Amino Silicone Research Articles

Preparation and Application of the Amino Silicone Oil / Acrylic Emulsion

To solve the problem of pigment printing’s hard handle and poor fastness, we have synthesized an amino silicone oil / acrylic emulsion blending adhesive to improve the printing handle and fastness in the paper. We studied the synthetic monomers and influencing factors to explore the best synthesis process of the acrylic emulsion polymerization. The synthetic acrylic emulsion and amino silicone were blended to explore the best printing process. We find that the printed fabrics have a good handle and significantly better rubbing fastness.

Preparation and characterization of surface modified powder of calcium hydroxide used as chlorine scavenger

In order to avoid existing shortcomings of chlorine leakage treatment, we developed a new chlorine scavenger. The main composition of the chlorine scavenger was calcium hydroxide. The chlorine scavenger was prepared by wet process with water as solvent through adding surface active agent and silicone oil, etc. The influence of surfactant on modified powder was investigated, which included the sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, the sodium stearate, the water-soluble silicone oil, the emulsifying silicon oil and the amino silicone oil, and the effect of modification of judgment were illustrated, which mainly involved the sifting rate, the bulk density, the contact angle, on this basis, also the author analyzed the powder of modification by using SEM analysis and size distribution, The modified powder had the following characteristics: high absorptivity, anti-caking, good air permeability and so on. The results showed that overall performance of modified powder was better than the performance of unmodified powder. The adding amount of sodium stearate was preferably 2% while the optimum amount of emulsifying silicon oil and amino silicone oil was 3%. The comprehensive performance of powder modified with compound modifiers was better than the performance of the powder modified with a single modifier. The property of powder modified with sodium stearate and amino silicone oil had a good performance analyzed from the uniformity of particle size distribution of the powder and anti-caking. The powder modified with sodium stearate and emulsifying silicon oil had a good absorption rate of chlorine.

反応性シリコーンでの変性によるポリ乳酸の強じん化

To expand the use of polylactic acid (PLA), a biomass-based polymer, in durable products, we improved its toughness by adding reactive silicones with amino or epoxy functional groups. We investigated the effects of the silicones with regard to their functional group densities and viscosities on their dispersion in PLA, their migration on PLA/silicone composite surfaces, and the toughness of PLA. As a result, reactive silicones that are moderately disperse (particle sizes: 1–20 µm), did not migrate and improved the impact strength of PLA. Moreover, silicones with relatively low viscosity (15–300 mm2/s) improved the break elongation of PLA. Especially, an amino silicone with an amino group equivalent weight of 4000 g/mol and a viscosity of 230 mm2/s remarkably improved the toughness of PLA while maintaining its high flexural strength.

Effects of Natural Fiber Surface Modification on Mechanical Properties of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/Sweet Sorghum Fiber Composites

We describe how poly(lactic acid)/sweet sorghum fiber composites were made by melt compounding and compression molding. Four different kinds of surface treating agents (amino silicone oil (ASO), silane coupling agent (SCA), emulsified wax (EW) and titanate coupling agent (TCA)) were used to modify the natural fiber surface to reduce hydrophilicity. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy data indicated that the SSF surfaces were successfully covered by treating agents. And the hydrophilic property of modified fiber characterized by the contact angle measurements. With the test of mechanical properties, PLA/TCA-F composite showed the maximum flexural strength, 60 MPa, which is 63% than that of the control. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy data indicated that the chemical reaction between TCA-F and PLA matrix played a prominent role in the high mechanical properties of PLA/TCA-F composites.

Study on Preparation and Factors of Amino Silicone with Low Viscosity

Amino silicone (PDMS) with lower viscosity were synthesized at a certain temperature by ring opening copolymerization of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), N-β-aminoethyl-γ- aminopropyl methyl dimethoxysiloxane (YDH-602), hexamethyldisiloxane (MM) with KOH as catalyst and DMSO as accelerating agent. The chemical structure was characterized via IR and 1HNMR. And the important factors were investigated carefully and the best technology of synthesis was obtained: reaction temperature 100-110°C, time 3h, KOH 0.05%, DMSO 0.5% and MM 5-7%, distilling at 110°C/0.095Mpa for 40 min.

Preparation of rich handles soft cellulosic fabric using amino silicone based softener, part II: Colorfastness properties

The preparation of amino silicone based softeners with different emulsifiers was carried out and adsorbed onto the surfaces of cotton and blends of cotton/polyester fabrics. The softened fabrics have high surface area, so poorly performance in washing and rubbing fastness. It is obvious from the results of colorfastness to rubbing and washing that some of the samples of the dyed fabric treated with prepared softeners have shown some poor rating as compared to the untreated fabrics. However the other two samples have shown acceptable rubbing fastness results without losing softness and permanent handle. It can be observed that washing of the printed treated fabric remains unaffected almost in all the studied samples. Moreover, the application of the prepared softeners has imparted anti pilling property to the fabric. It can be seen that there is a remarkable increase in weights of treated fabrics as compared to the untreated fabrics.

Preparation of rich handles soft cellulosic fabric using amino silicone based softener. Part-I: Surface smoothness and softness properties

A series of amino silicone based softeners with different emulsifiers were prepared and adsorbed onto the surfaces of cotton and blends of cotton/polyester fabrics. Factors affecting the performance properties of the finished substrate such as post-treatment with amino functional silicone based softener varying different emulsifiers in their formulations and its concentration on different processed fabrics were studied. Fixation of the amino-functional silicone softener onto/or within the cellulose structure is accompanied by the formation of semi-inter-penetrated network structure thereby enhancing both the extent of crosslinking and networking as well as providing very high softness. The results of the experiments indicate that the amino silicone can form a hydrophobic film on both cotton and blends of cotton/polyester fabrics and its coating reduces the surface roughness significantly. Furthermore, the roughness becomes lesser with an increase in the applied strength of amino silicone based softener.

Hair conditioning effect of amino silicone softeners in varied treatment conditions

The effect of silicone softeners on hair conditioning was investigated with varied silicone treatment conditions and different thermal stress conditions. When silicon (-Si-) content was quantified from the silicone-treated hair specimens, greater contents of -Si- were observed from the hair treated with silicone softeners having amino-functionality than from that treated with polydimethylsiloxane. The adsorption of amino silicone was enhanced at higher temperature and longer treatment duration. The amino silicone softeners adsorbed more effectively on hair surface especially at lowered concentrations. Combing force of hair was lowered in greater extent when the hair specimens were treated with amino silicone softeners than with polydimethylsiloxane. The luster of hair specimens which were repeatedly treated with amino silicone softeners, however, was lowered due to more diffusion of light by the adsorption of amino silicone softeners.

Film morphology and orientation of amino silicone adsorbed onto cellulose substrate

A series of amino silicones with different amino values were synthesized and adsorbed onto surfaces of cotton fibers and cellulose substrates. The film morphology, hydrophobic properties and surface composition of the silicones are investigated and characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), contact angle measurement, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR). The results of the experiments indicate that the amino silicone can form a hydrophobic film on both cotton fibers and cellulose substrates and reduce the surface roughness significantly. Furthermore, the roughness becomes smaller with an increase in the amino value. All these results suggest that the orientation of amino silicone molecule is with the amino functional groups of amino silicone molecule adsorbed onto the cellulose interface while the main polymer chains and the hydrophobic Si–CH 3 groups extend toward the air.

Surface potential measurement of human hair using Kelvin probe microscopy

Surface charge of human hair has a significant effect on manageability, feel, and appearance. For this reason, controlling charge buildup to improve these factors is an important issue in the commercial hair care industry. In this study the surface potential of human hair is measured using the Kelvin probe method with an atomic force microscope. Samples are mounted in conductive silver paint, and a dc voltage is applied through the sample puck. The potential on the sample surface is then measured with a conductive tip. Caucasian virgin (undamaged), chemically damaged, and mechanically damaged hair samples are studied to determine the effect of damaging treatments on surface charge properties, and the different effects of chemical and mechanical damages on surface potential. Samples treated with commercial conditioner as well as those treated with an amino silicone conditioner are also studied to determine the effect of conditioner treatment. Similarly, the effect of surrounding environment is studied by varying the relative humidity experienced by the sample. Mechanisms for the given results are discussed and recommendations given.

Effect of physical wear and triboelectric interaction on surface charge as measured by Kelvin probe microscopy

Surface charge of human hair has a significant effect on manageability, feel, and appearance. For this reason, controlling charge buildup to improve these factors is an important issue in the commercial hair care industry. Physical wear has been shown to cause surface potential change in conductors and semiconductors, and it is of interest whether or not physical wear alone can cause a surface potential change on hair and other insulating materials. It is known that interaction of hair with dissimilar materials, such as plastic combs, hands, and latex balloons, creates a charge on hair, and determining the mechanisms of this phenomenon is the purpose of this study. In this study the surface potential of human hair is measured using the Kelvin probe method with an atomic force microscope (AFM). A variety of samples are worn with a diamond tip to study the effect of physical wear on surface potential. Hair samples are rubbed with latex to study the effect of triboelectric charging on the microscale. The potential on the sample surface is then measured with a conductive tip. Caucasian virgin (undamaged), chemically damaged, and mechanically damaged hair samples are studied to determine the effect of damaging treatments on surface charge properties. Samples treated with PDMS silicone conditioner as well as those treated with an amino silicone conditioner are also studied to determine the effect of conditioner treatment. Mechanisms for the given results are discussed and recommendations given.

Adding value to coatings by using unique organofunctional silicone hybrids

The modification or replacement of polyurethane binders with unique amino and epoxy functional silicone hybrid coatings improves significantly the UV light and chemical resistance of industrial, shipbuilding and architectural coatings. In particular the upgrading of standard epoxy-amine coatings with new silicone hybrids improves the performance to that of urethane technologies. The replacement of Si-O-C bond with Si-C-C bond in silicone hybrids increases the weather resistance and the coatings ability to withstand exposure to harsh chemicals such as sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid and ammonium hydroxide. In addition, the unique structure of organofunctional silicone hybrids increases the coatings resistance to graffiti, dirt pick-up and biological growth.

Study of properties of modified silicones at solid–liquid interface: Fabric–silicone interactions

Silicones are special reagents that impart desired surface properties such as softness, bounciness and antiwrinkle properties to fabrics and related materials. Although these finishing processes have been practiced routinely, very little is known about the mechanisms involved in modification so that they could be improved. The current study was undertaken to develop basic understanding of the mechanisms responsible for surface modification of fibers using silicones. PDMS based amino silicone emulsions, quaternized to various degrees using dimethyl sulphate, were used in the present study. The electrokinetic properties of the modified silicones were studied as a function of pH. It was expected that the silicone emulsions would show a steady positive zeta potential throughout the pH range due to the quaternization by dimethyl sulphate. Surprisingly, a sudden drop in the zeta potential was observed around pH 8 with the samples turning hazy in the pH range of 8–10. Turbidimetric studies also showed a sudden increase in the turbidity in the pH range 8–10 where commercial processes also encounter problems. It was concluded that the emulsions were destabilized at pH 8–10 thus rendering them ineffective for surface treatment. In order to identify reason for the improvement in fabric properties, fiber structure was monitored using atomic force microscopy. It was observed that the treated fibers were far smoother, relaxed and uniform as compared to the untreated fibers. Thus the morphology of the fabric is modified in a specific way by treatment with specialty silicones.

A [formula omitted] NMR study on an ionomeric polymer blend system

The morphology of an ionomeric polymer blend consisting of an amino-silicone copolymer and zinc neutralized sulfonated polystyrene (ZnSPS) has been studied using proton spin diffusion and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The extent of reaction between the two components in the blend was monitored by 13 C CP MAS spectroscopy. All three types of experiment point to domain sizes in the nanometer range. 129 Xe NMR was used to study exchange by translational diffusion between domains. A single xenon resonance was detected in temperatures ranging from 25°C to −90°C, and the chemical shift followed a weighted average of the isolated polymer shifts consistent with the small domain sizes. Pulse field gradient 129 Xe NMR was used to determine the effective diffusion constants in the amino silicone starting material and the blend. The diffusion constant of xenon in poly(styrene) is known, allowing for comparison of the predictions of effective diffusion constants in the blend based on the values in the constituents of the blend. Simple two-site exchange equations incorrectly predict that diffusion in the blend would be dominated by the constituent with slow diffusion. The blend diffusion constant is close to the value of the amino silicone or the constituent with fast diffusion which is correctly predicted for a rapid exchange solution of the diffusion equation.

Dynamics and Nanolevel Structure in an Ionomer Blend of Two Polymers with Widely Separated Glass Transitions

A new ionomer blend of zinc-neutralized sulfonated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) and an amino silicone copolymer was prepared. The blend precipitates as a gel from dilute solution and forms a coherent film. Magic angle spinning carbon-13 spectra indicated coordination of the amine of the amino silicone copolymer by the zinc ion. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical spectra show a smearing out of the glass transition over the more than 300 deg temperature separation of the glass transitions of the component polymers. Solid-state proton NMR line shapes indicate narrowing commences at −115 °C, but then the line remains a composite of a narrow Lorentzian line and a broad Gaussian line for at least the next 200 deg, in agreement with the dynamic mechanical data. Goldman−Shen proton spin diffusion measurements give a domain size of the order of 30 Å, corresponding to the more mobile protons contributing to the Lorentzian line shape component. Silicon-29 chemical shift anisotropy line shapes demonstrate the onset of mobility for some of the siloxane units beginning at −115 °C, but complete line shape collapse does not occur even after a 200 deg temperature rise. This again indicates an extended glass transition process even when considering just one component of the blend.

Morphology of a Blend of Zinc Neutralized Sulfonated Poly(Phenylene Oxide) or Polystyrene and an Amino Silicone

AbstractA polymer blend of an ionomer based on zinc neutralized sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide) or polystyrene with a silicone copolymer containing 6.45% propylamine groups in place of one of the methyl groups on a backbone silicon was prepared. Carbon-13 magic angle spinning spectra show coordination of the amine by the zinc ions. Morphological characterization was made by NMR spectroscopy based on proton spin diffusion, by small angle x-ray scattering and by energy filtered transmission electron microscopy. All experiments show domains in the range of 1 to 1000 nm and domain size can be controlled by the extent of coordination of the amine groups by the zinc ions and by thermal history. The different morphological experiments lead to an apparent hierarchy of domain sizes. The NMR experiment yields the smallest domains, 2 to 10 nm, where contrast is produced by differences in chain mobility. Small angle x-ray scattering indicates domains of 16 nm while electron microscopy indicates domains in the range of 100 to 1000 nm. The variation of the domain size between experiments may reflect the different sources of contrast in each case.

Enantiomer separation by gas and high-performance liquid chromatography with tripeptide derivatives as chiral stationary phases

Excellent enantiomer separation of a variety of racemic compounds, including alcohols, amines, amino alcohols, carboxylic acids, hydroxy acids and amino acids, was achieved by GC and HPLC with tripeptide derivatives, containing l-valyl- l-valyl- -valine isopropyl ester as a chiral selector, bonded to amino silicone oil (CSP-3) and N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl silica gel (CSP-4) via a triazine ring, respectively. These results show that the hydrogen bonding association between solutes and chiral stationary phases (CSPs) can play an important role in chiral recognition in both GC and HPLC. The joint use of two CSPs is promising for the direct separation of raccemic compounds.

Enhancement of Herbicides by Silicone Surfactants

In comparative evaluation of adjuvant effects in eight species, nonionic silicone-glycol surfactants enhanced the activity of six herbicides to a greater extent than a standard organic surfactant, whereas cationic amino silicone surfactants enhanced to a lesser extent. The efficacy of the nonionic silicones was associated with (a) a greater enhancing action in species, particularly grasses, that were relatively resistant to herbicides applied without adjuvants and (b) a greater ability to enhance herbicides with very low water solubility. The cationic silicones in combination with some of the herbicides provided less enhancement in moderately sensitive crops than did the standard organic surfactant but provided equivalent enhancement on some weeds. The threshhold concentration for enhancement by silicone-glycols was 0.01% in a susceptible species and 0.1% in a resistant species. In yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.), a silicone-glycol surfactant at a concentration of 0.5% provided greater enhancement of several herbicides than any of three organic surfactants or an emulsifiable oil.

Prevention of lead poisoning in the rubber industry

A series of amino silicone based softeners with different emulsifiers were prepared and adsorbed onto the surfaces of cotton and blends of cotton/polyester fabrics. Factors affecting the performance properties of the finished substrate such as post-treatment with amino functional silicone based softener varying different emulsifiers in their formulations and its concentration on different processed fabrics were studied. Fixation of the amino-functional silicone softener onto/or within the cellulose structure is accompanied by the formation of semi-inter-penetrated network structure thereby enhancing both the extent of crosslinking and networking as well as providing very high softness. The results of the experiments indicate that the amino silicone can form a hydrophobic film on both cotton and blends of cotton/polyester fabrics and its coating reduces the surface roughness significantly. Furthermore, the roughness becomes lesser with an increase in the applied strength of amino silicone based softener.