Amino Acid Composition Of Diet Research Articles

Nutrient Composition and Content of Antinutritional Factors in Spelt (Triticum spelta L) Cultivars

Four grain samples of spelt (Triticum spelta L) cultivars—Bauländer Spelz, Schwabenkorn, Loge and Rouquin—were analysed for concentrations of crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, starch, dietary fibres, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, tocopherols and antinutritional factors. The basic nutrients and dietary fibre content and amino acid composition in the spelt grain was similar to wheat and triticale. The spelt grain contained 4·27 g P kg−1 DM and the levels of some microelements, especially Cu, Mn, Zn and Co were higher than wheat. There was a high proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids in the total fatty acid composition, on an average 21·5% in comparison with 12·1% in wheat and 13·7% in triticale. The vitamin E activity was 33 IU kg−1 of spelt grain. This grain contained lower levels of the alkylresorcinols, tannins and trypsin inhibitor activity than in wheat and triticale. The Bauländer Spelz cultivar contained the highest level of minerals, essential amino acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids and the lowest level of antinutritional factors among the all spelt cultivars examined.

Nutrient Composition and Content of Antinutritional Factors in Spelt ( Triticum spelta L Cultivars

Four grain samples of spelt (Triticum spelta L) cultivars—Bauländer Spelz, Schwabenkorn, Loge and Rouquin—were analysed for concentrations of crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, starch, dietary fibres, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, tocopherols and antinutritional factors. The basic nutrients and dietary fibre content and amino acid composition in the spelt grain was similar to wheat and triticale. The spelt grain contained 4·27 g P kg−1 DM and the levels of some microelements, especially Cu, Mn, Zn and Co were higher than wheat. There was a high proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids in the total fatty acid composition, on an average 21·5% in comparison with 12·1% in wheat and 13·7% in triticale. The vitamin E activity was 33 IU kg−1 of spelt grain. This grain contained lower levels of the alkylresorcinols, tannins and trypsin inhibitor activity than in wheat and triticale. The Bauländer Spelz cultivar contained the highest level of minerals, essential amino acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids and the lowest level of antinutritional factors among the all spelt cultivars examined.

Growth Modelling as a Tool for Predicting Amino Acid Requirements of Broilers

Modelling can help predict growth and nutrient requirements by employing mathematical equations that accurately describe all aspects of the system (flock, bird, organ, etc.). Currently, amino acid requirements of broilers are being predicted using models which utilize the Gompertz function data; amino acid composition of diets, carcass, and feathers; energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth; and coefficients for dietary amino acid digestibility and utilization. The ability to formulate feed to provide the predicted daily requirement of amino acids will depend on improved knowledge related to feed intake and energy requirements. Amino acid requirements developed from partition models should better reflect the dynamic changes occurring related to feather growth and carcass composition.

Effect of Dietary Amino Acid Level on Change from Starter to Grower Diets for Broiler Chickens

Two experiments were conducted to determine effects of time of changing from starter to grower feed for broilers as influenced by amino acid density of the diet. Diets were formulated to provide a minimum of 100, 110, and 120% of suggested amino acid levels for male broilers. Starter diets were fed to 0, 7, 14, and 21 days of age with grower diets fed to 40 days, and finisher diets from 40 to 45 days of age. Broilers were processed to examine treatment effects on carcass composition and parts yield.Although amino acid content of the diet significantly affected a number of live performance parameters, there was no interaction of time of diet change and amino acid composition of diets. Mean weight of broilers at 40 days was significantly reduced when birds were placed on grower diets at 0 days, but mean weight at 45 days did not differ significantly among treatments. Mean 45-day weight of females placed on grower feed at 0 days was significantly less than that of females placed on grower feed at 7 or 14 days, but did not differ significantly from that of females placed on grower feed at 21 days of age. Time of change from starter to grower diets had no significant effect on feed utilization, calorie utilization, mortality, dressing percentage, abdominal fat content, or parts yield of male or female broilers. When diets were changed from starter to grower at 0, 7, or 14 days of age, there was a linear increase in breast meat yield of males as the amino acid content increased; however, when diets were changed from starter to grower at 21 days of age, there were no differences in breast meat yield among males fed the different amino acid levels.Based upon prevailing feed prices and performance data from the present experiments, changing from starter to grower diets at 7 or 14 days of age would result in the lowest feed cost to produce a pound of chicken, with no loss in live performance.

Apparent dietary protein requirement of dogs with portosystemic shunt

Summary Current medical management of dogs with portosystemic shunt (pss) includes dietary protein restriction. After establishment of baseline values, 32 dogs underwent portosystemic anastomosis to induce pss. They were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments, and given 11 or 24% crude protein (cp); 20% of the protein was derived from branched chain or aromatic amino acids. The apparent digestibility of cp and of total digestible energy were not affected by pss. The apparent digestibility of fat decreased from 92% to 85% in dogs with pss (P < 0.01). Across all diets, the apparent dietary protein requirement (adpr) was 2.07 g of cp/kg of body weight/d in clinically normal dogs and 2.11 g of cp/kg/d after pss. Dietary amino acid composition had no effect on adpr. The adpr for dogs fed the 11% protein diets was 1.69 g of cp/kg/d in clinically normal dogs and 1.62 g of cp/kg/d after pss, whereas the adpr in dogs fed the 24% protein diets was 3.94 g of cp/kg/d before pss and 3.31 g of cp/kg/d after pss. Serum total protein, urea nitrogen, and albumin concentrations were lower in dogs with pss fed the 11% protein diets, compared with those fed the 24% protein diets. We conclude that there is no difference in adpr in dogs with pss; however, the low protein intake of 1.62 g of cp/kg/d appeared inadequate to maintain normal protein stores, Dietary protein that provides at least 2.1 g of cp/kg/d is recommended for dogs with pss.

Influence of dietary amino acid composition on thyroid function of juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

The acute (3 days) and chronic (21 days) effects of dietary protein quality on thyroid function and growth parameters were studied in immature rainbow trout held at 12°C on a LD 12:12 light cycle. Five isocaloric (∼17.2 MJ digestible energy/kg dry diet) and isonitrogenous (45.1% protein) diets varying in amino acid composition were fed by hand once daily. The ration across all groups was consistent and varied between 1.0 and 1.5% of wet body wt. The dietary amino acid profiles mimicked that within the rainbow trout egg protein (EP), or whole-body protein (WBP), or they were varied widely by altering the proportions of casein and gelatin, i.e. HC/LG (high casein/low gelatin); MC/MG (medium casein/medium gelatin); LC/HG (low casein/high gelatin). Since these diets contained a chemo-attractant (FinnStim) to enhance food intake, a sixth diet, EP/NF (EP but lacking FinnStim), was used to ascertain FinnStim effects. Thyroid function was assessed from plasma levels of T 4 (L-thyroxine) and T 3 (3,5,3′-triiodo-L-thyronine), and from the activity of the hepatic microsomal T 4 5′-monodeiodinase (5′D) which converts T 4 to the more active T 3 form. After 3 days, plasma T 3 and T 4 titres were unaffected by diet, but 5′D activity was depressed by FinnStim and lowered in fish fed diets WBP and LC/HG relative to those fed diet MC/MG. After 21 days, plasma T 3 was uninfluenced by diet, but plasma T 4 was elevated in trout ingesting diet MC/MG. The 5′D activity was lower in fish fed diet WBP than in those receiving diets MC/MG and LC/HG. Final body weight was greater for fish fed diet EP/NF than for those fed diet LC/HG. Fork length was uninfluenced by diet, but the condition factor was depressed in fish fed diet LC/HG. Feed efficiency and percent protein deposited were depressed, whereas hepatosomatic index was elevated in fish fed diet LC/HG. It is concluded that thyroidal status, as judged primarily by hepatic 5′D activity, is influenced in trout both acutely and chronically by the profile of dietary amino acids. The diet high in gelatin content exerted the most consistent effects by depressing growth, condition factor, feed efficiency, and protein conversion into body protein, while simultaneously increasing both the mass of the liver and its 5′D specific activity. Further study is required to identify the particular amino acid(s) responsible for increasing hepatic 5′D potential under conditions of reduced growth.

Effect of Dietary Amino Acid Level on Response to Time of Change from Starter to Grower Diets for Broiler Chickens

Four trials were conducted to determine the effects of time of changing from starter to grower feed for broilers, as influenced by the amino acid composition of the diet. All diets were formulated to provide a minimum of 100, 110, or 120% of suggested amino acids for male broilers. In the first two trials, starter diets were fed to 17, 21, 25, or 29 days of age. In the third trial, starter diets were fed to 14, 18, 22, or 26 days of age. In the fourth trial, starter diets were fed to 14, 17, 21, or 24 days of age. Grower diets were fed to 40 days and finisher diets to 45 days of age. Broilers from the third trial were processed to examine effects on carcass composition.Although amino acid content of the diet significantly affected a number of live performance and carcass parameters, there was no interaction of time of diet change and amino acid composition of diets. In the first two studies, the 45-day weight of male broilers was reduced significantly (P < .05) when changed from starter to grower diets at 17 days of age. Weight of females, mean weights, total feed consumed, feed utilization, calorie conversion, and mortality were not affected significantly by time of change. In the third and fourth trials, day of change had no significant effects on live performance of broilers. Carcass dressing percentage of males was reduced significantly when starter diets were fed to 29 days; no other effects on carcass characteristics were observed. These data suggest that broilers may be changed from starter to grower diets as early as 14 to 17 days of age, especially if sexes are combined.

Effect of hydrolysis time on the determination of the amino acid composition of diet, ileal digesta, and feces samples and on the determination of dietary amino acid digestibility coefficients

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEffect of hydrolysis time on the determination of the amino acid composition of diet, ileal digesta, and feces samples and on the determination of dietary amino acid digestibility coefficientsAngela M. Rowan, Paul J. Moughan, and Margaret N. WilsonCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1992, 40, 6, 981–985Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1992https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00018a013RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views296Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (504 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Short-term effect of whole milk and milk fermented byPseudomonas fluorescenson plasma lipids in adult boars

The short-term effects of whole milk and milk fermented by Pseudomonas fluorescens, of the amino acid composition of the diet and of feeding frequency on the level of plasma lipids, were investigated in six 1-year-old adult boars. The experimental diets contained equal amounts of protein, carbohydrates, fat and cholesterol. After an adaptation period of 5 d for each experimental treatment, blood was collected at regular intervals during 48 h and plasma levels of cholesterol, triacylglycerol, high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and low-density-lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol were examined. All variables except HDL-cholesterol showed distinct diurnal fluctuations, which were substantially influenced by feeding frequency. Variations in the amino acid composition of the experimental diets, which were within a physiological range, had no effect on the level of plasma lipids. Plasma lipid levels were significantly lower when the animals received the diets containing milk instead of the diet without milk: cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and LDL-cholesterol were reduced by 5.6, 5.8 and 10% respectively (pondered means) while HDL-cholesterol remained unaffected. Fermentation of whole milk by P. fluorescens reduced the lipid-lowering effect. Our findings suggest that the intake of diets containing milk results in a lower plasma cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol level than the intake of diets with a similar nutrient content which do not contain milk.

Growth and reproduction of the symbiotic and aposymbiotic pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum maintained on artificial diets

In an effort to study the roles of the intracellular symbionts in the nitrogen metabolism of aphids, the symbiotic and aposymbiotic pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum were maintained on their natural host plant and on two kinds of artificial diets. While the amino acid composition of Diet A was designed to mimic that of the plant sap, Diet B was prepared based on the amino acid composition of the total tissue of aphids. Symbiotic aphids grew well and produced progeny on all the three diets. Aposymbiotic aphids, which were sterile on their natural host plant and Diet A, did bear nymphys on Diet B. The capability of amino acid conversion of the aphid was investigated with glutamine labelled with heavy nitrogen. The following amino acids were found labelled exclusively in the symbiotic aphids: arginine, histidine, isoleucine and/or leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine and valine, suggesting that-these so-called essential amino acids were produced with the aid of symbionts.

A Standard Reference Diet for Crustacean Nutrition Research.: III. Effects on Weight Gain and Amino Acid Composition of Whole Body and Tail Muscle of Juvenile Prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii1

AbstractTwo proposed standard reference diets for use in studies of crustacean nutrition were evaluated using newly metamorphosed postlarvae of the fresh water prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, After 90 days, no significant differences in mean whole wet weight or time interval between successive molts of the two dietary treatment group existed. The dietary amino acid composition of each diet and the corresponding amino acid composition of either the whole body or tail muscle tissue were highly correlated. There was a poor correlation between the dietary amino acid composition and the free amino acid composition of whole body and tail muscle tissue. Both diets could adequately serve as reference diets for nutritional studies with juvenile M. rosenbergii.

Amino acid metabolism in thermal burns.

Burn injury induces time-dependent variations in plasma amino acids, ie, an initial hyperaminoacidemia reflecting proteolysis in the wound areas, a decrease in gluconeogenic amino acids a consequence of excessive utilization in the liver, and a progressive return to normal. There is also a durable hyperphenylalaninemia, reflecting increased protein turnover and specific alterations of sulfur amino acids. In burned rats, the same general pattern is observed, except that glycine rather than alanine and glutamine exhibits the largest variations. Improvements in nutritional support with regard to the amino acid composition of diets are envisaged.

Response of Rats to Diets of Equal Chemical Score: Effect of Lysine or Threonine as the Limiting Amino Acid and of an Amino Acid Excess

The effect of lysine or threonine deficiency with or without excesses of all other amino acids was evaluated in a 21-d feeding study with male rats. Four amino acid mixtures were designed to be first limiting for the rat in lysine or threonine and contained either 0 or 50% excess of nonlimiting amino acids. These mixtures were incorporated into purified diets to provide seven levels [20–140% of the National Research Council (NRC) requirement] of the limiting amino acid. Food intake, body weight gain and carcass composition were measured for each rat to determine the effects of the identity of the limiting amino acid and of amino acid excess on the response to dietary chemical score. Significant effects and/or interactions of the identity of the limiting amino acid (i.e., Lys or Thr) and the presence of excess amino acids were seen for each of the measured responses. At equivalent dietary percentages of the NRC requirement, threonine deficiency supported greater body weight gain than did lysine deficiency. At equivalent deficiencies (Lys vs. Thr) threonine-deficient rats were more susceptible to adverse effects of excess amino acids. When the limiting amino acids were incorporated into the diet through incremental addition of the deficient amino acid mixture, rats responded to levels of lysine or threonine in excess of the NRC requirement. These results suggest that the current NRC requirements for these amino acids are too low and that aspects of the dietary amino acid composition other than the percentage deficit of the limiting amino acid can be important determinants of animal response.

Changes in leucine kinetics during meal absorption: effects of dietary leucine availability.

Whole-body leucine and alpha-ketoisocaproate (KIC) metabolism were estimated in mature dogs fed a complete meal, a meal devoid of branched-chain amino acids, and a meal devoid of all amino acids. Using a constant infusion of [4,5-3H]leucine and alpha-[1-14C]ketoisocaproate (KIC), combined with dietary [5,5,5-2H3]leucine, the rate of whole-body proteolysis, protein synthesis, leucine oxidation, and interconversion of leucine and KIC were estimated along with the rate of leucine absorption. Ingestion of the complete meal resulted in a decrease in the rate of endogenous proteolysis, a small increase in the estimated rate of leucine entering protein, and a twofold increase in the rate of leucine oxidation. Ingestion of either the meal devoid of branched-chain amino acids or devoid of all amino acids resulted in a decrease in estimates of whole-body rates of proteolysis and protein synthesis, decreased leucine oxidation, and a decrease in the interconversion of leucine and KIC. The decrease in whole-body proteolysis was closely associated with the rise in plasma insulin concentrations following meal ingestion. Together these data suggest that the transition from tissue catabolism to anabolism is the result, at least in part, of decreased whole-body proteolysis. This meal-related decrease in proteolysis is independent of the dietary amino acid composition or content. In contrast, the rate of protein synthesis was sustained only when the meal complete in all amino acids was provided, indicating an overriding control of protein synthesis by amino acid availability.

Does spider feeding behaviour optimize dietary essential amino acid composition? (reply)

Does spider feeding behaviour optimize dietary essential amino acid composition? (reply)

Does spider feeding behaviour optimize dietary essential amino acid composition?

Does spider feeding behaviour optimize dietary essential amino acid composition?

Effects of the Source of Dietary Protein on Serum Lower Density Lipoprotein (VLDL + LDL) and Tocopherol Levels in Female Rats

The effect of dietary protein on lipid levels of serum and liver and mineral contents of bone tissue was studied in female rats by using 13 semi-purified diets differing with respect to protein source. The diets were characterized with regard to contents of protein, amino acids, fat, crude fiber, phytate, zinc, copper, iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, tocopherol and metabolizable energy. Six of the proteins tested were of animal origin and six proteins used were plant proteins. Each diet was fed at a 20% protein, 10% fat level. There was a large variation between groups in the serum content of lower density lipoproteins (VLDL + LDL). Rats fed plant protein diets showed values in a lower range than rats consuming animal protein diets. Triglyceride values showed a similar tendency. A comparison of dietary amino acid composition and blood lipid parameters revealed a significant negative correlation between dietary arginine content and serum VLDL + LDL levels (r = 0.863; P < 0.01). Group differences in total serum cholesterol were also observed. However, this variation was within the same range in animal as well as plant protein diets. Serum tocopherol levels were correlated to the total dietary intakes of tocopherol. No significant trend was observed for the mineral content of bone tissue or for the total lipid content of liver with regard to class of dietary protein. However, all rats fed a blood protein diet developed fatty livers.

Spider feeding behaviour optimises dietary essential amino acid composition (reply)

Spider feeding behaviour optimises dietary essential amino acid composition (reply)

Spider feeding behaviour optimises dietary essential amino acid composition

Spider feeding behaviour optimises dietary essential amino acid composition

Spider feeding behaviour optimises dietary essential amino acid composition

Classical models of foraging behaviour1–3 assume that feeding patterns maximising the net caloric gain per unit time or minimising the tune spent in foraging will be favoured by natural selection. There is some evidence for this behaviour in some foragers4, mostly higher vertebrates for which time and energy constraints are frequently paramount. However, while these models may suffice under some circumstances, nutritional information from the veterinary, wildlife management, and entomological literature shows that an animal requires a diet containing all necessary nutrients to be truly fit (physiologically and evolutionarily). Therefore unless animals are very severely constrained energetically, foraging behaviour should lead to nutritional as well as caloric optimisation. Here I show that free-living wolf spiders will tend to prey on three species in proportions which optimise the proportions of the essential amino acids they provide in the diet.