacetate to N-vinylpyrroles

Methyl esters of 2-(pyrryl-1)ethylthioacetic acid were synthesized in 53–71% yield by addition of methyl mercaptoacetate to N-vinylpyrroles. Their reactions with ammonia and hydrazine hydrate were investigated.

ChemInform Abstract: A New Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Triazino(6,1‐b)quinazoline‐4,10‐diones.

AbstractThe aminooxoquinazolinecarboxylate (I) is treated with ammonia (II), the alkylamines (VI), or hydrazine hydrate (IV) to yield the amides (III) or (VII) and the hydrazide (V) respectively.

A New Synthesis of 1,2,4-Triazino[6, 1-B]Quinazolin-4,10-diones

Abstract The reaction of 2-ethoxycarbonyl-3-aminoquinazolin-4-one (1) with aliphatic amines, ammonia and hydrazine hydrate gave 2-alkylamino/amino/hydrazinocarbonyl-3-aminoquinazolin-4-ones (2) which on reaction with ortho-esters resulted in 3, 4 and 5 respectively.

Studies in hydrogen bonding: simulation of the crystalline solids of ice, ammonia, and ammonia hydrate

The crystal structures of ice, ammonia and ammonia hydrate have been simulated with rigid molecules using the interatomic potential function EPEN/2 and the computer program WMIN. Structural parameters were adjusted to give structures with minimum energy. The hydrogen bonding in the simulated structures is compared with that in the experimental structures.

Structural and Thermal Icy Satellite Models: Preliminary Results

The satellites of the outer solar system appear to be composed principally of water ice and silicates, with the presence of ammonia and methane hydrates (Lewis 1971). Although these bodies are small (with radii typically < 1000 km) they can exhibit very active evolutionary histories, due to the low melting point of water ice.

Saturn's icy satellites: Thermal and structural models

Thermal histories of the small icy Saturnian satellites Mimas, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, and Iapetus are constructed by assuming that they formed as homogeneous ice-silicate mixtures. The models include effects of radiogenic and accretional heating, conductive and subsolidus convective heat transfer, and lithospheric growth. Accretional heating is unlikely to have melted the water ice in the interiors of these bodies and solid state creep of the predominately ice material precludes melting by radiogenic heating. Mimas is so small that its thermal evolution is essentially purely conductive; at present it is a cold, nearly isothermal body. Any subsolidus convection or thermal activity in Mimas would have been confined to a brief period in its early history and would have been due to a warm formation. The four largest satellites are big enough and contain sufficient heat-producing silicates that solid state convection beneath a rigid lithosphere is inevitable independent of initial conditions. Dione and Rhea have convective interiors for most of their thermal histories, while Tethys and Iapetus have mainly conductive thermal histories with early periods of convective 0activity. The thermal histories of the five satellites for the last 4 by are independent of initial conditions; at present they have cold, conductive interiors. The model thermal histories are qualitatively consistent with the appearances of these satellites: Mimas has an ancient heavily cratered surface, Tethys and probably Iapetus have both heavily cratered and more lightly cratered areas, and Dione and Rhea have extensively modified surfaces. Because of their similar sizes and densities, Mimas and Enceladus are expected to have similar surfaces and thermal histories, but instead Enceladus has the most modified surface of all the small icy Saturnian satellites. Our results suggest a heat source for Enceladus, in addition to radiogenic and accretional heating; tidal dissipation is a possibility. Because the water ice in these bodies does not melt, resurfacing must be accomplished by the melting of a low-melting-temperature minor component such as ammonia hydrate.

ChemInform Abstract: ISOTOPICALLY DECOUPLED VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA AND PROTON EXCHANGE RATES FOR CRYSTALLINE AMMONIA AND AMMONIA HYDRATE

Chemischer InformationsdienstVolume 13, Issue 13 Physical Inorganic Chemistry ChemInform Abstract: ISOTOPICALLY DECOUPLED VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA AND PROTON EXCHANGE RATES FOR CRYSTALLINE AMMONIA AND AMMONIA HYDRATE C. THORNTON, C. THORNTONSearch for more papers by this authorM. S. KHATKALE, M. S. KHATKALESearch for more papers by this authorJ. P. DEVLIN, J. P. DEVLINSearch for more papers by this author C. THORNTON, C. THORNTONSearch for more papers by this authorM. S. KHATKALE, M. S. KHATKALESearch for more papers by this authorJ. P. DEVLIN, J. P. DEVLINSearch for more papers by this author First published: March 30, 1982 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.198213012AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume13, Issue13March 30, 1982 RelatedInformation

Isotopically decoupled vibrational spectra and proton exchange rates for crystalline NH3 and ammonia hydrate

Codeposits of NH3 with ND3 or D2O have been prepared at liquid nitrogen temperatures in the absence of proton exchange. Vibrational data for the anhydrous cubic crystalline ammonia, containing isolated NH3 or ND3, confirm that, relative to water ice, intermolecular coupling in ammonia ice exerts a relatively minor influence on the infrared and Raman spectra. Nevertheless, sizeable decoupling shifts, particularly for ν1, have been observed and attributed to a combination of factors including correlation field and Fermi resonance effects. The Raman polarization data has also affirmed long standing assignments of ν1 and ν3 for ammonia ice. Warming of the ammonia thin films resulted in limited isotopic scrambling at 130 K, apparently possible only through the agency of trace concentrations of water. The vibrational coupling pattern for the resultant NHD2 and NH2D molecules suggest that proton (deuteron) migration away from the exchange centers is impossible at temperatures up to 150 K. By contrast, isotopic scrambling was rapid and complete at 140 K for amorphous ammonia hydrate films (∼35% NH3, ∼65% D2O) which were also prepared without exchange at ∼90 K. The proton (deuteron) exchange rate is much greater for the amorphous ammonia hydrate at 140 K than for pure water ice. Such exchange requires both ion-pair defect formation and proton mobility. Since the NH3 suppresses the H3O+ concentration via formation of NH+4, a suppression the likes of which has been shown to stop proton exchange in water ice, the evidence strongly suggests that NH4+ in ammonia, like H3O+ in water, is an effective proton transfer agent, probably acting through a tunneling mechanism (i.e., H3N+–H⋅⋅⋅NH3→H3N⋅⋅⋅H–N+H3 etc.) to render the proton mobile in the ammonia hydrate. This mobility combined with the greater NH4+ concentration, relative to the H3O+ concentration in H2O ice Ic, results in isotopic scrambling at the reduced temperature.

The infrared spectrum of ammonia hydrate: Explanation for a reported ammonia phase

A number of anomalous spectra of solid NH3 deposited from the vapor phase have appeared in the literature. These spectra have been ascribed to a new phase of NH3. In the experiment reported here these anomalous spectra were reproduced by depositing a thin film from a mixture of gaseous NH3 and H2O and annealing this film at a temperature of 162 °K. The thin film spectra showed excellent agreement with recent data on NH3⋅H2O. The anomalous ’’NH3’’ spectra are, therefore, seen to be caused by H2O contamination of solid NH3 with formation of NH3 hydrate.

14N Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Study of Hydrogen Bonding in NH3·12H2O

The four-line 14N nuclear quadrupole resonance spectrum in the ammonia hydrate NH3·12H2O is reported. The frequencies were unambiguously paired by their Zeeman behavior and each pair is assigned to respective inequivalent sites in the crystal lattice. The temperature dependence was measured between 77°K and the melting point; it is quantitatively interpreted in terms of a motional averaging theory corrected for volume effects. The same theory is applied to previous results on NH3 and ND3, and the quasistatic coupling constants are recalculated. Solid-state shifts of NH3 in the pure ammonia lattice and in the two inequivalent lattice sites of the hydrate are thus obtained and interpreted in terms of the three different hydrogen-bonding situations.

Benzyliden-verbindungen der pentonsäuren und pentonsäure-lactone

Di- O-benzylidene derivatives of pentonic acids may be readily prepared by oxidation of the di- O-benzylidene- aldehydo-pentoses with chromium trioxide in N,N-dimethylformamide or by saponification of the corresponding methyl esters. Treatment of ammonium D-xylonate with benzaldehyde and hydrochloric acid gives the di- O-benzylidene- D-xylonic acid, whereas the D-ribonate and D-lyxonate salts give the 3,5- O-benzylidene-pentono-1,4-lactones. With benzaldehyde and zinc chloride, the methyl pentonates variously give the di- and mono- O-benzylidene derivatives and the mono- O-benzylidenepentonolactones. The structures of the di- O-benzylidene derivatives obey the rules of Hann and Hudson. The O-benzylidene-pentonolactones give the corresponding amides and hydrazides on treatment with ammonia and hydrazine hydrate, respectively; reduction with lithium aluminium hydride gives the O-benzylidenepentitols.

Oxygen heterocycles. Part XIII. From 3-arylisocoumarins to 3-arylisoquinolines and 4-aryl-5H-2,3-benzodiazepines

The reaction of ammonia, methylamine, or hydrazine hydrate with a large number of 3-arylisocoumarins has been investigated with a view to the preparation of derivatives of isoquinoline and 5H-2,3-benzodiazepine, and the determination of the structure of the parent isocoumarins, using infrared spectroscopy.

Infrared Spectra and Structure of Crystalline Ammonia Hydrates

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInfrared Spectra and Structure of Crystalline Ammonia HydratesR. D. Waldron and D. F. HornigCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 23, 6079–6080Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1953https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01119a540RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views65Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (292 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

イソニコチン酸ヒドラジド類縁化合物の合成並びに “<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> A. T. C. C. No. 607” に対する抗菌性 (第1報)

In order to examine the effect of chemical structure on antibacterial activity, some pyridine carboxylic acid derivatives shown in the Table were prepared. The results of in vitro tests against the so-called “Mycobacterium tuberculosis A. T. C. C. No. 607” are also given in the Table. Of the three isomers of acid hydrazide, the one of γ-substituent, i.e. isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INAH), alone showed excellent antibacterial action, which decreased when the compound was derived to its N-oxide. During the preparation of above samples, ethyl picolinate was found to undergo saponification by treatment with hydrogen peroxide and glacial acetic acid, forming picolinic acid N-oxide. With the others, esters were derived to their N-oxides by treatment with hydrogen peroxide and glacial acetic acid, then led to acid amides and acid hydrazides with aqueous ammonia and hydrazine hydrate, respectively.

Societies and Academies

LONDON.Chemical Society, June 16.—Prof. A. Crum Brown,. F.R.S., President, in the chair.—The following papers were read:—Contributions to an international system of nomenclature. The nomenclature of cycloids, by H. E. Armstrong. An account was given of the proceedings at the recent Conference on Chemical Nomenclature at Geneva, and attention was directed to the significance of the chief resolutions. A report of the conclusions arrived at by the Conference has already appeared in NATURE (this vol., p. 56).—The production ofr pyridine derivatives from the lactone of triacetic acid, by N. Collie and W. S. Myers. The product of the interaction of ammonia and triacetic lactone is most probably an αγ-dihydroxy-α-picoline. By the action of phosphorus oxychloride on this substance a compound possessing all the properties of a dichloropicolineis obtained, and on passing this, together with hydrogen, over heated zinc-dust, α-picoline boiling at 128-129° is produced. The melting points of the platini- and auri-chlorides, obtained from the synthetical alkaloid, agree with those given by the corresponding compounds prepared from, pure α-picoline which was made by heating pyridine methio-dide.—The fermentation of arabinose by Bacillus ethaceticus, by P. F. Frankland and J. MacGregor. The products are qualitatively the same as were obtained in the fermentations of glycerol by the same organism, consisting of ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and traces of succinic acid, together with another acid which was not identified. When the fermentation is conducted in a closed space a notable-proportion of formic acid also occurs among the products. In this case the products are formed approximately in the proportions—3C2H6O, 3C2H4O2, 4CH2O2, the formic acid as well as the carbon dioxide and hydrogen found being all collected together as formic acid in this statement. In the fermentations conducted in flasks plugged only with cotton wool, on the other hand, the alcohol and acetic acid were formed in the proportion 2C2H6O, 3C2H4O2. It appears, therefore, that in the fermentation of arabinose by Bacillus ethacelicus, the proportion of acetic acid to alcohol is greater than in that of dextrose, and still greater than in the cases of mannitol and glycerol, but less than in that of glyceric acid.—Resolution of lactic acid into its optically active components, by T. Purdie and J. W. Walker. The authors have resolves ordinary inactive lactic acid into Iævo and dextro-lactic acid by taking advantage of the different solubilities of the strychnine salts of these components. Strychnine lævolactate is considerably less soluble in water than the dextrolactate, although both salts may be crystallised. By fractional crystallization of the mixed salts and subsequent removal of the strychnine from the crystals and mother liquor, by means of ammonia or barium hydrate, solutions were obtained which were respectively dextro- and lævo-gyrate. The dextrolactate yielded a zinc dextrolactate having the same composition and solubility as zinc sarcolactate. A well-defined dextro zinc ammonium salt of the composition Zn.NH4 (C3H5O3)3, 2H2O having the specific rotatory power [α]D= + 6˙49 (approx.) was prepared. The dextrogyrate salts yield a lsevogyrate acid, which, like sarcolactic acid, gives an oppositely active anhydride. The quantities of oppositely active acids separated from each other by means of the strychnine salts possessed equal amounts of optical activity. Fermentation lactic acid is thus shown by analysis to consist of two oppositely active isomeric acids, one of which is identical with dextrogyrate sarcolactic acid, and the other with the laevogyrate acid prepared by Schardinger by the bacterial decomposition of cane sugar.-A new method for determining the number of NH2 groups in certain organic bases, by R. Meldola and E. M. Hawkins, In order to-ascertain the number of NH2 groups present in certain organic bases the authors propose to form the azoimides; on analysis of these substances, the number of amidogen groups which have-been diazotized, can be determined. For example, paradiami-doazobenzene(NH". C6H4)2N2 was diazotized and converted into tetrazoperbromide in the usual way. This latter substance, by the action of ammonia, yields lustrous silvery scales of the azoimide.