Women In USA Research Articles

Part IX: The Fruits of Progress (1990–1999)

This is the last of nine segments designed to commemorate the National Association for Girls and Women in Sport centennial, 1899–1999. This segment will focus on the accomplishments of the six presidents who served from 1990 to 1999. During this period, discussions took place about the future of NAGWS as an association within AAHPERD and the impact of the Alliance's strategic plan (Doris Hardy, personal communication, September 28, 1999). The NAGWS board redefined its responsibilities by changing the term of acting president from one to two years, and refocused the central purpose of NAGWS as an organization for the advocacy of quality and equality in girls’ and women's sports. The 1990s also realized a wider societal acceptance for girls and women in sport. Professional leagues for women began in basketball and softball. The 1996 Olympics saw the United States basketball, soccer, and softball teams win gold medals. Over 90,000 spectators watched the United States Women's Soccer team win the 1999 World Cup. This last event helped to mark the 100th anniversary of the founding of NAGWS, and the tremendous progress that has been made in girls’ and women's sports. NAGWS celebrated its centennial with Robin Roberts and Donna de Varona at the AAHPERD annual convention in Boston. A centennial video was made to highlight where we began and how far we have come in the pursuit of equity in sport. From establishing rules and guidelines to overseeing collegiate athletics, NAGWS has evolved constantly over the last 100 years. Today, NAGWS continues to champion equal funding, quality, and respect for women's sports programs. We celebrate the past and look to continue to shape the future. As Judy Oslin (1999) stated, “We must continue until all girls, regardless of economic status, race, or ethnicity, are provided the opportunity to participate in a variety of sports and physical activities, and until there is a significant increase in the number of female coaches and sport administrators” (p. 31). A good slogan for the associations role in the future would be, “Never again girls and women without sport!” (Murray, 1987, p. 7). We need only look to the accomplishments of the past NAGWS presidents for inspiration.—Shawn Ladda, Manhattan College, Feature Editor

A Shining Thread of Hope: The History of Black Women in America.

A Shining Thread of Hope: The History of Black Women in America.

Taking Our Pulse: The Health of America's Women.

Taking Our Pulse: The Health of America's Women.

Book Review: A Shining Thread of Hope: The History of Black Women in America

Book Review: A Shining Thread of Hope: The History of Black Women in America

Impact of the Sequential IPV/OPV Schedule on Vaccination Coverage Levels—United States, 1997Osteoporosis Among Estrogen-Deficient Women—United States, 1988-1994FDA Approval of a Fourth Acellular Pertussis Vaccine for Use Among Infants and Young ChildrenImpact of the Sequential IPV/OPV Schedule on Vaccination Coverage Levels—United States, 1997Osteoporosis Among Estrogen-Deficient Women—United States, 1988-1994FDA Approval of a Fourth Acellular Pertussis Vaccine for Use Among Infants and Young

Impact of the Sequential IPV/OPV Schedule on Vaccination Coverage Levels—United States, 1997Osteoporosis Among Estrogen-Deficient Women—United States, 1988-1994FDA Approval of a Fourth Acellular Pertussis Vaccine for Use Among Infants and Young ChildrenImpact of the Sequential IPV/OPV Schedule on Vaccination Coverage Levels—United States, 1997Osteoporosis Among Estrogen-Deficient Women—United States, 1988-1994FDA Approval of a Fourth Acellular Pertussis Vaccine for Use Among Infants and Young

A Shining Thread of Hope: The History of Black Women in America

A Shining Thread of Hope: The History of Black Women in America

Taking our pulse: the health of America's women

Introduction Part I. Life-span Differences in Health Issues for Women: 1. Adolescence 2. Early childhood 3. The perimenopausal years 4. The older years Part II. Special Health Issues for Women: 5. Sexually transmitted diseases 6. Pregnancy and its prevention 7. Mental health 8. Substance abuse 9. Violence 10. Nutrition and exercise Part III. Health Policy Issues for Women: 11. Medical care of women in the United States 12. Women as doctors 13. Choosing the right physician 14. Research in women's health Appendixes References Index.

Differences in notifiable infectious disease morbidity among adult women--United States, 1992-1994.

By 1990, all 50 states were using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance to report individual case data that included demographic information (without personal identifiers) about most notifiable diseases. This analysis of National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) data is useful for evaluating the distribution of reported notifiable infectious diseases among adult women by age and race. The number of cases of the 48 nationally notifiable infectious diseases reported among adult women (i.e., women > or = 15 years of age) were compiled for 1992-1994. These data were then analyzed by age and race, and rates per 100,000 adult women were calculated. During 1992-1994, the 10 most commonly reported nationally notifiable diseases among adult women in the United States were, in descending order of frequency, gonorrhea, primary/secondary syphilis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), salmonellosis, tuberculosis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, shigellosis, Lyme disease, and hepatitis C/non-A non-B. Gonorrhea was the most commonly reported notifiable infectious disease for women of all ages, except those ages > or = 55 years, and for women of all races, except Asian/Pacific Islanders. Tuberculosis was the most commonly reported infectious disease among women of Asian/Pacific Island descent. Analysis of NNDSS data provides information about the relative reported burden of diseases among women of all ages and different races. This information may be used for targeting research, prevention, and control efforts.

Arab Women in America: Bint Arab: Arab and Arab-American Women in the United States. . Evelyn Shakir.

Arab Women in America: Bint Arab: Arab and Arab-American Women in the United States. . Evelyn Shakir.

"Better Than Silver and Gold": Design Schools for Women in America, 1848-1860

During the mid-nineteenth century, schools of design for women in Philadelphia, Boston, and New York formed the core of a mid-nineteenth-century movement to educate women in the theory and practice of industrial design. A diverse cross section of educated Americans—women's rights advocates, intellectuals, merchants, and philanthropists—supported an effort promising to elevate the status of women and to benefit the growth of American industrial arts. Design schools trained hundreds of future artists and teachers in artistic professions, while providing such female intellectuals as Elizabeth Palmer Peabody and Ednah Dow (Littlehale) Cheney the opportunity to discuss women's issues in a public forum. From written records describing the great hope invested in female education and the professional status that became a possibility for women at midcentury, historians can begin to reassess the position of nineteenth-century women involved in the arts.

Handbook on women and aging

Foreword Preface Introduction by Jean M. Coyle Historical and Theoretical Perspectives Sexism and Ageism by Erdman B. Palmore Images of Middle-Aged and Older Women: Historical, Cultural, and Personal by Susan R. Sherman Witches, Widows, Wives, and Workers: The Historiography of Older Women in America by Carole Haber Images of Aging Women through the Years by Mary F. Grizzard Sagacious, Sinful, or Superfluous?: The Social Construction of Older Women by Elizabeth W. Markson Economic Issues The Economic Status of Older Women by Rose M. Rubin Middle-Aged and Older Women in the Work Force by John C. Rife Retirement and Women by Frances M. Carp Health, Psychological, and Living Issues The Health of Older Women: A Diverse Experience by Diana J. Torrez Developmental Models of Midlife and Aging in Women: Metaphors for Transcendence and for Individuality in Community by Jan D. Sinnott Life Satisfaction and Older Women: Factor Structure Consistency among Age Cohorts by B. Jan McCulloch Reminiscence among Older Women by Debra McDonald and Eileen Deges Curl Suicidal Behavior in Middle-Aged and Older Women by Nancy J. Osgood and Marjorie J. Malkin Women Survivors: The Oldest Old by Sally Bould and Charles F. Longino Religion and Faith Development of Older Women by Barbara P. Payne-Stancil Voluntarism Among Older Women by Winifred Dowling Living Arrangements for Midlife and Older Women by Frances M. Carp Racial, Ethnic, and Demographic Issues Midlife and Older Black Women by Penny A. Ralston Hidden Lives: Aging and Contemporary American Indian Women by Robert John, Patrice H. Blanchard, and Catherine Hagan Hennessy Issues and Trends Affecting Asian Americans, Women, and Aging by Darlene Yee Chicanas and Aging: Toward Definitions of Womanhood by Elisa Facio Rural Older Women by Vira R. Kivett Relationships Family Relationships of Midlife and Older Women by Jean Pearson Scott Single Women in Later Life by Richard L. Newtson and Pat M. Keith Friendship Patterns Among Older Women by Rebecca G. Adams Older Women and the Experience of Widowhood by Julia Bradsher Women and Caregivers for the Elderly by Sally Bould Fathers, Daughters, and Caregiving: Perspectives from Psychoanalysis and Life-Course Social Science by Bertram J. Cohler Conclusions and Research Implications by Jean M. Coyle Bibliography Index

Defusing the Time Bomb: Understanding and Meeting the Growing Health Care Needs of Incarcerated Women in America

Defusing the Time Bomb: Understanding and Meeting the Growing Health Care Needs of Incarcerated Women in America

To Serve My Country, To Serve My Race: The Story of the Only African American Wacs Stationed Overseas during World War II.

would have climbed up a mountain to get on the list [to serve overseas]. We were going to do our duty. Despite all the bad things that happened, America was our home. This is where was born. It was where my mother and father were. There was a feeling of wanting to do your part. --Gladys Carter, member of the 6888th To Serve My Country, to Serve my Race is the story of the historic 6888th, the first United States Women's Army Corps unit composed of African-American women to serve overseas. While African-American men and white women were invited, if belatedly, to serve their country abroad, African-American women were excluded for overseas duty throughout most of WWII. Under political pressure from legislators like Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., the NAACP, the black press, and even President Roosevelt, the U.S. War Department was forced to deploy African-American women to the European theater in 1945. African-American women, having succeeded, through their own activism and political ties, in their quest to shape their own lives, answered the call from all over the country, from every socioeconomic stratum. Stationed in France and England at the end of World War II, the 6888th brought together women like Mary Daniel Williams, a cook in the 6888th who signed up for the Army to escape the slums of Cleveland and to improve her ninth-grade education, and Margaret Barnes Jones, a public relations officer of the 6888th, who grew up in a comfortable household with a politically active mother who encouraged her to challenge the system. Despite the social, political, and economic restrictions imposed upon these African-American women in their own country, they were eager to serve, not only out of patriotism but out of a desire to uplift their race and dispell bigoted preconceptions about their abilities. Elaine Bennett, a First Sergeant in the 6888th, joined because I wanted to prove to myself and maybe to the world that we would give what we had back to the United States as a confirmation that we were full- fledged citizens. Filled with compelling personal testimony based on extensive interviews, To Serve My Country is the first book to document the lives of these courageous pioneers. It reveals how their Army experience affected them for the rest of their lives and how they, in turn, transformed the U.S. military forever.

Foreign and Female: Immigrant Women in America, 1840-1930

Foreign and Female: Immigrant Women in America, 1840-1930

U.S. History as Women's History: New Feminist Essays.

This outstanding collection of fifteen original essays represents innovative work by some of the most influential scholars in the field of women's history. Covering a broad sweep of history from colonial to contemporary times and ranging over the fields of legal, social, political, and cultural history, this book, according to its editors, 'intrudes into regions of the American historical narrative from which women have been excluded or in which gender relations were not thought to play a part.' State formation, power, and knowledge have not traditionally been understood as the subjects of women's history, but they are the themes that permeate this book. Individually and together, the essays explore how gender serves to legitimize particular constructions of power and knowledge and to meld these into accepted practice and state policy. They show how the field of women's history has moved from the discovery of women to an evaluation of social processes and institutions. The book is dedicated to pioneering women's historian Gerda Lerner, whose work inspired so many of the contributors, and it includes a bibliography of her works. from the book The contributors to this volume grew up into a world in which history was rigidly limited. It paid little attention to social relationships, to issues of race, to the concerns of the poor, and virtually none to women. Women figured in it for their ritual status, as wives of presidents like Abigail Adams or Dolly Madison; for their role as spoilers, from the witches of Salem to Mary Todd Lincoln, or for their sacrificial caregiving, like Clara Barton or Dorothea Dix. Even when women like Sojourner Truth, Jane Addams, and Eleanor Roosevelt were named by historians, the radical substance of their work and their lives was routinely ignored. A very few historians of women--Eleanor Flexner, Julia Cherry Spruill, Caroline Ware--worked on the margins of the profession, their contributions unappreciated, and their writing vulnerable to the charge of irrelevance. Contents Part 1. State Formation Linda K. Kerber on women and the obligations of citizenship Kathryn Kish Sklar on two political cultures in the Progressive Era Linda Gordon on women, maternalism, and welfare in the twentieth century Alice Kessler-Harris on the Social Security Amendments of 1939 Nancy F. Cott on marriage and the public order in the late nineteenth century Part 2. Power Nell Irvin Painter on 'soul murder' as a legacy of slavery Judith Walzer Leavitt on Typhoid Mary and early twentieth-century public health Estelle B. Freedman on women's institutions and the career of Miriam Van Waters William H. Chafe on how the personal translates into the political in the careers of Eleanor Roosevelt and Allard Lowenstein Jane Sherron De Hart on women, politics, and power in the contemporary United States Part 3. Knowledge Barbara Sicherman on reading Little Women Joyce Antler on the Emma Lazarus Federation's efforts to promulgate women's history Amy Swerdlow on Left-feminist peace politics in the cold war Ruth Rosen on the origins of contemporary American feminism among daughters of the fifties Darlene Clark Hine on the making of Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia

Effect of kinematic variables on performance in women during a cross-country ski race.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of uphill cycle velocity, cycle length, and cycle rate in top U.S. female skiers during a multiple lap cross-country ski skating race. Eighteen female cross-country skiers served as subjects at the United States Women's 10-km Freestyle 1995 National Championships. The course consisted of two laps of the same 5-km loop. The selected filming section was an 11-12% uphill grade approximately 400 m long located at the 2.5- and 7.5-km mark. The video sector was approximately 12 m long at the conclusion of the climb. During the climb, the skating technique used by all skiers was the V-1. The results demonstrated that cycle length is positively related to cycle velocity during uphill ski skating and ultimately translates to faster race times by female cross-country ski racers. Lap 2 cycle velocity and cycle length demonstrated the strongest relationship to lap time and total race time. Moreover, cycle rate was not related to cycle velocity or lap race times and was not different between successful and less successful skiers. The slower climbing velocity noted during the latter half of the 10-km race was a consequence of a decreased cycle length and not cycle rate. This suggests that the degree of physical conditioning could be a factor in the ability to maintain cycle length and thus uphill cycle velocity.

BOOK REVIEWS

ABSTRACT A MUNICIPAL MOTHER: PORTLAND'S LOLA GREENE BALDWIN, AMERICA'S FIRST POLICEWOMAN, by Gloria E. Myers. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press, 1995. Reviewed by Dorothy Moses Schulz. FROM SOCIAL WORKER TO CRIME FIGHTER: WOMEN IN UNITED STATES MUNICIPAL POLICING, by Dorothy Moses Schulz. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishing Company, 1995. Reviewed by Lynette Lee-Sammons. WOMEN IN CONTROL?: THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN LAW ENFORCEMENT, by Frances Heidensohn. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1992. Reviewed by Peter Horne. WORKING VICE: THE GRITTY TRUE STORY OF LT. LUCIE J. DUVALL, by Tamar Hosansky and Pat Sparling. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers, 1992. Reviewed by C. Lee Bennett.

Bringing Home the Mission of the Fourth World Conference on Women

The objective of the Public Initiative of The American Dietetic Association's 1996-1999 Strategic Framework (see page 559 of this issue for details) is to influence the public's access to sound, scientifically based nutrition information. One way the ADA is promoting this objective is by identifying and targeting the nutrition needs and concerns of specific populations. In June 1993, the ADA became a major player in the effort to improve the health of America's women by launching the Nutrition & Health Campaign for Women. To target the nutrition needs of women most effectively, information about how women live is fundamental. Therefore, the Journal asked Barbara Ann Hughes, PhD, RD, of B.A. Hughes and Associates, a nutrition consulting firm in Raleigh, NC, to share her experiences as a participant in the Fourth World Conference on Women (FWCW) held inBeijing, China, September 4 through 15, 1995, to highlight the unique role dietetics professionals can play in continuing to improve the lives of women — around the world and in our communities .

Schoolmarms: Women in America's Schools

Schoolmarms: Women in America's Schools

“Reduced to Science”: Gender, Technology, and Power in the American Dressmaking Trade, 1860–1910

“Reduced to Science”: Gender, Technology, and Power in the American Dressmaking Trade, 1860—1910 WENDY GAMBER “In Germany,” writer-reformer Virginia Penny mused in 1863, “many dress makers are men, and there is one on Broadway, New York.” Penny’s observation—one of many such comments sprinkled throughout her massive Cyclopedia of Woman’s Work—reveals much about cultural distinctions between men’s and women’s work in 19thcentury America. The very incongruity of a “man dressmaker” af­ firmed a rigidly decreed sexual division of labor that assigned the making of feminine apparel to women; indeed, “man milliner” was an epithet leveled not only at men who made women’s dresses and hats but at all who deviated from established norms of “masculine” behavior.1 On the surface, at least, there was little conflict between ideology and reality. Women constituted 98 percent of the nation’s “milliners, dress and mantua makers” in 1870, a proportion that re­ mained largely unchanged as the century drew to a close.2 More often than not, sex segregation has been the bane of wageDr . Gamber is assistant professor of history at Indiana University, Bloomington, and the author of The Female Economy: The Millinery and Dressmaking Trades, 1860—1930 (forthcoming). She thanks Patricia Cooper, Nancy Page Fernandez, Morton Keller, Glenna Matthews, Carole Srole, and especially Carole Turbin for their comments on earlier drafts of this article, and Patricia Trautman for allowing access to her impressive collection of instructional pamphlets. The research for this article was supported by fellowships from the Women’s Studies Program, Brandéis University; the Smithsonian Institution; the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America; and the Massachusetts Historical Society. 'Virginia Penny, The Employments of Women: A Cyclopedia of Woman’s Work (Boston, 1863), p. 324. See Roscoe Conkling’s comments on reformers, quoted in Morton Keller, Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America (Cambridge, Mass., 1977), p. 248. 2According to the census of 1870, there were 92,084 “milliners, dress and mantua makers” in the United States, of whom 90,480 were female and 1,604 male. See A Compendium of the Ninth Census (June 1, 1870) (Washington, D.C., 1872), p. 612. For 1900 figures, see Statistics of Women at Work (Washington, D.C., 1907), pp. 70, 75.© 1995 by the Society for the History of Technology. All rights reserved. 0040-165X/95/3603-0001101.00 455 456 Wendy Gamber earning women’s existence, confining them to poorly paid jobs that promised few prospects for advancement.3 But in this respect dress­ making contradicted conventional wisdom. The custom manufacture of feminine apparel (not until the late 1890s did ready-made clothing pose a serious challenge to “bespoke” work) held out rarely equaled opportunities to women of the working classes: highly skilled work, creative labor, relatively high wages, the very real possibility of some­ day opening an establishment of one’s own. For dressmakers labored in a largely female world, one in which the lowly apprentice, the experienced veteran, even the shop’s proprietor (who very likely had never married) were women.4 Ironically, the most “feminine” of trades presented a compelling alternative to the middle-class standard of domesticity and the working-class ideal of the family wage.5 While they often ignored its more radical implications, contempo­ raries attributed this state of affairs to the “natural” consequence of biological factors—after all, was not sewing woman’s “natural” voca­ tion? But as several scholars have demonstrated, sexual divisions of labor are neither fixed nor natural, but are continually redefined.6 3As historians are beginning to recognize, sex segregation did have advantages, for it gave women access to skilled jobs within “their” trades. See esp. Mary H. Blewett, Men, Women, and Work: Class, Gender, and Protest in the New England Shoe Industry, 1780-1910 (Urbana, Ill., 1988), pp. xvi, 104-10, 138-39, 324-25. 4This is not to say that all dressmakers lived lives of prosperity and ease; rather, they enjoyed significant advantages in comparison to other wage-earning women. See Wendy Gamber, “The Female Economy: The Millinery and Dressmaking Trades, 1860-1930” (Ph.D. diss., Brandeis University, 1991), esp. chaps...