AMESim Software Research Articles

A Pneumatic Proportional Constant Flow Valve With Mechanical Feedback

To make the flow rate of a gas valve insensitive to changes in inlet pressure and to achieve proportional constant flow characteristics, a proportional constant flow valve is proposed, which is mechanically fed back by the pressure of the flowing gas itself. Using air as the source, the motion equation of the spool is established according to pneumatic theory. By means of the steady state equation, it is proved that the valve is insensitive to the change of inlet pressure compared with an ordinary proportional valve, and the optimization direction of the valve is analyzed. Based on Amesim software, the entire model of the pneumatic proportional constant flow valve is established, and the flow characteristic parameters of feedback holes with different diameters are obtained by numerical calculation. Subsequently, through overall simulation, we obtain the specific values of the optimization parameters. Finally, relevant experimental tests are conducted. The results show that the optimized proportional constant flow valve with mechanical feedback has a good proportional constant flow effect compared with the ordinary proportional flow valve.

The analysis of a hybrid turbocharger main parameters applied to an internal combustion engine

Internal combustion engines are constantly developing. Currently, a solution in full development is a hybrid car that has an internal combustion engine propulsion combined with an electrical motor. The electrical motor is powered by a battery which in turn is connected to other electricity suppliers for recharging. Therefore, the aim is to recover the thermal energy from the car, through various solutions, in order to transform it into electricity. Electricity is for the car’s battery as well as for its consumers. After an analysis of the energy balance of the internal combustion engine, it can be seen that the engine energy still has great potential to be transformed into electrical energy through various solutions. Electrical energy can be produced even from braking or other mechanical devices that transform mechanical energy into electrical energy. For example, a co generator of energy hybrid electric turbocharger aims to recover exhaust gas energy and to capitalize it. The turbocharger is connected through a shaft with a generator. Between the compressor wheel and the generator is a speed reducer with a gear ratio of 1:10. This article aims to present the analysis based on the results of the experimental and simulation research of the hybrid turbocharger. The tests were performed using a diesel internal combustion engine with 4 cylinders at a capacity of 1.9 liters. The simulations will be performed using AMESim software developed by Siemens. The main parameters, which are highlighted, are: pressure ratio of the turbocharger, the rotation speed of the turbocharger and the power from the experimental results in relation to time and engine power at 100% load.

Experimental Study on Performance Assessment of Hydraulic Power Take-off System in Centipede Wave Energy Converter Considering Caspian Sea Wave Characteristics

Considering the characteristics of the Caspian Sea waves, using a centipede wave energy converter might lead to satisfactory performance. The present paper introduced a pilot wave energy converter (WEC) called IRWEC2. Moreover, the performance of the hydraulic power take-off (PTO) system developed for the WEC was assessed experimentally in the wave tank of Babol Noshirvani University of Technology (BNUT). The Simcenter Amesim software was used so as to design the hydraulic PTO system and to initially evaluate the system performance. For two separate buoys were used, different series and parallel configurations were employed for the separate hydraulic cylinders connected to each buoy to achieve the optimum performance of the PTO system. The characteristics of input wave, resistant load, and flow control valve opening were defined as the most important parameters affecting the converter performance. Accordingly, the maximum value of generator output was obtained based on the certain values of these parameters. To validate the processes defined, the simulation results obtained through the Simcenter Amesim software were compared to the experimental ones and a good agreement was found. According to the results, the maximum power of the PTO system was 46 watts (for laboratory scale), which is related to the parallel configuration. In this case, the efficiency of the PTO system was 23%. Moreover, the output of the generator increased by about 12% compared to the case where only one buoy was used.

Design and Simulation of Electro-hydraulic Control Valve Based on AMESim

In this paper, the electro-hydraulic control valve commonly used in ships is taken as the research object, the working principle of the valve is introduced, the model of the valve is established by AMESim software, the model parameters are set and the simulation analysis is carried out. By changing the relevant parameters of the valve, the response speed of the valve can be improved. The simulation results show that the pressure area of load sensitive cavity and the diameter of damping hole have obvious influence on the response speed of valve.

Distribution parameter modeling and experimental verification of constant-pressure variable displacement pump

To provide a precise model of dynamic components in the constant pressure pump, and to improve the accuracy of dynamic calculation of the constant-pressure hydraulic system in its design stage, the research undertook mapping on a particular constant pressure pump and determined its basic structural parameters. Then, with the AMESim software, the research adopted separate structures from the level of basic components to establish the model of single-piston pump, the model of variable displacement pump, and the model of adjustable mechanism for the swashplate, respectively. The three models were combined with the constant-pressure variable displacement pump before it was encapsulated in a super component. By controlling the flow discharge of the constant pressure pump, and by switching on and off the constant pressure valve with the internal and long-distance pressure control, the research undertook the simulative test and the corresponding experimental test on the characteristics of pressure response of the constant pressure pump. The results of both tests agreed well with each other. Thus, it verifies the precision of the established constant pressure pump model in performing accurately in response design and analytical calculation.

Simulation studies on the boot shape injection of a giant magnetostrictive injector

Giant magnetostrictive injector using giant magnetostrictive material acting an electronic controlled injector may be one new promising injector to acquire adjustable injection rates while maintaining large injection quantity. An electronic controlled injector driven by a giant magnetostrictive actuator was designed through combining the driving requirement and output characteristics of the material. To promote responding speed of the coil current, the driving voltage with open-hold-fall type waveform was employed just like using in an electromagnetic injector. Simulation model for the injection characteristic of the injector was established using AMEsim software and verified using experimental results collected by the single injection meter. From simulation and experimental results, designed giant magnetostrictive injector showed good performances as maximum spray rate of 4.5 L/min and minimum spray pulse width of 0.21 ms, and realized the boot shape injection when generated by the designed voltage wave. Furthermore, duration time and amplitude of the pilot spray part in a boot shape injection were respectively adjusted through changing the dwell time and opening time. The boot shape injection reached by the giant magnetostrictive injector can reach quite accurate control of fuel injection and then promote fuel efficiency effectively.

Development and Evaluation of Energy-Saving Electro-Hydraulic Actuator

This paper will develop a novel electro-hydraulic actuator with energy saving characteristics. This system is able to work in differential configurations through the shifting algorithm of the valves, meaning that this developed system can be adjusted flexibly to obtain the desirable working requirements including the high effectiveness of energy recovery from the load, high velocity or torque. Instead of establishing the mathematical model for the purpose of the dynamic analysis, a model of the developed actuator is built in AMESim software. The simulation results reveal that the system is able to save approximately 20% energy consumption compared with a traditional without energy recovery EHA. Furthermore, to evaluate the accuracy of the model, experiments will be performed that prove strongly that the experimental results are well matched to the results attained from the simulation model. This work also offers a useful insight into designing and analyzing hydraulic systems without experiments.

Research on the dynamic characteristics of the acquisition mechanism of the oscillating flapping wing wave energy power generation device based on the bond graph

Taking the acquisition mechanism of the oscillating flapping-wing wave energy power generation device as the research object, the design of the acquisition mechanism, the bond graph model of the acquisition mechanism and the dynamic characteristics are studied. According to the working principle of the acquisition mechanism of the oscillating flapping wing wave energy power generation device, the bond graph model and the state space equation of the acquisition mechanism are established. Based on the bond graph theory, the AMESim software is used for simulation analysis to verify the correctness of the bond graph model of the acquisition mechanism. The research results show that the designed oscillating flapping wing wave energy generation device acquisition mechanism responds quickly and stably, and the bond graph model basically matches the real system. The research process provides an effective reference for the development of the acquisition mechanism of the oscillating flapping wing wave energy power generation device.

Design and research on the simulation platform of Oscillating Flapping-Wing Wave Energy Converter based on AMESim

It is a stochastic dynamic process for conversion of wave energy, which includes the coupling of multiphysics. Energy conversion efficiency and stable output are important objectives. In order to explore the mechanism of wave energy efficient conversion, a wave energy generation scheme of oscillating-flapping wing was proposed. Taking the conversion system of wave power generation device as the research object, the mechanical-hydraulic-circuit simulation platform of the system is established by the software AMESim. The proposed scheme is tested and verified. The results show that the wave energy conversion system can effectively convert wave energy, realize the stable output of electric energy and store it in the battery pack, which provides a theoretical basis for the development of wave energy generation converter of oscillating-flapping wing.

Dynamics modeling and shift control of a novel spring-based synchronizer for electric vehicles

This paper investigates the gearshift transient response and the shift control of a new spring-based synchronizer used in the automated manual transmission (AMT) for electric vehicles (EVs). The spring-based synchronizer uses torque spring to provide a torque to synchronize the speed difference between the target gear and the shaft, which reduces the wear caused by friction in traditional synchronizer, as well as decreases the engaging time and the vehicle jerk. The dynamics model of a two-speed AMT in EV equipped with the spring-based synchronizer is built in AMESim software, and the shift control model is established in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The simulation results of the dynamics model demonstrate that the spring-based synchronizer reduces the engaging time and the vehicle jerk compared to the traditional synchronizer. Furthermore, the influences of the motor inertia, speed difference, spring stiffness and shift force on the engaging time and vehicle jerk are quantitatively analyzed. Finally, several control strategies of shift force are proposed, including the single-closed loop PI position control, dual-closed loop PI control, and dual-closed loop fuzzy PI control, which further reduce the vehicle jerk.

Influence of Lubricant Supply on Thermal and Efficient Performances of a Gear Reducer for Electric Vehicles

Abstract The amount of lubricating oil in a gear reducer greatly influences components’ temperature and efficiency of the reducer. A thermal network simulation model of a gear reducer for electric vehicles based on amesim software was built for thermal and efficiency analysis of the reducer, where heat production and transfer processes of each component in the reducer are considered. Moreover, secondary development submodels were developed to calculate the convection coefficients in real time based on different lubricating oil temperatures and working conditions. Next, the experiments were conducted to verify the developed model regarding transmission efficiency and lubricating oil equilibrium temperature in the reducer. The deviation between the numerical and experimental results is less than 5%, which indicates high accuracy of the developed thermal network model. Thereafter, efficiency and heat balance simulation tests under different working conditions were performed to determine an optimal lubricating oil supply, which is 14 mm gear-oil-immersion oil supply in this study. Finally, a comparison between the reducer with the optimal oil supply and that with normally used 22 mm gear-oil-immersion supply in the NEDC cycles in low temperature was done. The reducer with the optimal oil supply shows 1.032% energy saving. The method presented in this article provides a good guide to design and optimization of the gear reducer for electrical vehicles.

Simulation and Experimental Analysis of Pressure Pulsation Characteristics of Pump Source Fluid

The output flow pulsation characteristics of the hydraulic pump due to the structural characteristics may cause pump source fluid pressure pulsation and even cause the equipment to vibrate, which will affect the life and working reliability of the equipment. Scholars have done a lot of theoretical and simulation analysis on the characteristics of fluid flow and pressure pulsation caused by the specific structure and structure of the plunger pump, but there are few comparisons and analyses of the simplified model of the plunger pump and the pressure pulsation characteristics with experiments. In this paper, AMESim software is utilized to establish a simplified model of one seven-plunger hydraulic pump, and simulate and analyze the pump source fluid pressure pulsation characteristics of different system load pressures at a constant speed. An experimental platform for testing pump fluid pressure pulsation was designed and built, and the actual measurement and simulation results of pump fluid pressure pulsation were compared and analyzed. The results show that the system simulation data is in good agreement with the measured data, which verifies the correctness of the simplified model of the plunger pump. At the same time, it is found that the fluid pressure pulsation of the pump source exhibits broadband and multi-harmonic characteristics. At a constant speed, as the load pressure of the hydraulic system increases, the pump source fluid pressure pulsation amplitude increases, the pressure pulsation rate decreases, and the impact on the fundamental frequency amplitude is the most significant. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for suppressing the pressure pulsation of the pump source fluid and reducing the vibration response of a hydraulic pipeline under the action of the pulsating harmonic excitation.

Performance analysis of a degraded PEM fuel cell stack for hydrogen passenger vehicles based on machine learning algorithms in real driving conditions

Fuel cell degradation is one of the main challenges of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, which can be solved by robust prediction techniques like machine learning. In this research, a specific Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell stack is considered, and the experimental data are imported to predict the future behavior of the stack. Besides, four different prediction neural network algorithms are considered, and Deep Neural Network is selected. Furthermore, Simcenter Amesim software is used with the ability of dynamic simulation to calculate real-time fuel consumption, fuel cell degradation, and engine performance. Finally, to better understand how fuel cell degradation affects fuel consumption and life cycle emission, lifecycle assessment as a potential tool is carried out using GREET software. The results show that a degraded Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell stack can result in an increase in fuel consumption by 14.32 % in the New European driving cycle and 13.9 % in the FTP-75 driving cycle. The Life Cycle Assessment analysis results show that fuel cell degradation has a significant effect on fuel consumption and total emission. The results show that a fuel cell with a predicted degradation will emit 26.4 % more CO2 emissions than a Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell without degradation.

Simulation Study on Technical State of Artillery Recoil Device

In order to keep abreast of the technical status of the recoil device, which is the key component of the artillery, it is necessary to monitor its technical parameters and judge its state according to the changing law of the technical state. Therefore, it is very important to accurately grasp the changing law of its technical state. In this paper, the recoil device is modeled by Amesim software and simulated by loading fault state, and the key parameters which can reflect the change law of technical state of recoil device are found out, which lays a foundation for realizing the comprehensive technical state monitoring of recoil device and mastering the change law of technical state of recoil device.

Application of Machine Learning Technique for Development of Indirect Tire Pressure Monitoring System

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Tire inflation pressure has a significant impact over vehicle driving dynamics, fuel consumption as well as tire life. Therefore, continuous monitoring of tire pressure becomes imperative for ride comfort, safety and optimum vehicle handling performance. Two types of tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS) used by vehicles are - direct and indirect TPMS. Direct systems deploy pressure sensors at each wheel and directly send pressure value to the vehicle Controller Area Network (CAN). Indirect sensors on the other hand use the information from already existing sensors and some physics-based equations to predict the value of tire pressure. Direct TPMS tend to be more accurate but have higher cost of installation while indirect TPMS comes with a minimum cost but compromised accuracy.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">A digital proof-of-concept study for indirect TPMS development of a non-ESP vehicle based on machine learning (ML) technique is elaborated in this paper. The study aims to propose a methodology for development of an indirect TPMS having an accuracy equivalent to that of a direct TPMS. A full vehicle model designed in Amesim software is used to extract data to train the machine-learning algorithm for different test cases. Simulation model is validated against the test data of vehicle dynamics parameters to ensure the accuracy of data extracted for ML model training. Multilayered feed forward, back-propagation artificial neural network is trained using three prediction algorithms and sensitivity of different algorithms, network parameters is analyzed against selected driving scenarios.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Proof-of-concept study suggests that the proposed tire pressure prediction algorithm has a potential to predict tire pressure accurately at par with Direct TPMS. It lays a foundation for developing ML based indirect TPMS using physical testing data by providing assistance in test plan preparation, exploring data pre-processing techniques and algorithm selection. Furthermore, the generic methodology mentioned in this paper can be referred for initial development of any ML based project.</div></div>

Динамика рабочих процессов в автоматических регуляторах давления прямого действия пневматических систем космических аппаратов

The purpose of the study was by means of modern software to explore working processes taking place in automatic direct-acting pressure regulators of pneumatic spacecraft systems. As a result, we developed a general mathematical model of the pressure regulator. The design of the regulator is shown in the form of a block diagram, composed of a set of channels, cavities, and stages. The elements of the block diagram are interconnected by the basic laws of conservation of energy and mass. The mathematical model was evaluated in the Amesim software package. Findings of the full-scale and computational experiments led to the conclusions about the effect the heat exchange between the working fluid and the environment produces on the parameters of the pressure regulator, and about the use of the Amesim software package for further research of working processes in the valve units of pneumatic systems.

On-Board Liquid Hydrogen Cold Energy Utilization System for a Heavy-Duty Fuel Cell Hybrid Truck

In this paper, a kind of on-board liquid hydrogen (LH2) cold energy utilization system for a heavy-duty fuel cell hybrid truck is proposed. Through this system, the cold energy of LH2 is used for cooling the inlet air of a compressor and the coolant of the accessories cooling system, sequentially, to reduce the parasitic power, including the air compressor, water pump, and radiator fan power. To estimate the cold energy utilization ratio and parasitic power saving capabilities of this system, a model based on AMESim software was established and simulated under different ambient temperatures and fuel cell stack loads. The simulation results show that cold energy utilization ratio can keep at a high level except under extremely low ambient temperature and light load. Compared to the original LH2 system without cold energy utilization, the total parasitic power consumption can be saved by up to 15% (namely 1.8 kW).

Performance assessment of a range-extended electric vehicle under real driving conditions using novel PCM-based HVAC system

In this research paper, a novel Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system is proposed to mitigate the unfavorable effects of conventional HVAC systems on the Electric Vehicle (EV) range. The HVAC system is composed of a heat pump (HP) system with an additional phase change material (PCM) heat exchanger, which is a shell and tube heat exchanger and is parallel to the external heat exchanger of the heat pump cycle. This heat exchanger is designed to function as both condenser and evaporator in the cycle temporarily. The n-hexadecane is selected as the PCM in the shell, and R134a is the refrigerant in the tubes. The specific melting point of PCM in the comfort zone range leads to diminishing the compressor's power consumption and consequently the whole system. A copper foam is used to enhance the low thermal conductivity of the PCM. The enthalpy-porosity technique with the Volume Averaged Method (VAM) for modeling of the PCM-copper foam is applied for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of the PCM's melting and solidification cycles in ANSYS Fluent software, and the results are obtained for modeling the heat exchanger in the heat pump cycle. A comprehensive thermal model is developed for the vehicle's cabin to improve the accuracy of the results. Nissan Leaf is modeled as the selected EV at different weather temperatures in the range of −5 °C to 50 °C with the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) driving cycle in Simcenter Amesim software. The results show that the proposed system increases the vehicle range by 19% and 11% compared with the conventional heat pump systems at the weather temperatures of 10 °C and 0 °C, respectively. Moreover, the energy consumption of various components in the cold start and hot start are compared and the results are interpreted.

Fault mode analysis and simulation verification of hydraulic system based on AMEsim

This paper studies the relationship between the fault modes of hydraulic system and their flying parameters according to the principles of hydraulic systems. Based on the study of the working principle and composition architecture of the hydraulic system, the AMEsim software is used to construct a simulation model of the hydraulic system, to analyse the fault modes and mechanisms of key components in the system and their failure effects, and to establish a link between the fault modes and the flying parameters according to which practical evaluation parameters are provided for the subsequent monitoring and handling of system failures.

An AMESIM-based simulation of hydraulic system design for ultra-high pressure tablet presses

Aiming at the problems of large bore of hydraulic cylinders of high tonnage quantity tablet press, large size of tablet press and wide area, a method of using ultra-high pressure hydraulic system to streamline the structure of tablet press is proposed, and a laboratory ultra-high pressure tablet press for XRF spectral analysis specimen manufacturing is designed. The AMESIM software was used to simulate the established hydraulic system model, and the theoretical analysis and relevant experience were combined to reasonably set the relevant parameters of the simulation model, and the AMESIM simulation results were obtained to analyze the motion and flow characteristics of each hydraulic circuit system, which verified the rationality of the hydraulic system.