AMH Concentrations Research Articles

Hormonal Characteristics of Women Receiving Ovarian Tissue Transplantation with or without Endogenous Ovarian Activity.

Ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC) and transplantation of frozen/thawed ovarian tissue (OTT) are used for fertility preservation in girls and women. Here, we evaluated the hormonal characteristics of women with or without postmenopausal levels of FSH at the time of OTT to study differences and conditions that best support the initiation of ovarian function. A total of 74 women undergoing OTT (n = 51 with menopausal levels of FSH; n = 23 with premenopausal levels) were followed by measurements of FSH, LH, AMH, and oestradiol. Concentrations of FSH and LH returned to premenopausal levels after 20 weeks on average, with a concomitant increase in oestradiol. Despite resumption of ovarian activity, AMH concentrations were in most instances below the detection limit in the menopausal group, suggesting a low ovarian reserve. Despite a higher age in the premenopausal group, they more often experienced an AMH increase than the menopausal group, suggesting that conditions in the premenopausal ovary better sustain follicle survival, perhaps due to the higher concentrations of oestradiol. Collectively, this study highlights the need for improving follicle survival after OTT. Age and the amount of tissue transplanted are important factors that influence the ability to regain ovarian activity and levels of FSH may need to be downregulated and oestradiol increased prior to OTT.

Pubertal development in 46,XY patients with NR5A1 mutations

PurposeMutations in the NR5A1 gene, encoding the transcription factor Steroidogenic Factor-1, are associated with a highly variable genital phenotype in patients with 46,XY differences of sex development (DSD). Our objective was to analyse the pubertal development in 46,XY patients with NR5A1 mutations by the evaluation of longitudinal clinical and hormonal data at pubertal age.MethodsWe retrospectively studied a cohort of 10 46,XY patients with a verified NR5A1 mutation and describe clinical features including the external and internal genitalia, testicular volumes, Tanner stages and serum concentrations of LH, FSH, testosterone, AMH, and inhibin B during pubertal transition.ResultsPatients who first presented in early infancy due to ambiguous genitalia showed spontaneous virilization at pubertal age accompanied by a significant testosterone production despite the decreased gonadal volume. Patients with apparently female external genitalia at birth presented later in life at pubertal age either with signs of virilization and/or absence of female puberty. Testosterone levels were highly variable in this group. In all patients, gonadotropins were constantly in the upper reference range or elevated. Neither the extent of virilization at birth nor the presence of Müllerian structures reliably correlated with the degree of virilization during puberty.ConclusionPatients with NR5A1 mutations regardless of phenotype at birth may demonstrate considerable virilization at puberty. Therefore, it is important to consider sex assignment carefully and avoid irreversible procedures during infancy.

Higher Doses of FSH Used for Superovulation Do Not Adversely Affect Embryonic Ploidy: A Randomized Controlled Trial (STimulation Resulting in Embryonic Aneuploidy using Menopur (STREAM) Trial)

Research Question: Does the dose of gonadotropin used for superovulation in IVF affect the proportion of euploid blastocysts obtained after fertilization? Study Design: Multicentre randomized controlled trial recruiting 57 women who were treated with ovarian stimulation using either 150 or 300 IU Menopur per day. Both groups received GnRH antagonist from day 5 of ovarian stimulation and final oocyte maturation was induced using a leuprolide GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) agonist trigger when three or more follicles reached 17 mm diameter. Oocyte collection was scheduled 36–38 hours post trigger. In vitro fertilization (IVF) or Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) were performed according to individual unit protocol and embryos were cultured to blastocyst stage. A trophectoderm biopsy was performed on day 5 of embryo culture and used for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy. Euploid embryos were transferred in subsequent frozen embryo transfer cycles with appropriate endometrial preparation. Results: The number of oocytes obtained from women randomized to 150 IU Menopur was between 3 and 17 (mean = 9), whereas the number of oocytes obtained from women randomized to 300 IU Menopur was between 3 and 24 (mean = 11). There was a positive linear relationship between serum AMH concentration and oocyte yield in both the 150 and 300 IU Menopur groups ([Formula: see text] = 0.3359, [Formula: see text] = 0.1129 and [Formula: see text] = 0.3741, [Formula: see text] = 0.1399). The percentage of euploid to aneuploid embryos in the 150 IU Menopur group was 63% and in the 300 IU Menopur group, the proportion was 75%, which was not significantly different ([Formula: see text] = 0.17). Conclusion: The higher dose ovarian stimulation protocol did not significantly increase the number of oocytes retrieved, nor did the higher dose protocol reduce the proportion of euploid embryos created. This study does not support the hypothesis that use of higher doses of gonadotropin for ovarian stimulation results in a reduction in the proportion of euploid embryos obtained after IVF.

NEWBORNS OF WOMEN WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS) HAVE HIGHER ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE (AMH) LEVELS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

The first-degree female relatives of individuals with PCOS were more often diagnosed with PCOS in their sexual maturity, and they were further reported to exhibit higher levels of AMH during peripuberty, suggesting that the follicular alterations might happen early. AMH, as a reflection of increased stock of preantral and small antral follicles, was found significantly higher in pregnant PCOS women during the early trimester and at delivery. Animal studies also supported the hypothesis of exposure to excessive steroid or AMH during intrauterine life might develop PCOS-like phenotypes in the offspring. However, there was little human evidence substantiating a relationship between the exposure to maternal PCOS state and subsequent alteration of ovarian functions in neonates. By evaluating the AMH levels of newborns, the present meta-analysis was constructed to find potential evidence of influence by the intrauterine environment. A search of the literature was conducted in the PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library for articles assessing AMH levels in offspring of PCOS and non-PCOS mothers. The quality of studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) scoring system. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were adopted to calculate the overall estimates with random-effects models. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were performed to investigate the potential source of inconsistencies. Funnel plots and Egger’s test were used to assess the publication bias. Sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the robustness of the results. 6 high-quality studies involving 846 participants were included. The pooled analysis found an increased AMH level in the umbilical cord blood in newborns of PCOS mothers (SMD =0.62, 95% CI [0.28, 0.95]). Subgroup analyses revealed an elevation of AMH concentrations in female neonates (SMD = 0.64, 95%CI = [0.14, 1.14]), neonates born to American and Asian PCOS mothers (SMD = 0.81, 95%CI = [0.47, 1.16]; SMD = 1.12, 95%CI = [0.79, 1.46], respectively). In addition, higher AMH levels were also found in studies diagnosed by the National Institute of Health (NIH) criteria (SMD =0.97; 95%CI = [0.74, 1.21]), maternal clinical/biochemical hyperandrogenism (SMD =0.66; 95%CI = [0.21, 1.11]), or maternal body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m2 (SMD =0.78; 95%CI = [0.39, 1.17]). Meta-regression analysis suggested that diagnostic criterion contributed mostly to the high heterogeneity (p＜0.01). There was no publication bias and our results remained constant after sensitivity analysis. In summary, the positive findings of this study suggested that AMH levels in neonates born to PCOS mothers were noticeably higher than those in neonates born to healthy controls. We found that AMH might play a potential part in the PCOS pathogenesis which inhibits folliculogenesis in the fetal stage.

Anti-Müllerian hormone concentration as an indicator of female general health status: a cross-sectional study

Research questionTo evaluate the correlation between clinical and hormonal parameters and comorbidity burden in Caucasian women presenting for fertility treatment. DesignMonocentric cross-sectional study including a cohort of 3163 Caucasian women seeking medical care for fertility treatment. All patients underwent centralized laboratory testing for hormonal assessment. Complete clinical and laboratory data from the entire cohort were retrospectively analysed. Comorbidity burden score was assessed by the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI; categorized as 0 versus 1 versus ≥2). ResultsDescriptive statistics and regression models tested the associations between clinical and laboratory parameters and CCI. Among the entire cohort of patients, a CCI = 0 was found in 2977 women (94.1%), and CCI = 1 and CCI ≥2 were found in 113 (3.6%) and 73 (2.3%) patients, respectively. Age (P = 0.009), gravidity (P = 0.001), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH, P < 0.001) and TSH (P = 0.003) values were significantly different among CCI groups. In regression models, age at presentation and AMH emerged as independent indicators of CCI ≥ 1. Age at presentation <36 years (odds ratio [OR] 1.742, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.284–2.364) and an AMH concentration ≤2.3 ng/ml (OR 1.864, 95% CI 1.29–2.69) were the most informative cut-off values for CCI ≥ 1 in the study population. ConclusionsA younger age at presentation and lower AMH concentrations are significant independent indicators of decreased general health in women requiring clinical evaluation for fertility treatment. As observed for sperm parameters in men, AMH might serve as a proxy of women's general health status.

A Cross-Sectional Study on Potential Ovarian Volume and Related Factors in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome from Infertile Couples.

PurposeThis study was designed to explore the value of ovarian volume (OV) measured by transvaginal ultrasound and its relationship with anthropometry and serum hormonal levels in a polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) population.Patients and MethodsA total of 119 women with PCOS from infertile couples were recruited in this cross-sectional study. On days 2–4 of the menstrual cycle, transvaginal ultrasound examinations were performed, and hormonal profiles were measured. PCOS diagnosis was based on the Rotterdam 2003 criteria and classified into four phenotype groups. The PCOS group (study group) and the non-PCOS group (control group) were compared.ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 32.66±4.10 years compared to 33.99±4.78 years in 273 cases (69.6%) without PCOS. The mean OV was statistically larger in the PCOS group than in the non-PCOS group (7.65±3.23 mL vs 6.08±3.67 mL, p < 0.001) and positively correlated with serum anti-Mullerian (AMH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels (r=0.30; p < 0.001 and r=0.23; p < 0.001, respectively), and weakly and inversely correlated with age (−0.182, p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of OV in the diagnosis of PCOS was 0.613 (0.557–0.670, 95% CI).ConclusionThe enlarged OV is remarkable in women with PCOS and is related to AMH and LH concentrations. Although the diagnostic potential of PCOS is substantially low, OV alone may contribute to predicting the severity of PCOS and better performance for the diagnosis of PCOS phenotypes.

Anti-Müllerian Hormone Accelerates Pathological Process of Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients.

Insulin resistance (IR) is one of the most common features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is related to obesity. Whether increased anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels in PCOS are involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance remains unclear. We investigated serum levels of leptin and AMH along with basic clinical and metabolic parameters in 114 PCOS patients and 181 non-PCOS women. PCOS patients presented higher fasting blood glucose, insulin concentrations and Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) in addition to body mass index (BMI), lipids profiles and hormone levels. HOMA-IR showed a positive correlation with BMI, AMH, leptin, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) levels. Interestingly, AMH is strongly positively correlated with HOMA-IR and insulin concentrations for 1st and 2nd hours of glucose treatment after fasting. Among PCOS women with BMI≥25 kg/m2, high AMH level group showed an increased HOMA-IR when compared to normal AMH level. However, among PCOS women with normal BMI, women with high AMH presented an elevated fasting insulin levels but not HOMA-IR when compared to normal AMH group. In vitro treatment of isolated islet cells with high concentration of leptin (200 ng/ml) or high leptin plus high concentration of AMH (1 ng/ml) significantly enhanced insulin secretion. Importantly, co-treatment of AMH plus leptin upregulates the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-8 after incubating with a high level of glucose. These results suggest that AMH may involve in the pathological process of pancreatic β-cells in obese PCOS women.

Anti-müllerian hormone levels and antral follicle count in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 germline pathogenic variant: A retrospective cohort study

BackgroundSome studies suggested a decreased ovarian reserve among BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant carriers, with conflicting results. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective single-center observational study of ovarian reserve and spontaneous fertility comparing BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant carriers to controls (women who attended consultations to discuss fertility preservation before gonadotoxic treatment). Measures of associations between plasma AMH concentration, AFC and BRCA1/2 status were modelled by nonlinear generalized additive regression models and logistic regressions adjusted for age at plasma storage, oral contraceptive use, body mass index, cigarette smoking, and the AMH assay technique. ResultsThe whole population comprised 119 BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant carriers and 92 controls. A total of 110 women (42 carriers, among whom 30 were cancer-free, and 68 controls) underwent an ovarian reserve evaluation. Spontaneous fertility analysis included all women who previously attempted to become pregnant (134 women).We observed a tendency towards a premature decrease in ovarian reserve in BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant carriers, but no difference in mean AMH or AFC levels was found between BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant carriers and controls. An analysis of the extreme levels of AMH (≤5 pmol/l) and AFC (≤7 follicles) by logistic regression suggested a higher risk of low ovarian reserve among BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant carriers (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 3.57, 95% CI = 1.00–12.8, p = 0.05; and adjusted OR = 4.99, 95% CI = 1.10–22.62, p = 0.04, respectively). DiscussionAttention should be paid to BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant carriers’ ovarian reserve, considering this potential risk of premature alteration.

The circulating alarin level was elevated in infertile women with poor ovarian reserve

Objective We aimed to reveal the association of serum alarin level with POR status of the infertile women in the present study. Methods The eligibility criteria for this prospective cross-sectional study included a total of 92 infertile women attending the Hitit University Hospital, and all participant women were categorized into two main groups of ovarian reserve: (i) Poor ovarian reserve (POR) group (n = 40) based on ESHRE consensus and (ii) Control group (NOR) (n = 52). Results The mean adjusted-ages and BMI values of the NOR and POR groups were statistically comparable (p = .057 and p = .600, respectively). The mean E2, FSH, and LH levels were elevated in the POR group (p < .001, for all). The mean AFC and AMH concentration were significantly reduced in the POR group (p < .001, for both). In addition, there was a significant increase in the serum alarin level in the POR group (p < .001). Pearson’s analysis revealed that the mean BMI value of the POR group had a weak and negative correlation (r = 0.318, p = .046). Also, there was no correlation between serum alarin with E2 and FSH levels in both study groups. A weak and positive correlation was found between serum alarin and LH concentration only in the POR group (r = 0.318, p = .045). The mean AMH and AFC values were not significantly correlated with serum alarin levels. Conclusion The circulating alarin level was significantly elevated in infertile women with POR patterns. In addition, the alarin level was significantly correlated with the serum LH concentration in the POR pattern.

Elevated Anti-M\xfcllerian Hormone Levels in Newborns of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Based on Observational Studies

We performed this updated systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate anti-Müllerian hormone levels (AMH) in newborns of mothers with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) compared with healthy controls. A search of the literature was conducted in the PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CBM, CNKI, WANFANG, and VIP for articles to assess AMH levels in offspring of PCOS and non-PCOS mothers irrespective of language. These databases were searched from their inception to December 7, 2020. The quality of studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) scoring system. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were adopted to calculate the overall estimates with random-effects models. A total of 6 studies with 846 participants were included. The pooled analysis found an increased AMH level in the umbilical cord blood in newborns of PCOS mothers (SMD =0.62, 95% CI [0.28, 0.95]). Subgroup analyses revealed an elevation of AMH concentrations in female neonates, neonates born to American and Asian PCOS mothers. In addition, higher AMH levels were also found in studies diagnosed by the National Institute of Health (NIH) criteria, maternal clinical/biochemical hyperandrogenism, or maternal body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m2. Meta-regression analysis suggested that diagnostic criterion contributed mostly to the high heterogeneity. We demonstrated that AMH levels in neonates born to PCOS mothers were essentially higher, which indicates that AMH may act as an enigmatic role in the pathogenesis of PCOS which inhibits folliculogenesis in the fetal stage.

Decline in AMH concentrations following radioactive iodine treatment in women with differentiated thyroid cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

Differing performance of two assays for the measurement of anti-Mullerian hormone in premenopausal women: A cross-sectional study.

To compare the performance of two anti-Mullerian (AMH) assays over a range of concentrations, in samples collected from young women. A cross-sectional method-comparison study of 168 non-healthcare-seeking women. Included women were aged 18-39years, not recently pregnant, breast feeding or using systemic hormones. Serum AMH levels were analysed with the Beckman Coulter Access 2 assay from fresh samples and the Ansh picoAMH assay using samples stored at -80°C, in a parallel setting. Comparisons between the two assays were examined using Bland-Altman plots. Participants had a mean±SD age of 32.6±5.4years and body mass index of 28.1±7.9kg/m2 , and 60.1% were parous. Although the assay results were highly correlated (Spearman correlation .982, P<.001), the relationship between the assays was nonlinear. Serum AMH values below 4pmol/L were lower with the picoAMH assay compared with the Access AMH assay (mean difference in this range was -0.49pmol/L), but for samples with a mean value above 10pmol/L, the picoAMH assay consistently measured higher than the Access AMH assay (mean difference in this range was +8.2pmol/L). As AMH concentrations increased the absolute discrepancy between the assays also increased. This study demonstrates that despite the high correlation between two commercially available AMH assays, the assays performed in a discordant manner at high and low concentrations. Hence, the results of these assays are not interchangeable, highlighting the need to establish specific reference limits for individual assays to guide clinical decision-making and the challenge of establishing future universal cut-offs for the application of AMH levels in clinical practice.

Evaluation of expression and serum concentration of anti-Mullerian hormone as a follicle growth marker following consumption of fennel and flaxseed extract in first-generation mice pups

BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to assess the expression and serum level of AMH in first-generation female mice pups following fennel and flaxseed consumption.MethodsTwenty pregnant NMRI mice were allocated into four groups including control (CTL), fennel (FV), flaxseed (LU) and FV+ LU. Sixty-four female offsprings after lactation period, received the same regimen as their mothers for 56 and 240 days. The ovarian follicles development, serum concentration of AMH, as well as gene and protein expression of AMH were evaluated in the female offsprings at post-natal day 56 (PND56) and 240 (PND240).ResultsThe number of total growing follicles were raised in the FV group in compression to the all experimental groups. In contrast, LU group showed a marked decrease in their numbers. The highest level of serum AMH was seen in the FV-diet mice, whereas LU negatively affected it. The expression level of AMH also increased in the FV and FV + LU groups, while a reduction was observed in the LU group. As well, IHC data showed that the number of AMH-positive cells in almost ovarian follicles of FV and FV + LU-treated mice was in compared to those of the LU group.ConclusionsThe overall effect of fennel treatment (alone and in combination with flaxseed) on ovary might be maintain primordial follicle storage through increased expression and serum level of AMH.

ANTI-MÜLLERIAN HORMONE (AMH) AS ENDOCRINE MARKER FOR EMBRYO PRODUCTION IN SUPEROVULATED FRIESIAN COWS

The present study aimed to evaluate follicular dynamics, yield, quality and stage of embryos in superovulated Friesian cows with high and low AMH levels. A total of 10 Friesian cows synchronized with PGF2α to bring them in heat before start superovulation protocol. On Day 10 post oestrus, cows were injected with 2500 IU PMSG, then after 48h cow were injected with 3 ml PGF2α and with 5 ml GnRH on day 14. Cows were artificially inseminated twice at 12 and 24 h after GnRH. Embryos were collected after 7 days from AI. To measure AMH concentration 1 blood sample was collected at the beginning of second follicular wave according to ultrasonography. Results showed that number of antral follicles and total follicles was greater in high AMH level than in low AMH level donors. Differences in CL number of cows in high AMH level was greater than in low AMH level on flushing day. AMH concentration had a significant positive correlation with antral follicles number pre-treatment, total CL number on flushing day, and ovulation rate . The average number and recovery rate of recovered embryos from donor cows with high AMH level was greater than those recovered from cows in low AMH level. Also results indicated highly, significant, and positive correlation of AMH level with total number, recovery rate, excellent, good grade of embryos, and blastocysts, compact morulae, and morulae. In conclusion, circulating AMH concentration, as endocrine marker, is highly associated individually with superovulatory response and embryo production potential in cows.

Galactomannan Restore Letrozole Induced Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) in Rat Model

Current research aims towards evaluation of the effect of Galactomannan (GM) on letrozole-induced PCOS in adult female Wistar rats. Seven randomized groups of six female rats were made. The rats in all groups were administered with letrozole (1 mg/kg p.o.) for 21 days to induce PCOS. Rats in respective groups were treated with vehicle (10 ml/kg, p.o.), clomiphene citrate (1 mg/kg, p.o.), galactomannan (10, 20, 40 mg/kg, p.o.) and clomiphene citrate + galactomannan (1+20 mg/kg, p.o.) from day 22 to 36. On the last day of treatment i.e., 37th day of the study, blood was withdrawn, serum was separated and was used to assess hormonal and lipid profile. The rats were sacrificed in the late diestrus stage, ovaries were isolated and used for histopathological studies. Cysts in the ovaries of rats in control group was clearly seen after giving letrozole. Treatment either with Galactomannan or clomiphene citrate, significantly decreased blood sugar level, lipid profile, LH and testosterone whereas increased concentration of FSH and AMH was observed at the end of study. Reduced number of ovarian cysts as well as decreased body weight and ovary weight was documented for the possible protective role of galactomannan in PCOS. On the basis of results, galactomannan exerts protective effect in PCOS and could be given as adjuvant treatment with the available pharmacotherapy for the management of PCOS in women.

Correlation between anti-Müllerian hormone, age, and number of oocytes: A retrospective study in a Brazilian in vitro fertilization center.

ObjectiveIs the AMH level correlated with age and number of mature oocytes retrieved from stimulated cycles?MethodsThis descriptive, retrospective, observational study included the data of about 1500 patients submitted to Assisted Reproductive Technology treatments in a clinic in Brazil between July 2012 and April 2019. Patients not submitted to IVF and/or without AMH level records were excluded. The study included women with fertility issues aged 20-50 years submitted to IVF. A total of 733 patients were included. The patients were divided by age into three groups (≤35 years old; 36-39 years old; ≥40 years old).ResultsThe mean AMH concentration ranged from 2.65 to 1.35 ng/mL and was significantly different between the groups. The mean total number of retrieved oocytes ranged from 9.5 to 5.42 and was significantly different between the groups. The mean number of mature oocytes ranged from 7.14 to 4.58. There was no significant difference in the number of mature oocytes between patients aged 36-39 years and ≥40 years. Negative correlations were observed between patient age and total number of retrieved oocytes (-0.3354) and number of mature oocytes (-0.2839). AMH was negatively correlated with age (-0.3257), although positive correlations with total number of oocytes (0.6702) and number of mature oocytes (0.5770) were observed.ConclusionsThis is the largest study performed with Brazilian patients to correlate AMH levels, age, number of oocytes, and number of mature oocytes from controlled ovarian stimulation cycles. Our data showed that as age increases, AMH levels, number of retrieved oocytes, and number of mature oocytes decrease significantly. However, no significant difference in number of mature oocytes was observed when patients aged 36-39 and ≥40 years were compared. In addition, a positive correlation was found between serum AMH levels and total number of retrieved and mature oocytes from stimulated cycles.

Evaluation of anti-Mullerian hormone in regular and repeat breeding Murrah buffaloes during estrous cycle

The objective of the study was to evaluate AMH concentration in repeat breeding Murrah buffaloes. Two groups of regular and repeat breeding were formed, each group consist of six buffalo animals. Blood samples were collected on 7th, 14th and 21st day of estrous cycle and after centrifugation serum was stored in refrigerator at –20°C until analysis of AMH. The result showed non-significantly higher mean values of AMH in cyclic buffaloes than repeat breeders on 7th 14th and 21st day of estrous cycle. Therefore, it is concluded that AMH may not be the cause of infertility in repeat breeders. Repeat breeding buffaloes may conceive but after correcting the various factors of infertility.

Features of the women hormonal background with endometriosis-associated infertility

Introduction. According to experts, endometriosis affects 10-15% of women of reproductive age; the percentage of endometriosis-associated infertility in this category of women is 30-50%. Given that endometriosis affects women of young reproductive age, the question arises about conservative and surgical ways to restore reproductive function.Objective of the research: to analyze retrospectively the level of serum hormones of patients with endometriosis-associated infertility, depending on the type of treatment of endometrioid cysts.Materials and methods. The study included 114 women aged 21- 40 years with endometriosis-associated infertility, who were treated at the “ProfessorS.KhmilClinicMedicalCenter”. The comparison group included 30 women with tuboperitoneal infertility factor. Patients with endometriosis-associated infertility were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 consisted of 54 women of reproductive age with unoperated endometrioid cysts up to4 cm in diameter, group 2 - 60 women with a medical history of surgical treatment of endometrioid cysts. Each of the groups was divided into 2 subgroups. 1a - monolateral endometrioid cysts; 1b - bilateral endometrioid cysts; 2a - without recurrent cysts in the previously operated ovary; 2b - with mono- or bilateral cysts in the previously operated ovary.Determination of the concentration of the reproductive system hormones was performed in an accredited laboratory of the “Professor S. Khmil Clinic Medical Center” with the help of “Diagnostic Systems Laboratories, Inc.” test system (USA) using the analyzer “StatFax”.Results and Discussion. It was found that the concentration of AMH was probably lower in the blood serum of women who underwent cystectomy, but did not differ statistically significantly between groups 2a and 2b. The concentration of FSH in the experimental groups was probably higher than in the comparison group, but its level in different experimental groups probably did not differ when analyzing the rank variations of Kruskal-Wallis. Changes in LH concentration had similar dynamics to FSH, in particular, the level of LH in the experimental groups was probably higher against the data of the comparison group. It should be noted that the concentration of LH in 2b group was probably higher in relation to 1a (by 26.25%), 1b (by 22.42%) and 2a (by 20.24%) groups. Progesterone level was statistically significantly lower in groups 1a, 1b and 2b relative to the comparison group. Analysis of prolactin level did not show statistical difference both in the analysis of rank variations of Kruskal-Wallis, and when compared with the data of the comparison group.Conclusions. Women with endometriosis-associated infertility have hormonal disorders characterized by increased levels of follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones, estradiol, decreased levels of progesterone and anti-müllerian hormone, with AMH probably lower in women after cystectomy, according to data of unoperated patients.

Determination of anti-mullerian hormone in serum and ovarian histopathology of buffaloes

Present study was undertaken to assess AMH concentration in serum and histopathological study of AFC in buffalo ovaries. Total 30 pair of ovary were collected in 10% Neutral Buffer Formalin. Blood samples were also collected before slaughtering the buffalo animals for estimation of AMH concentration. Before processing, 10 serial sections of each pair of ovary was done for histopathological examinations. All the serial sections of the ovaries were processed as per the standard procedure. On the basis of histopathological examinations and follicle count, animals were categorized as cyclic and anestrus. Out of 30 pairs of ovary, 18 pairs were identified as anestrus and 12 as cyclic. The mean number of primordial, antral and growing ovarian follicles count of cyclic buffaloes were 0.42±0.07, 0.15±0.03 and 4.47±0.03 and 0.49±0.02, 0.16±0.03 and 0.41±0.06 for anestrus buffaloes, respectively. Growing follicles were significantly higher in cyclic as compared to anestrous buffaloes. However, the difference of primordial and antral follicle count remained non-significant in cyclic and anestrous buffaloes. Whereas, AMH concentration in cyclic buffaloes (273.50±48.52) was significantly higher than anestrous buffaloes (79.40±7.80). Therefore, it is concluded that, anti-mullerian hormone is an endocrine marker and can predict the fertility of animal. Also, follicular count is positively correlated with AMH concentration.

Label-free anti-Müllerian hormone sensor based on polyaniline micellar modified electrode

A label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on polyaniline (PANI) micellar electrode was firstly fabricated for direct AMH detection. To control the size regularity of PANI, a micelle-based method using ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) as a reducing agent was employed in the polymerization process. The Anti-AMH antibodies were readily immobilized onto PANI via peptide bond to enhance the sensor specificity and sensitivity. This sensor was applied for the detection of AMH, an ovarian response indicator in female related to residual eggs during a woman's monthly cycle. The sensor performances were systematically investigated by differential pulse voltammetry. The anodic peak current decreases with the increase of AMH concentration owing to blocking of electron transfer by AMH. Under the optimal conditions, this sensor offers high sensitivity with a low detection limit of 0.1 ng mL−1 and a wide linear range of 0.1–4 ng mL−1, which is sensitive enough to indicate the ability to produce eggs during a woman's monthly cycle. Furthermore, this system requires lower sample volume (5 μL), while offers the simple fabrication with low cost and no synthetic challenge and faster analysis compared with a standard ELISA. Ultimately, this sensor was successfully applied for the detection of AMH in human serum with satisfactory results. Thus, it might be an alternative tool for AMH screening in clinical setting.