Injections Of Amino Acids Research Articles

Is human albumin injection the best choice to treat hypoalbuminemia?

Currently, there is an irrational use of drugs in the treatment of hypoproteinemia. This study evaluates the value of 12 injections to provide a basis for drug selection for the treatment of hypoproteinemia. The content of the first restrictive amino acid, the comprehensive quality of the total essential amino acid, and the closeness to the whole egg protein or FAO/WHO model were evaluated to compare their value in the amino acid synthesis of human serum albumin. A comparison was made between the matching degree of HA and therapeutic amino acids with the human plasma amino acid profile. Furthermore, the value and safety of synthetic human serum albumin were compared. The lowest synthetic value of human serum albumin was 18AA-V, and the highest was 18AA-II. The CS values of HA, 18AA-V, 18AA-II, 18AA-Ip, 18AA-IIp, and 19AA-Ip were 0.18, 0.58, 0.78, 0.55, 0.54, and 0.59, respectively. The similarity to egg protein was 0.81, 0.92, 0.94, 1.00, 1.18, and 1.18, respectively. The proximity values to FAO/WHO standards were 0.81, 0.85, 0.90, 1.36, 1.54, and 1.54, respectively. The changes in 3AA and the amino acid profile were matched when liver function was abnormal. When the renal function was abnormal, 9AA was matched. During trauma, 18AA-VII was matched. The amino acid profile of HA did not correspond. Patients with normal liver and kidney function should choose compound balanced amino acid injection, while patients with abnormalities should choose 3AA. Patients with renal dysfunction should choose 9AA. Trauma patients should choose 18AA-VII.

Glucagon Resistance in Individuals With Obesity and Hepatic Steatosis Can Be Measured Using the GLUSENTIC Test and Index.

Increased plasma levels of glucagon (hyperglucagonaemia) promote diabetes development but is also observed in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). This may reflect hepatic glucagon resistance towards amino acid catabolism. A clinical test for measuring glucagon resistance has not been validated. We evaluated our glucagon sensitivity (GLUSENTIC) test, consisting of two study days: a glucagon injection and measurements of plasma amino acids, and an infusion of mixed amino acids and subsequent calculation of the GLUSENTIC index (primary outcome measure) from measurements of glucagon and amino acids. To distinguish glucagon-dependent from insulin-dependent actions on amino acid metabolism, we also studied patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The delta-decline in total amino acids was 49% lower in MASLD following exogenous glucagon (p=0.01), and the calculated GLUSENTIC index was 34% lower in MASLD (p<0.0001), but not T1D (p>0.99). In contrast, glucagon-induced glucose increments were similar in controls and MASLD (p=0.41). The GLUSENTIC test and index may be used to measure glucagon resistance in individuals with obesity and MASLD.

Coupling amino acid injection and slow depressurization with hydrate swapping exploitation: An effective strategy to enhance in-situ CO2 storage in hydrate-bearing sediment

Natural gas (mainly methane, CH4) hydrates are a prospective energy resource. CH4-CO2 hydrate swapping has the advantages of producing CH4 gas for clean energy recovery and simultaneously storing CO2 in-situ for carbon emission reduction. Depressurization is the most feasible strategy to recover CH4 from hydrate-bearing sediments. The combination of these two methods has been proved feasible to produce CH4-rich gas and store CO2-rich hydrate. However, the efficiencies of CH4 recovery and CO2 storage decrease significantly when the reservoir is depressurized to the points below CH4/CO2 mixed hydrate equilibrium pressure causing unwanted CO2-rich hydrate dissociation. In this work, amino acid injection (AAI) (L-tryptophan or L-methionine) was employed for CH4/CO2 mixed hydrate formation with enhanced CO2 storage, followed by slow depressurization in various controlled manners, i.e., multistep depressurization, constant-pressure depressurization or multistep constant-pressure depressurization (MCPD) to recover CH4 from the mixed hydrates. In-situ Raman and gas chromatograph (GC) were employed to confirm the compositions of mixed hydrates formed and mixed gases produced. The results showed that AAI decreased CO2 fraction from 30 mol% to 3.1–8.4 mol% in the residual gas, indicating the technique helped regaining reservoir pressure and kinetically promoting further hydrate formation. The pressure recovered by AAI compensated the performance discrepancy caused by different solutions injected. Raman spectra and GC results confirmed CO2-rich hydrate formation, and up to 91.3% CO2 was stored in the sediments. During mixed hydrate dissociation, slow depressurization maintained high CH4-rich gas production (CH4 fraction over 87.5 mol%), with 9.7–30.6% CH4-rich gas recovered and 5.8–17.9% water produced among various trials. The best performance of CO2 storage and CH4 recovery was achieved by AAI of 1000 ppm L-tryptophan at 33.2 bar and MCPD to 20.9 bar, showing a final CO2 storage efficiency of 82.3%, gas recovery percentage of 30.6% and gas/water production ratio of 37.9 STP m3/m3. These findings provided guidance to enhance CO2-rich hydrate storage and CH4-rich gas production by multiple AAI and slow depressurization at controlled depletion pressures after hydrate swapping.

Taurine, a Naturally Occurring Amino Acid, as a Physical Stability Enhancer of Different Monoclonal Antibodies.

Degradation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a major concern as it affects efficacy, shelf-life, and safety of the product. Taurine, a naturally occurring amino acid, is investigated in this study as a potential mAb stabilizer with an extensive analytical characterization to monitor product degradation. Forced degradation of trastuzumab biosimilar (mAb1)-containing samples by thermal stress for 30min resulted in high-molecular-weight species by more than 65% in sample without taurine compared to the sample with taurine. Samples containing mAb1 without taurine also resulted in higher Z-average diameter, altered protein structure, higher hydrophobicity, and lower melting temperature compared to samples with taurine. The stabilizing effect of taurine was retained at different mAb and taurine concentrations, time, temperatures, and buffers, and at the presence of polysorbate 80 (PS80). Even the lowest taurine concentration (10mM) considered in this study, which is in the range of taurine levels in amino acid injections, resulted in enhanced mAb stability. Taurine-containing samples resulted in 90% less hemolysis than samples containing PS80. Additionally, mAb in the presence of taurine showed enhanced stability upon subjecting to stress with light of 365nm wavelength, combination of light and H2O2, and combination of Fe2+ and H2O2, as samples containing mAb without taurine resulted in increased degradation products by more than 50% compared to samples with taurine upon subjecting to these stresses for 60min. In conclusion, the presence of taurine enhanced physical stability of mAb by preventing aggregate formation, and the industry can consider it as a new mAb stabilizer.

In utero pulse injection of isotopic amino acids quantifies protein turnover rates during murine fetal development

Protein translational control is critical for ensuring that the fetus develops correctly and that necessary organsand tissues are formed and functional. We developed an in utero method to quantify tissue-specific protein dynamics by monitoring amino acid incorporation into the proteome after pulse injection. Fetuses of pregnant mice were injected with isotopically labeled lysine and arginine via the vitelline vein at various embyonic days, and organs and tissues were harvested. By analyzing the nascent proteome, unique signatures of each tissue were identified by hierarchical clustering. In addition, the quantified proteome-wide turnover rates were calculated between 3.81E-5 and 0.424 h-1. We observed similar protein turnover profiles for analyzed organs (e.g., liver vs. brain); however, their distributions of turnover rates vary significantly. The translational kinetic profiles of developing organs displayed differentially expressed protein pathways and synthesis rates, which correlated with known physiological changes during mouse development.

Identification and characterization of TOR in Macrobrachium rosenbergii and its role in muscle protein and lipid production

The recent scarcity of fishmeal and other resources means that studies on the intrinsic mechanisms of nutrients in the growth and development of aquatic animals at the molecular level have received widespread attention. The target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway has been reported to receive signals from nutrients and environmental stresses, and regulates cellular anabolism and catabolism to achieve precise regulation of cell growth and physiological activities. In this study, we cloned and characterized the full-length cDNA sequence of the TOR gene of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (MrTOR). MrTOR was expressed in all tissues, with higher expression in heart and muscle tissues. In situ hybridization also indicated that MrTOR was expressed in muscle, mainly around the nucleus. RNA interference decreased the expression levels of MrTOR and downstream protein synthesis-related genes (S6K, eIF4E, and eIF4B) (P < 0.05) and the expression and enzyme activity of the lipid synthesis-related enzyme, fatty acid synthase (FAS), and increased enzyme activity of the lipolysis-related enzyme, lipase (LPS). In addition, amino acid injection significantly increased the transcript levels of MrTOR and downstream related genes (S6K, eIF4E, eIF4B, and FAS), as well as triglyceride and total cholesterol tissue levels and FAS activity. Starvation significantly increased transcript levels and enzyme activities of adenylate-activated protein kinase and LPS and decreased transcript levels and enzyme activities of FAS, as well as transcript levels of MrTOR and its downstream genes (P < 0.05), whereas amino acid injection alleviated the starvation-induced decreases in transcript levels of these genes. These results suggested that arginine and leucine activated the TOR signaling pathway, promoted protein and lipid syntheses, and alleviated the pathway changes induced by starvation.

C-undecylcalix[4]resorcinarene Langmuir-Blodgett/Porous Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite Film as a Electrochemical Sensor for the Determination of Tryptophan.

In this study, a composite film was developed for the electrochemical sensing of tryptophan (Trp). Porous reduced graphene oxide (PrGO) was utilized as the electron transfer layer, and a C-undecylcalix[4]resorcinarene Langmuir-Blodgett (CUCR-LB) film served as the molecular recognition layer. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical experiments were employed to analyze the characteristics of the CUCR-LB/PrGO composite film. The electrochemical behavior of Trp on the CUCR-LB/PrGO composite film was investigated, revealing a Trp linear response range of 1.0 × 10-7 to 3.0 × 10-5 mol L-1 and a detection limit of 3.0 × 10-8 mol L-1. Furthermore, the developed electroanalytical method successfully determined Trp content in an amino acid injection sample. This study not only introduces a rapid and reliable electrochemical method for the determination of Trp but also presents a new strategy for constructing high-performance electrochemical sensing platforms.

2D/2D porous Co3O4/rGO nanosheets act as an electrochemical sensor for voltammetric tryptophan detection

Herein, 2D/2D porous Co3O4 nanosheets/rGO composites modified GCE (Co3O4/rGO/GCE) were proposed for electrochemical detection of tryptophan (Trp). The surface morphology and structure of Co3O4/rGO nanosheets were carried out using SEM, XRD, and Raman spectra. Electrochemical performance of Trp on as-synthesized modified electrodes were discussed by CV and EIS techniques. Moreover, the best electrochemical property was also investigated by varying test condition detailedly. Consequently, oxidation peak intensity and current density were 130.3 μA and 336.7 μA·cm−2 on Co3O4/rGO/GCE at working potential of 0.78 V (vs. SCE electrode), respectively. They were more than 23-times greater than these on bare GCE in electrochemical detection of Trp. It was attributed to the synergy effect of 2D porous Co3O4 nanosheets (high catalytic activity) and 2D rGO nanosheets (large electrochemical active area). After the optimization, wide linear determination ranges (from 1.0 to 800 μM) and low LOD of 0.26 μM (S/N = 3) were acquired. In addition, these electrodes were further successfully applied to the determination of Trp in commercial amino acid injection samples. This 2D porous Co3O4/rGO modified GCE sensor could provide a slight view on the design of 2D/2D composite materials with high electrochemical properties.

THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY EUBIOTICS OR INTRAVENOUS AMINO ACID INFUSIONS ON NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY, RUMEN FERMENTATION, PERFORMANCE AND BLOOD PARAMETERS OF BUFFALO CALVES UNDER SUBTROPICAL CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

This study was conducted to compare the effects of dietary eubiotics or intravenous amino acid infusions (IVAAI) as two different growth promoters on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, performance, and blood biochemical parameters of buffalo calves in subtropical climatic conditions. Thirty male buffalo calves (284.40 ± 18.45 kg) were randomly distributed into three groups and fed a basal diet (BD) of concentrate feed mixture and roughages. The first group was fed BD and considered as the control, the second group was fed the BD supplemented with eubiotics at 1.0 kg/ton of concentrate, whereas the third group was intravenously infused with amino acid (IVAAI) injection at a dose of 2.0 ml/100 kg body weight. Results showed that the total gain and the average daily gain were improved (P &lt; 0.05) with dietary eubiotics. The digestibility of some nutrients was increased (P &lt; 0.05) with dietary addition of eubiotics. In addition, eubiotics stabilize (P &lt; 0.05) the rumen pH, which reduce the risk of subacute ruminal acidosis but increased (P &lt; 0.05) ruminal NH3-N and total volatile fatty acids. The rectal temperature was decreased (P &lt; 0.05) with eubiotics supplementation. In conclusion, the use of eubiotics induced superior positive effects on the digestibility of nutrients, rumen fermentation, rumen enzymes, rumen protein concentration, growth performance, feed conversion, blood parameters and ameliorated the harmful effects of thermal stress of buffalo calves in comparison with intravenous infusion of amino acids. Key words: eubiotics; amino acids; buffalo calves; nutrient digestibility; rumen fermentation; growth performance

Contribution of intraocular pressure‐dependent and pressure‐independent glaucoma models to neuroprotection

AbstractGlaucoma is considered a heterogeneous group of degenerative optic neuropathies characterized mainly by an ongoing loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) which causes progressive deterioration of the visual field and irreversible blindness. The aetiology and pathophysiology of glaucoma are not known in detail and are a matter of debate. Although the most significant risk factor in the development and progression of glaucoma correlates with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), at present the only treatment available to prevent or delay its development is to reduce IOP by medication or surgery to slow its detrimental effects. But reducing IOP alone does not stop the progression of the disease. Therefore, IOP may not be the only motive for glaucomatous retinopathy and optic neuropathy, and there could be other hidden mechanisms contributing to the loss of RGCs.A suitable animal model of neurodegenerative disease, such as glaucoma, should be easy to induce and reproduce, feasible and predictable, and allow detection and quantification at the biochemical, morphological and functional levels of the induced pathological changes. However, no model emulates all aspects of a pathology such as glaucoma, which is likely to have more than one aetiology and manifest itself through different pathological mechanisms. Hence, the interest and need to establish and use different experimental models in rodents to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of glaucoma and to investigate possible neuroprotective agents. In general, experimental models of glaucoma established in rodents involve a transient or chronic increase in IOP above normal values, which allows us to study the pathological changes associated with ocular hypertension. However, elevated IOP may not be the only cause of glaucomatous retinopathy and optic neuropathy, hence the need for models that do not involve an increase in intraocular pressure to deal with specific issues of the evolution of this pathology, such as optic nerve injury, retinal ischaemia/reperfusion, intravitreal injection of excitatory amino acids or endothelin‐induced optic neuropathy.Results obtained in different experimental models of glaucoma mimicking ocular hypertension or optic nerve damage have confirmed the existence of morphofunctional differences in the time course of RGC loss, both between different types of RGCs and between different lesions. As well as the effects on other retinal cell populations. In this regard, in the outer retina, there is a significant contrast between damage caused by ocular hypertension and optic nerve injury. Both axotomy and ocular hypertension induce a selective loss of RGCs, but ocular hypertension also promotes a loss of photoreceptors.Thanks to the different glaucoma models studied, the findings obtained have contributed to improving our knowledge of glaucomatous pathology and to the development of future neuroprotective therapies.

Perioral Rejuvenation: Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of High Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid and Amino Acid Treatment.

The lips and perioral area play a crucial role in facial aesthetics. Signs of aging, such as wrinkles, decreased muscle tone, and thinning skin, frequently appear first in this anatomical area and, subsequently, in other areas. This may explain why the lips and perioral area are frequently requested focus areas for aesthetic treatments that retain the client&rsquo;s natural features. To assess the safety and efficacy of the rejuvenation of the perioral area with an injectable product containing high-molecular-weight (HMW) native hyaluronic acid (HA) and a cluster of amino acids (AAs). In this open-label observational study, 37 female patients underwent 3 monthly sessions of intradermal injections with HMW HA gel with a cluster of AAs. Follow-up investigations were performed after 30, 60, and 180 days. Outcomes were evaluated subjectively using a patient questionnaire, the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) questionnaire, and objectively using a 3D photosystem. All patients completed the study. The subjective evaluations made by patients and by the investigator during follow up and at the end of the study were positive, and all patients showed improvement in the perioral area. The objective evaluation showed a statistically significant improvement in pores condition and wrinkles. The protocol for rejuvenation of the perioral area with injections of HMW HA gel and AA is safe and effective. J Drugs Dermatol. 2022;21(9):968-973.doi:10.36849/JDD.6875.

Effect D-Aspartic amino acid injection on some characteristics of semen in Shami Goats

This study was conducted with the aim of showing the effect of injecting D-Aspartic acid on characteristics of semen, for Period 15/7/2021 until 15/10/2021 in the animal farm/ Ruminant Hall of Animal Production Department /College of Agriculture / University of Diyala. This study include 12 male of Shami goat aged (1-1.3) years, with an average weight (35-38) kg, were divided randomly to four equal groups (3/ male / group): the first was a control group (without injection) (T1), while the second (T2), third (T3) and fourth (T4) groups were injected intramuscular with D- Aspartic Acid in concentration 125, 250 and 375 mg /48 hour. Semen was collected by artificial vagina ،three times during the study. The results showed that the injection of D-Aspartic acid led to highly significant increase (p&lt;0.01) in individual motility, Mass motility, live spermatozoa percentage, Dead spermatozoa ratio, sperm concentration, abnormal spermatozoa percentage. There were significant effects (p&lt;0.05) for injection on the Mass motility of the sperm, where T4 and T3 were superior on T1 and T2. A highly significant effect was also found (p&lt;0.05) for injection in the individual motility where T4 was superior on T1 and T2 and T3 and T2 were superior on T1.

The effects of in ovo injection with sulfur amino acids and folic acid on the gene expression, relative organ weights, hematologic parameters, performance, and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of in ovo injection of folic acid (FA) and sulfur amino acids (SAAs) on the mitotic activity of myocytes, performance, relative organ weight, hematological values, and characteristics of broiler chicken carcasses. A total of 1200 fertile eggs from 42-week-old Ross AP© breeders were inoculated in the albumen on the first day of incubation in a completely randomized design with one of the treatments: C—intact eggs; SS: inoculation with 0.5 mL of saline solution; FA: 0.150 mg of FA; SAA: 5.90 mg of L-methionine and 3.40 mg of L-cysteine; or FA/SAA: FA + SAA. The inoculation of SAA did not influence (p > 0.05) the post-hatching characteristics of the chickens. FA inoculation increased (p < 0.05) the expression of the PAX7 and MYF genes in the pectoralis muscle of hatched chicks and reduced (p < 0.05) feed conversion at 42 days of age. The combination of SAA + FA increased (p < 0.05) the depth of the ileal crypt on the 1st day after hatching and the relative weight of the spleen and thymus on the 21st day of life. In conclusion, the inoculation of FA on the 1st day of incubation increases gene expression and improves the performance of broilers.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Clinical Application of Balanced Compound Amino Acid Injection.

BackgroundTo provide a reference for hospital drug selection and rational clinical drug selection based on the evaluation of the safety, nutritional quality, and economy of 27 manufacturers of five varieties (18AA, 18AA-I, 18AA-II, 18AA-IV, 18AA-V) of balanced compound amino acids for injection and (18AA-IIoriginal research).MethodsThe safety of compound amino acids for injection was evaluated by comparing the antioxidant sulfite contents. Based on the amino acid scoring standard mode and the whole egg protein mode as proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) in 1973, we compared the formula. The first limiting amino acid content and the comprehensive quality of the total essential amino acid (EAA) contents of the six formulations were studied. The price/content ratio was used to evaluate their economy.ResultsSimilar variety produced by different manufacturers have the same formula and contents of balanced compound amino acids for injection. Safety: 18AA-IIoriginal research and 18AA-II had the lowest sulfite content. Compared with 18AA-IIoriginal research, the sulfite content of 18AA-I, 18AA, 18AA-V, and 18AA-IV were higher (10 times, 16.67 times, 16.67 times, and 33.33 times, respectively). The lower the sulfite content, the safer the product. Nutritional quality: The proportions of amino acids in the five varieties of compound amino acid injection were all suitable. The order of the first limiting amino acids for the formulations was 18AA-IIoriginal research = 18AA-II>18AA >18AA-I = 18AA-IV>18AA-V. The order of the EAA values for the formulations was 18AA-IIoriginal research = 18AA-II>18AA>18AA-I > 18AA-IV > 18AA-V. The overall effectiveness order was 18AA-IIoriginal research = 18AA-II>18AA > 18AA-I>18AA-IV>18AA-V. Economy: Among the 27 manufacturers, 12 manufacturers had a price/content ratio higher than that of 18AA-II original research manufacturers, and 15 manufacturers had a price/content ratio lower than original research manufacturers.ConclusionThrough its security, effectiveness, and economy of the comprehensive research, we recommended 18AA-II and 18AA-IIoriginal research with high safety, efficacy, and reasonable price as the first choice. 18AA and 18AA-I with better safety and reasonable price, secondary recommendation. 18AA-IV or 18AA-V with poor safety, efficacy, and economy are not recommended.

Effect L-Argnine Amino Acid Injection on Some Characteristics of Semen in Shami Goats

Effect L-Argnine Amino Acid Injection on Some Characteristics of Semen in Shami Goats

Impurity profiling of Compound Amino Acid Injection (6AA) using ion-pair high performance liquid chromatography coupled with corona-charged aerosol detection and high resolution mass spectrometry

The complex industrial production process of amino acids (AAs) leads to the existence of a certain amount of impurities in Compound Amino Acid Injection (6AA). It is difficult to obtain its comprehensive and systematic impurity profile using conventional ultraviolet (UV) detectors due to lack of a suitable chromophore in the structures of AAs and their impurities. In our study, a universal ion-pair high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method combined with high resolution mass spectrometer (HRMS) and charged aerosol detection (CAD) was developed to identify and determine the content of impurities in Compound Amino Acid Injection (6AA), respectively. After optimizing the content of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA) in the mobile phase on a C18 AQ column, HPLC-CAD method was developed and nine unknown impurities were detected. These impurities were successfully identified using HPLC coupled with orbitrap mass spectrometry and confirmed with their reference substances. The CAD parameters setting was optimized to improve the sensitivity and linearity of the methods before the developed method was validated. The results of validation reflected that the limit of detection (LOD) was approximately 2 ng (corresponding to approximately 0.02 % of L-isoleucine in injection). Under the optimized power function value (PFV) of CAD, the linear range of each impurity was 1 ∼ 200 μg mL−1 (the linear range of one of the impurities with higher content was 2 ∼ 400 μg mL−1) with coefficients of determination (R2) greater than 0.998. The recovery rates for nine impurities were 93.37 % ∼ 110.23 %. This study made full use of the qualitative functions of HRMS and the versatility of CAD, revealing possible impurities in the 6AA injection, which could provide reference for the safety research of it.

Effects of in ovo injection of amino acids on hatching performance, cell-mediated immunity and blood profile of FUNAAB Alpha broiler chickens

In the study, the effects of in ovo injection of amino acids (L-methionine, L-lysine, and Larginine) and their combinations on hatching traits, post-hatch performance, cell-mediated immune response and blood profile of FUNAAB Alpha broiler chicken were evaluated. The study was carried out in two trials. In the first trial, a total of 360 hatching eggs of indigenous chicken were fumigated, weighed and placed in the incubator. On day 14 of incubation, candling was done and eggs with living embryos were distributed into four treatments; Control (un-injected eggs), L-methionine injected eggs, L-arginine injected eggs and L-lysine injected eggs. Each egg was injected 0.5 mL solution of the amino acid on day18. Hatched chicks were distributed into three replicates containing 30 chicks each. In trial 2, another 360 hatching eggs were used in the treatments which were; Control (eggs without amino acid injection), L-arginine injected eggs, combination of L-arginine and L-methionine injected eggs and combination of L-arginine and L-lysine injected eggs. On day 21 post-hatch, cell-mediated immune response, haematological and serum biochemical parameters were determined. Data obtained from the two trials were subjected to Completely Randomized Design. Results revealed the highest hatchability of 70.27% in the control treatment (un-injected), followed by 51.35% in arginine-injected eggs with the lowest (2.70%) in methionine-injected eggs. Arginine was found to enhance hatchability while L-methionine injected in ovo decreased hatchability. In the second trial, the results showed highest hatchability (89.58%) in eggs under the control, followed by 39.29%, 30.80% and 21.43% in eggs injected with the combination of arginine and lysine, arginine injected eggs, and those with arginine and methionine combination, respectively. Significant (p&lt;0.05) differences in growth performance were only observed in the feed conversion ratio and percentage survivability. Better feed conversion ratio of 2.18 and 2.29 were recorded in birds injected with arginine and the control as against those subjected to combined arginine and methionine (2.96) as well as combined arginine and lysine (3.12). Survivability of 100% was recorded in chickens from arginine-injected eggs in ovo injection and chickens from eggs injected with the combination of arginine and methionine. The study concluded that in ovo injection of arginine either singly or in combination with lysine or methionine positively influenced hatchability, chick weight and growth performance without any deleterious effect on the blood profile of the post-hatch chicks.

ПРЕНАТАЛЬНОЕ ПИТАНИЕ ДОМАШНЕЙ ПТИЦЫ И ЕГО ПОСТНАТАЛЬНЫЕ ЭФФЕКТЫ (обзор)

Fast growth rate in modern meat-type poultry is accompanied by several metabolic disorders resulting from the discrepancy between embryonic and postembryonic growth and development. Prenatal period of avian ontogenesis is characterized by abrupt physiologic and metabolic alterations and hence any disturbance at this stage can affect the hatch efficiency and subsequent postnatal growth and productivity (E.T. Moran, 2007; V.L. Christensen et al., 2004). The embryonic development in eggs can be supported by the in ovo nutrition using natural nutrients (amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins) as well as growth stimulators and hormones; this approach can also prepare the poults for the intense postnatal growth (P.R. Ferket, 2016). From the nutrigenomic point of view, the nutrients and bioactive substances can affect gene expression (V.I. Fisinin et al., 2006; L. Bordoni et al., 2019). The experiments with the in ovo nutrition proved that the injections of nutrients can affect physiological status of broiler embryos and hatched broiler chicks. E.g. the injections of carbohydrates enlarge the pool of energy available for the embryo and decreases the catabolism of proteins and lipids during the final stage of incubation, resulting in the increases in the weight of the hatched chicks and in postnatal growth rate, supported by better development of the gastrointestinal tract (R. Kornasio et al., 2011; R. Jhaet al., 2019). All amino acids are necessary for the developing embryo; the absence of any of the amino acids can disrupt protein synthesis and homeostasis in the embryo, resulting in poorer postnatal growth and development. A bulk of studies were published which demonstrated the positive effects of the in ovo injections of individual or mixed amino acids on postnatal growth rate (Y. Ohta et al., 2001; T.M. Shafey et al., 2014; L.L. Yu et al., 2018). Ca. 94 % of total metabolizable energy in the embryo is generated via the oxidation of fatty acids. These oxidative processes, in turn, generate substantial amounts of free radicals which can result in vast cellular damage (P. Surai and V.I. Fisinin, 2013; A. Yigit et al., 2014). The administration of vitamins with antioxidative activity (like С or E) during the embryonic period positively affected the postnatal development of the immune system in chicks (S.A. Selim et al., 2012; S. Nowaczewski et al., 2012). The administration of L-carnitine into the embryos was shown to enhance pre-hatch glucose utilization in the anaerobic conditions and postnatal growth in the chicks (T.M. Shafey et al., 2010; A.M. Dolgorukova, 2017). The in ovo nutrition can therefore be an instrument of significant improvement of the hatchability of the injected eggs and subsequent growth efficiency in hatched chicks, resulting in explicit economic effect (E.D. Peebles, 2018). It should, however, be noted that this technique has not still found application in the commercial poultry production and that for wider knowledge on the stimulating effects of different nutrients on the development of avian embryo further research is required.

PRENATAL NUTRITION OF POULTRY AND ITS POSTNATAL EFFECTS (review)

Fast growth rate in modern meat-type poultry is accompanied by several metabolic disorders resulting from the discrepancy between embryonic and postembryonic growth and development. Prenatal period of avian ontogenesis is characterized by abrupt physiologic and metabolic alterations and hence any disturbance at this stage can affect the hatch efficiency and subsequent postnatal growth and productivity (E.T. Moran, 2007; V.L. Christensen et al., 2004). The embryonic development in eggs can be supported by the in ovo nutrition using natural nutrients (amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins) as well as growth stimulators and hormones; this approach can also prepare the poults for the intense postnatal growth (P.R. Ferket, 2016). From the nutrigenomic point of view, the nutrients and bioactive substances can affect gene expression (V.I. Fisinin et al., 2006; L. Bordoni et al., 2019). The experiments with the in ovo nutrition proved that the injections of nutrients can affect physiological status of broiler embryos and hatched broiler chicks. E.g. the injections of carbohydrates enlarge the pool of energy available for the embryo and decreases the catabolism of proteins and lipids during the final stage of incubation, resulting in the increases in the weight of the hatched chicks and in postnatal growth rate, supported by better development of the gastrointestinal tract (R. Kornasio et al., 2011; R. Jhaet al., 2019). All amino acids are necessary for the developing embryo; the absence of any of the amino acids can disrupt protein synthesis and homeostasis in the embryo, resulting in poorer postnatal growth and development. A bulk of studies were published which demonstrated the positive effects of the in ovo injections of individual or mixed amino acids on postnatal growth rate (Y. Ohta et al., 2001; T.M. Shafey et al., 2014; L.L. Yu et al., 2018). Ca. 94 % of total metabolizable energy in the embryo is generated via the oxidation of fatty acids. These oxidative processes, in turn, generate substantial amounts of free radicals which can result in vast cellular damage (P. Surai and V.I. Fisinin, 2013; A. Yigit et al., 2014). The administration of vitamins with antioxidative activity (like С or E) during the embryonic period positively affected the postnatal development of the immune system in chicks (S.A. Selim et al., 2012; S. Nowaczewski et al., 2012). The administration of L-carnitine into the embryos was shown to enhance pre-hatch glucose utilization in the anaerobic conditions and postnatal growth in the chicks (T.M. Shafey et al., 2010; A.M. Dolgorukova, 2017). The in ovo nutrition can therefore be an instrument of significant improvement of the hatchability of the injected eggs and subsequent growth efficiency in hatched chicks, resulting in explicit economic effect (E.D. Peebles, 2018). It should, however, be noted that this technique has not still found application in the commercial poultry production and that for wider knowledge on the stimulating effects of different nutrients on the development of avian embryo further research is required.

Intraoperative thermal insulation in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: a prospective, double blind, randomized controlled, single-center study.

BackgroundAbout 50% patients who underwent off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) experienced perioperative hypothermia. Pre-warming and intraoperative infusion of amino acid injection are the most popular perioperative insulation measures in recent years, but neither of them can completely prevent intraoperative hypothermia. The objective is to investigate the effect of preoperative warming and/or intraoperative infusion of amino acid injection on body temperature in patients undergoing OPCAB.MethodsA prospective, double blind, randomized controlled, single-center study. Seventy-two patients were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group, pre-warming group, amino-acid group and multi-mode group. Pre-warming and multi-mode group were pre-heated with warming blankets and forced-air warming system before induction. After that, amino-acid and multi-mode group were infused with 18-amino acid solution. The perioperative temperature and complications were monitored.ResultsThe temperature of control and amino-acid group decreased significantly, but amino-acid group recovered to preoperative level faster. The temperature of pre-warming group was stable, and that in multi-mode group increased at 60 min after the start of surgery. There was a significant difference in temperature at each time, and no difference in the incidence of complications between the groups.ConclusionsPreoperative warming and/or intraoperative infusion of amino acid injection can effectively reduce hypothermia in OPCAB surgery. Pre-warming before anesthesia is more effective, and the combination of the two methods has the best effect.