Aminosulfonic Acid Research Articles

Modulatory action of taurine on ethanol-induced aggressive behavior in zebrafish

Alcohol is a potent agent for eliciting aggression in vertebrates. Taurine (TAU) is an amino sulfonic acid with pleiotropic actions on brain function. It is one of the most abundant molecules present in energy drinks frequently used as mixers for alcoholic beverages. However, the combined effects of TAU and ethanol (EtOH) on behavioral parameters such as aggression are poorly understood. Considering that zebrafish is a suitable vertebrate to assess agonistic behaviors using noninvasive protocols, we investigate whether TAU modulates EtOH-induced aggression in zebrafish using the mirror-induced aggression (MIA) test. Since body color can be altered by pharmacological agents and may be indicative of emotional state, we also evaluated the actions of EtOH and TAU on pigment response. Fish were acutely exposed to TAU (42, 150, and 400mg/L), EtOH (0.25%), or cotreated with both molecules for 1h and then placed in the test apparatus for 6min. EtOH, TAU 42, TAU 400, TAU 42/EtOH and TAU 400/EtOH showed increased aggression, while 150mg/L TAU only increased the latency to attack the mirror. This same concentration also prevented EtOH-induced aggression, suggesting that it antagonizes the effects of acute alcohol exposure. Representative ethograms revealed the existence of different aggressive patterns and our results were confirmed by an index used to estimate aggression in the MIA test. TAU did not alter pigment intensity, while EtOH and all cotreated groups presented a substantial increase in body color. Overall, these data show a biphasic effect of TAU on EtOH-induced aggression of zebrafish, which is not necessarily associated with changes in body color.

Activation of synaptic and extrasynaptic glycine receptors by taurine in preoptic hypothalamic neurons

Taurine is an essential amino-sulfonic acid having a fundamental function in the brain, participating in both cell volume regulation and neurotransmission. Using a whole cell voltage patch clamp technique, the taurine-activated neurotransmitter receptors in the preoptic hypothalamic area (PHA) neurons were investigated. In the first set of experiments, different concentrations of taurine were applied on PHA neurons. Taurine-induced responses were concentration-dependent. Taurine-induced currents were action potential-independent and sensitive to strychnine, suggesting the involvement of glycine receptors. In addition, taurine activated not only α-homomeric, but also αβ-heteromeric glycine receptors in PHA neurons. Interestingly, a low concentration of taurine (0.5mM) activated glycine receptors, whereas a higher concentration (3mM) activated both glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptors in PHA neurons. These results suggest that PHA neurons are influenced by taurine and respond via glycine and GABAA receptors.

A novel approach to introduce nutrients into the fish egg; the effect of egg taurine on first feeding gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) performance

A potential key ingredient in broodstock and larval nutrition is the beta amino sulfonic acid; taurine. In the present study we investigated a novel application of electroporation-based methodology to introduce nutrients, such as taurine, into fertilized fish eggs with the aim of improving larval performance. In calibration trials, batches of 60 fertilized gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) eggs were electroporated in order to evaluate various combinations of voltage (V), time interval (ms) and pulse number. These resulted in egg hatchability and larval survival 24h later that were not significantly (P>0.05) different from the non-electroporated controls. The chosen electroporation protocol demonstrated a more permeable egg membrane by the significantly (P<0.001) higher proportion of eggs incorporating a fluorescein marker in the yolk sac compared to the controls. The selected protocol was used to taurine enrich sea bream eggs in order to determine the effect of taurine level in pre- and exogenous feeding larvae.The taurine content of the taurine electroporated eggs was 6.2× higher (P<0.05) than the control eggs (4.36±2.24 and 0.7±0.02mgg−1 DW, respectively). On the other hand, the taurine level dropped considerably after hatching but was still significantly higher than the control pre-larvae (1.11±0.07 and 0.87±0.04mgg−1 DW, respectively) while the taurine levels in the control and treatment 10days post hatch (dph) larvae were not significantly (P>0.05) different. Taurine treated eggs exhibited a significantly (P<0.01) lower incidence of urinary calculi at 4, 6, 8 and 10dph and a lower frequency (P<0.01) of the larger (>50μm) calculi. Moreover, the control larvae ingested less rotifers, which was significant (P<0.05) at 4dph, than the taurine larvae. Interestingly, larvae from either the control or taurine treatment having large calculi ingested significantly (P<0.01) less rotifers. These results suggest a correlation between the presence of large calculi and reduced prey hunting success. However taurine enrichment of eggs did not promote growth by 10dph larvae suggesting that this technique should be modified to reduce taurine loss at hatching and/or that taurine live food enrichment is also necessary in order to maintain the level of this critical nutrient in early stage larvae. Nevertheless, the present study demonstrated the potential of electroporation as a novel high throughput approach to introduce taurine and/or other critical nutrients into the developing eggs and a potential alternative to costly broodstock dietary supplementation. Statement of relevance to the field of commercial aquaculturePotential alternative to broodstock dietary supplementation.

Perchlorate removal from aqueous solution with a novel cationic metal–organic frameworks based on amino sulfonic acid ligand linking with Cu-4,4′-bipyridyl chains

A novel metal organic frameworks (MOFs) material was fabricated by the solvothermal method and used as a high-efficiency adsorbent for the perchlorate removal from aqueous solution. The properties of material were characterized by SEM–EDS, FTIR and XRD. Various effects on adsorption process were systematically investigated, such as adsorbent dosage, pH, zeta potential, temperature, contact time and initial concentration of perchlorate. The results showed that the maximum sorption amount of perchlorate reached 133.5mg/g at pH 7, and the perchlorate could be removed effectively over a broad range of pH value (from 2 to 11) at room temperature. The kinetics and equilibrium adsorption data could be fitted well by pseudo-first-order kinetic model and Langmuir model, respectively. Value of ΔG was found to be negative at all studied temperatures which confirmed the feasibility of process. The proposed adsorption mechanism was the co-effect of electrostatic force and ion-exchange between the perchlorate ions and MOFs material, which improved the adsorption capacity greatly. The results of the present study point to the possibility of developing a highly efficient adsorbent for removing perchlorate from aqueous solution under multi-adsorption forces.

Spectrophotometric determination of silicon tetrahydride in the air of workplace.

A new, simple and sensitive method was developed for the determination of silicon tetrahydride in the air of workplace in this study. The alkaline resin-based spherical activated carbon was used to collect sample of silicon tetrahydride at workplace. Silicon tetrahydride was then desorbed from active carbon in 100°C hot water. After reacting with ammonium molybdate, oxalic acid and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene alpha-naphthol amino sulfonic acid under acid condition, silicon tetrahydride was transformed into silicon molybdenum blue. The absorbance of silicon molybdenum blue was quantitatively measured at the wavelength of 680 nm. The results showed that the average sampling efficiency and desorption efficiency were 97.53% and 94.94%, respectively by this method. Detection limits were 0.054 μg/mL for the spectrophotometric method and 0.14 mg/m(3) for the determination of silicon tetrahydride in the air of workplace (sampling volume was 7.5 L). The conversion rate of silicon tetrahydride gradually decreased when storage time of samples was extended. The descent rate of sample was less than 10% when the sample was sealed for 7 days in the room temperature. It was concluded that this spectrophotometric method can be successfully used to determine silicon tetrahydride in the worksites.

Amino acids and their derivatives in catalytic cyclohexane oxidation

Homogeneous catalytic oxidation of cyclohexane can be improved by using additives to industrial catalysts that are based on variable valence metals. Recent studies have been much focused on enzymatic catalysis with protein-based enzymes that consist of amino acids of various structures. We assume that the presence of two functional groups in amino acids enables them to form complexes with catalysts, function as modifiers, and influence the composition of reaction products. The present study reveals how the liquid-phase homogeneous catalytic oxidation is affected by binary catalyst systems that are composed of cobalt naphthenate and amino acids of various origins (glycine or aminosulfonic acid) as well as individual catalyst, which is cobalt salt 2 (heptadecane olamine) of pentadion acid (CSHPA). The research determines and compares qualitative and quantitative impacts of amino acid additives and individual CSHPA on the oxidation process. The study identifies the regular dependence of CSHPA catalyst on the nature of its previous ultrasound processing. It has been found that the origin of an additive and the alteration of its concentration in a catalytic system permit regulating the quantitative composition of reaction products that result from the liquid-phase oxidation of cyclohexane. The researched catalytic systems can be applied in production to improve its technical and economic indices.

PCDD/Fs’ suppression by sulfur–amine/ammonium compounds

Three distinct –S and –NH2 or NH4+ containing compounds, including ammonium thiosulfate, aminosulfonic acid and thiourea, were studied as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) inhibitors. All these three –S and –N containing compounds tested show strong suppression of PCDD/Fs formation, especially for thiourea which has not been studied before. With a (S+N)/Cl molar ratio of only 0.47, thiourea could inhibit 97.3% of PCDD/Fs and even 99.8% of I-TEQ. At an unusually high de novo test temperature (650°C), the PCDD/Fs’ formation was still very low but also the inhibition capacity of thiourea was weak, with an efficiency of 59% for PCDD/Fs when with a (S+N)/Cl molar ratio of 1.40. The results also revealed that the inhibition capability of the combined –S/–NH2 or –S/NH4+ suppressant was strongly influenced by both the nature of the functional group of nitrogen and the value of the molar ratio (S+N)/Cl. The amine functional group –NH2 tends to be more efficient than ammonium NH4+ and within a certain range a higher (S+N)/Cl value leads to a higher inhibition efficiency. Moreover, the emission of gases was continuously monitored: the Gasmet results revealed that SO2, HCN and NH3 were the most important decomposition products of thiourea. Thiourea is non-toxic, environment-friendly and can be sprayed into the post-combustion zone in form of powder or aqueous solution. The cost of thiourea at least can be partially compensated by its high inhibition efficiency. Therefore, the application of thiourea in a full-scale incinerator system is promising and encouraging.

Neurotrophic effects of taurine on spiral ganglion neurons in vitro.

Taurine is an ubiquitary expressed aminosulfonic acid known to play an important role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system. It is distributed in the inner ear, contributing toward the protection of hair cells against aminoglycoside-induced or bilirubin-induced ototoxicity. Thus, the question arises whether taurine also has an influence on the cellular integrity of the auditory neurons. To test this hypothesis, isolated cells of the spiral ganglion were cocultured with taurine or the neurotrophic factors brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) as controls. The analysis included cellular survival rate and neurite outgrowth. With application of taurine, the survival of glial cells and neurons was stimulated in a similar pattern, whereas BDNF and NT-3 only effected neuronal survival. Furthermore, administration of taurine resulted in enhanced neurite outgrowth comparable with the effect of the neurotrophic factors. These new insights on the neuromodulatory effects of taurine on auditory neurons suggest the use of this aminosulfonic acid to reduce the degeneration of auditory neurons in sensorineural hearing loss. Consecutively, a new therapeutical approach for the therapy of hearing impairment could be discussed.

Computational and Experimental Studies on β-Sheet Breakers Targeting Aβ1–40 Fibrils

In this work we present and compare the results of extensive molecular dynamics simulations of model systems comprising an Aβ1-40 peptide in water in interaction with short peptides (β-sheet breakers) mimicking the 17-21 region of the Aβ1-40 sequence. Various systems differing in the customized β-sheet breaker structure have been studied. Specifically we have considered three kinds of β-sheet breakers, namely Ac-LPFFD-NH2 and two variants thereof, one obtained by substituting the acetyl group with the sulfonic amino acid taurine (Tau-LPFFD-NH2) and a second novel one in which the aspartic acid is substituted by an asparagine (Ac-LPFFN-NH2). Thioflavin T fluorescence, circular dichroism, and mass spectrometry experiments have been performed indicating that β-sheet breakers are able to inhibit in vitro fibril formation and prevent the β sheet folding of portions of the Aβ1-40 peptide. We show that molecular dynamics simulations and far UV circular dichroism provide consistent evidence that the new Ac-LPFFN-NH2 β-sheet breaker is more effective than the other two in stabilizing the native α-helix structure of Aβ1-40. In agreement with these results thioflavin T fluorescence experiments confirm the higher efficiency in inhibiting Aβ1-40 aggregation. Furthermore, mass spectrometry data and molecular dynamics simulations consistently identified the 17-21 Aβ1-40 portion as the location of the interaction region between peptide and the Ac-LPFFN-NH2 β-sheet breaker.

Voltammetric determination of chlorogenic acid in pharmaceutical products using poly(aminosulfonic acid) modified glassy carbon electrode

In this work, a poly(aminosulfonic acid) modified glassy carbon electrode was fabricated and the electrochemical behavior of chlorogenic acid (CGA) was studied by cyclic voltammetry. Compared with a bare glassy carbon electrode, the modified electrode exhibits excellent catalytic effect on the electrochemical redox of CGA. Utilizing this catalytic effect, a sensitive and selective electrochemical method for the determination of CGA was developed. The analytical parameters were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the oxidation peak current is linearly proportional to the concentration of CGA in the range from 4.00 × 10−7 to 1.20 × 10−5 mol/L and the detection limit is 4.00 × 10−8 mol/L. Further, the performance of the proposed method has been validated in terms of linearity (r = 0.9995), recovery (96.3–102.8%), reproducibility (RSD ＜ 4.0%, n = 6) and robustness. The developed method has been successfully applied for the determination of CGA in a variety of pharmaceutical products.

Preparation of PANI-PVA Composite Film with High Conductivity

The PANI-PVA composite films adopting PVA as the base material and doped with hydrochloride, DBSA, amino sulfonic acid aqueous solution were prepared and their conductivity was compared. Among these PANI-PVA composite films, the conductivity of HCl-PANI-PVA film is the highest. At the same time, the influences of mass ratio between PANI and PVA, acid content, oxidant content, reaction time and drying temperature of film on the conductivity of HCl-PANI-PVA film were studied. The result shows that the conductivity of HCl-PANI-PVA film is the highest when the mass percentage of PVA is 40%; the C(HC1) = 0.5 mol/L; the n(APS/An) = 1.0; the reaction time is 6 hours and the drying temperature of the film is 80℃, and that the maximum conductivity of HCl-PANI-PVA film is 16.0 S·cm-1.

Sensitive electrochemical determination of Sudan II in food samples using a poly(aminosulfonic acid) modified glassy carbon electrode

In this paper, a novel poly(aminosulfonic acid) modified glassy carbon electrode (PASA/GCE) for the determination of Sudan II was fabricated through electrochemical polymerizat ion. The electrochemical behavior of Sudan II at the modified electrode was studied by cyclic voltammetry. Results show that the modified electrode exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the electrochemical redox reaction of Sudan II. Under optimal experimental conditions, the oxidation peak current is linearly proportional to the concentration of Sudan II in the ranges of 4.0 × 10−8 to 1.0 × 10−6 mol L−1 and 1.0 × 10−6 to 1.2 × 10−5 mol L−1. The linear regression equations are ipa(A) = 2.87c + 3.74 × 10−6, r = 0.9977 and ipa(A) = 0.78c + 6.11 × 10−6, r = 0.9982, respectively, and the detection limit is 4.0 × 10−9 mol L−1. The novel method shows good recovery, reproducibility and sensitivity for the voltammetric determination of Sudan II in food samples.

Quantification of taurine in energy drinks using 1H NMR

The consumption of so called energy drinks is increasing, especially among adolescents. These beverages commonly contain considerable amounts of the amino sulfonic acid taurine, which is related to a magnitude of various physiological effects. The customary method to control the legal limit of taurine in energy drinks is LC–UV/vis with postcolumn derivatization using ninhydrin. In this paper we describe the quantification of taurine in energy drinks by 1H NMR as an alternative to existing methods of quantification. Variation of pH values revealed the separation of a distinct taurine signal in 1H NMR spectra, which was applied for integration and quantification. Quantification was performed using external calibration (R2>0.9999; linearity verified by Mandel's fitting test with a 95% confidence level) and PULCON. Taurine concentrations in 20 different energy drinks were analyzed by both using 1H NMR and LC–UV/vis. The deviation between 1H NMR and LC–UV/vis results was always below the expanded measurement uncertainty of 12.2% for the LC–UV/vis method (95% confidence level) and at worst 10.4%. Due to the high accordance to LC–UV/vis data and adequate recovery rates (ranging between 97.1% and 108.2%), 1H NMR measurement presents a suitable method to quantify taurine in energy drinks.

Taurine ameliorates potassium bromate-induced kidney damage in rats

Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is widely used as a food additive and is a major water disinfection by-product. Several studies have shown that it causes nephrotoxicity in humans and experimental animals. We have investigated the potential role of the sulfonic amino acid taurine in protecting the kidney from KBrO3-induced damage in rats. Animals were randomly divided into four groups: control, KBrO3 alone, taurine alone and taurine+KBrO3. Administration of single oral dose of KBrO3 alone caused nephrotoxicity as evident by elevated serum creatinine and urea levels. Renal lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls were increased while total sulfhydryl groups and reduced glutathione levels were decreased suggesting the induction of oxidative stress. The enzymes of renal brush border membrane were inhibited and those of carbohydrate metabolism were altered. There was an increase in DNA damage and DNA-protein cross-linking. Treatment with taurine, prior to administration of KBrO3, resulted in significant attenuation in all these parameters but the administration of taurine alone had no effect. Histological studies supported these biochemical results showing extensive renal damage in KBrO3-treated animals and greatly reduced tissue injury in the taurine+KBrO3 group. These results show that taurine is an effective chemoprotectant against bromate-induced renal damage and this amino acid could prove to be useful in attenuating the toxicity of this compound.

Water‐soluble metalated and non‐metalated A2B‐ and A3‐corrole/amino acid conjugates: syntheses, characterization and properties

In this study, novel water‐soluble corrole amino acid conjugates were synthesized and characterized. The coupling reaction of A2B‐ and A3‐corroles with glycine ethyl ester and taurine under strong basic conditions proved to be successful and yielded di‐ and trifunctionalized corrole amino acid conjugates in good yields. The subsequent metalation of the corrole/amino acid conjugates broadens the scope for applications considerably. As examples, we herein show the catalytic activity of the Mn(III) A3‐corrole towards O2 evolution. First we employed tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (t‐BuOOH) as oxidant to obtain the Mn(V)oxo species and tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide (TBAH) as hydroxide donor agent. Furthermore, the binding properties of the non‐metalated and the Mn(III) A3‐corrole/amino sulfonic acid conjugates and transport of proteins were investigated and the conjugates exhibited binding to human serum albumin (HSA). Finally, a novel Ga(III) A3‐corrole/amino sulfonic acid derivative was synthesized and we briefly describe the photophysical properties of this compound. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Role of Sulfur Containing Amino Acids as an Adjuvant Therapy in the Prevention of Diabetes and its Associated Complications

Amino acid supplementation is gaining acceptance as an important adjuvant therapy in the treatment of diabetes and its associated complications. Numerous studies in the literature report the impaired amino acid metabolism in diabetes and the beneficial effects of amino acids are positively correlated with the increase in plasma levels of those amino acids. Oxidative stress is known to play a major role in diabetic pathophysiology. Sulfur containing compounds are well known in the treatment of oxidative stress induced pathological disorders. Methionine, cysteine, and homocysteine are the three common sulfur containing amino acids. In addition, taurine, a sulfonic acid containing an amino group (amino sulfonic acid), is found in substantial amounts in mammalian tissues. Both experimental and clinical studies reported the modulatory effects of cysteine, N-acetyl cysteine, or compounds having cysteine moiety in the regulation of insulin secretion and plasma glucose levels. Taurine supplementation has been found to prevent the onset of diabetes mellitus in experimental models of both insulin dependent and insulin independent pathways. Recent reports suggest that the beneficial role of cysteine or taurine is mediated via their ability in reducing glycooxidation and preventing the generation of intracellular reactive intermediates. Studies with methionine or S-adinosyl methionine has been shown to increase mitochondrial DNA density in skeletal muscle, improve insulin sensitivity and prevent body weight gain. Homocysteine, on the other hand, is an emerging risk factor for cardiovascular disease and diabetic patients have higher levels of this sulfur containing amino acid. Supplementation with cysteine or taurine, however, was found to be effective in reducing plasma homocysteine levels. This review will discuss the role of sulfur containing amino acids in the regulation of hyperglycemia and in the development of its associated pathological dysfunctions.

Electrochemical Behaviors of Norepinephrine on the Silver Doped Poly Aminosulfonic Acid Composite Membrane Modified Electrode and its Determination

Electrochemical Behaviors of Norepinephrine on the Silver Doped Poly Aminosulfonic Acid Composite Membrane Modified Electrode and its Determination

Influence of chronic administration of anabolic androgenic steroids and taurine on haemostasis profile in rats

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of testosterone with thrombogenic potential in high doses and long-term administration. Taurine, a widely distributed amino-sulfonic acid, is known for its beneficial effects in hypercoagulable states. In order to assess the impact of chronic administration of high doses of AAS and taurine upon haemostasis process in rats, 40 male Wistar rats were divided into four equal groups: control group (group C) - no treatment; androgen group (group A) - received 10 mg/kg per week of nandrolone decanoate (DECA); taurine (group T) - received oral supplementation of 2% taurine in drinking water; androgen and taurine group (group AT) - concomitant administration of DECA and taurine. After 12 weeks, blood samples were collected and haemostasis parameters were assessed with the thrombelastographic (TEG) analysis system: reaction time, clot kinetics (K, α), final clot strength, coagulation index and the clot lysis (Ly30). Nandrolone significantly decreased reaction time in group A compared with control (P<0.001), whereas taurine significantly increase reaction time (P=0.01), and this effect was maintained in group AT compared with group A (P=0.009). Similar differences between groups have been recorded for the clot kinetics parameters K, α. The final clot strength and coagulation index were significantly increased in group A versus group C (P=0.04, respectively P<0.001), but not in group AT versus group C (P>0.05). There were no differences in clot lysis, as shown by Ly30. Nandrolone produces an accelerated clot development and an increased clot firmness in Wistar rats. Taurine association ensures a protective effect against this hypercoagulable state, partially restoring the altered parameters of the coagulation profile.

Green pigmentation characteristics of amino compounds with thiosulfinates obtained from garlic (Allium sativum L.)

Pigmentation of various amino compounds with garlic thiosulfinates was investigated. Aminocarbonyl compounds including aldehydes, amino acids, peptides, and proteins formed compound-specific characteristic pigments with thiosulfinates, regardless of their origin. An intact amino group was essential, and the replacement of an amino group’s hydrogen atom made them unable to form pigment. Water-soluble proteins exhibited relatively intense green pigmentation, whereas water-insoluble ones showed negligible pigmentation. Taurine, a natural amino compound, which has a sulfonate group in place of the carboxyl group of an amino acid, also participated in pigment formation with thiosulfinates. Other sulfonates with an amino group, including aminosulfonic acid and ptoluenesulfonamide, did not form pigment. This is the first time that the pigmentation of proteins, amino aldehydes, ammonia and taurine with thiosulfinates has been reported.

55. Evaluation of a new solution for hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) of the liver. I – Composition and physicochemical parameters

There are many experimental as well as clinical reports indicating that HMP of marginal donor livers are superior to cold static preservation. However, there are still doubts as to the best perfusion preservation solution to use and the role of oxygenation during the HMP. For these reasons, we have developed a BES – Gluconate – Polyethylene Glycol based solution (BGP–HMP). This solution is used to protect the graft providing an appropriate oxygen concentration and by maintaining pH and vascular oncotic control during the HMP. The additions of substrates to decrease the ischemia reperfusion injury were also considered. Material and methods: BGP-HMP solution composition (mM) was; 100 Na + gluconate, 7 K + gluconate, 20 sucrose, 30 BES, 2.5 KH 2 PO4, 0.03 polyethylene glycol 35 kDA, 5 MgSO 4 , 3 glutathione, 5 adenosine, 15 glycine, 0.25 mg/mL streptomycin and 10 (U/mL) penicillin G. Osm: 297 ± 4 m Osm/kg H 2 O, pH = 7.40, Na + = 120 ± 2 and K + = 10 ± 1 mEq/L. The freezing point and the buffering capacity (BC) and 5 and 10 °C of the BGP-HMP solution were determined (Mamprin, M.E., 2008. Cryoletters 29, 121–133) and compared with HTK (Bretschneider solution) as the reference solution. The solubility curves of O 2 in BGP–HMP and HKT solutions were determined (Llarrull, M.S., 2007. Cryoletters 28, 313–328). The O 2 consumption of isolated rat livers perfused at 5 and 10 °C with BGP–HMP or HTK solutions saturated with air were also measured (Rodriguez, J.V., 2009. Cryoletters 30, 335–346). Results: the specific freezing point of the BGP–HMP sol. was −0.55 ± 0.05 °C and the BC were: BGP–HMP 15.44 and HTK 59 mEqH + /UpH/l solution respectively, there were no differences between 5 and 10 °C. The O 2 solubility at 5 and 10 °C and 760 mmHg was 351 and 314 μM O 2 for BGP–HMP and 370 and 325 μM O 2 for HTK. The O 2 consumption of rat livers after 5 h of perfusion at 5 and 10 °C with BGP–HMP was: 33 ± 5 and 61 ± 12, ( n = 4) and with HTK 38 ± 7 and 57 ± 4, ( n = 4) nmol O 2 /min/g.liver respectively. The livers were perfused at constant pressure (70 ± 10 mmH 2 O) and the perfusion flow was 0.15 ± 0.02 mL/min/g.liver. The O 2 extraction by the hypothermic perfused livers was 0.46 ± 0.16 and 0.67 ± 0.17 for BGP–HMP and 0.36 ± 0.01 and 0.45 ± 0.03 for HTK solution at 5 and 10 °C, respectively. Control livers perfused with Krebs–Henseleit–Dextran solution at 37 °C consume1150 ± 10 nmol O 2 /min/g.liver ( n = 3), the extraction ratio was 0.86 ± 0.03. Conclusion: we have included three key components in the BGP–HMP solution, gluconate as a non-diffusible anion, the aminosulfonic acid BES to improve the BC and PEG 35000 to provide vascular oncotic support. The BC of our solution is lower than HTK solution but was sufficient to maintain the pH during 24 h of hypothermic perfusion. The BGP–HMP solution could be saturated with medicinal air and deliver the adequate O 2 to maintain the low respiration rate of rat livers at 5 or 10 °C.