Americanization Of Europe Research Articles

No place for Peace-Mongers: Charlie Chaplin, Monsieur Verdoux (1947) and Czechoslovak Communist Propaganda

During the escalation of the Cold War, Hollywood stars were framed in Czechoslovak Communist propaganda as possessing two qualities. Firstly, they were perceived in this most Western Soviet satelli...

The Americanization of Europe: culture, diplomacy, and anti-Americanism after 1945

A welcome and timely addition to college and public library international studies shelves. * The Midwest Book Review Recent tensions between the U.S. and Europe seem to have opened up an insuperable rift, while Americanization, deplored by some, welcomed by others, seems to progress unabated. This volume explores, for the first time and in a comparative manner, the role American and anti-Americanism play in eleven representative European countries, including major powers like Great Britain, France, (West) Germany, Russia/Soviet Union, and Italy as well as smaller countries like Austria, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Sweden, and Poland. Each contributor to the volume, all of them highly respected experts in their field, was asked to address the following four topics: the role of American public diplomacy, the transfer of American high culture, the impact of popular ranging from Hollywood movies and TV to pop music and life-style issues, and the country specific features and history of anti-Americanism. The volume is enhanced by a substantial introduction by the editor, which looks both at the general culture clash between the United States and Europe and at adaptations and blending processes that seem to have occurred in individual countries. Alexander Stephan is Professor of German, Ohio Eminent Scholar, and Senior Fellow of the Mershon Center for International Security Studies at Ohio State University, where he directs a project on American and anti-Americanism in Europe and the world. Other Titles from Berghahn Books by Alexander Stephan: Americanization and Anti-Americanism

Alexander Stephan, editor.The Americanization of Europe: Culture, Diplomacy, and Anti-Americanism after 1945.:The Americanization of Europe: Culture, Diplomacy, and Anti-Americanism after 1945

Alexander Stephan, editor.<i>The Americanization of Europe: Culture, Diplomacy, and Anti-Americanism after 1945</i>.:<i>The Americanization of Europe: Culture, Diplomacy, and Anti-Americanism after 1945</i>

ALEXANDER STEPHAN, editor. The Americanization of Europe: Culture, Diplomacy, and Anti-Americanism after 1945. New York: Berghahn Books. 2006. Pp. viii, 432. $89.95

ALEXANDER STEPHAN, editor. The Americanization of Europe: Culture, Diplomacy, and Anti-Americanism after 1945. New York: Berghahn Books. 2006. Pp. viii, 432. $89.95

Book Review: Americans in Europe — a Sociolinguistic Perspective: Probes in Northern and Western Europe

Book Review: Americans in Europe — a Sociolinguistic Perspective: Probes in Northern and Western Europe

Introduction Probing the background

The issue editors draw the sociological, historical, political, and linguistic backdrop against which the experience of Americans in Europe should be read, both as pari of the local scenery (living as mixed couples, or as American couples permanently established in a European country, raising bilingual and bicultural children), and as individuals who in some instances are seen to reflect the particular Status ofthe US in the worid The authors concentrate mainly on data cottected in France and Scandinavia, where most ofthe relatively scarce material on Americans' daily lives and language use abroad can be found, and discuss the possible reasons for the lack of research in thisfield

North Americans in the Nordic region: elite bilinguals

Americans in Europe are often assumed either to rernain monolingual in English or to become elite bilinguals. In this paper, the Situation for American parents of school-age children in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden is examined and compared to each other and to the situations of Finns, Turks, and Vietnamese in these and other parts of the Nordic region. The Americans turn out to be among the most frequent users of the majority languages in the countries they are living in, compared to the other three groups studied, while the children have attained a high level of skill in both languages. In some respects, then, they do live up to the label of elite bilinguals, but the dominance ofthe majority language in the lives ofboth parents and children is perhaps unexpected, considering that they enjoy more choice than other groups in regard to becoming bilingual

Le qualificatif ”américain” dans quelques textes francais (1975-1990)

Examining how t he qualifier American' has been used in contemporary French writings (e.g. Deleuze), historian Perriaux shows how America has come to be seen by some French intellectuals as the radical other. In the late 1970s, the reference began by signifying a worid view and an approach totally foreign to the Cartesian method, less as an intrinsic property (American-ness) than as a characteristic way ofdoing things. Grasping the significance of the term reveals all at once a certain perception of the US and its inhabitants, clarifies the reference to things American' (as in litterature americainej, andbroaches the meaning ofspeaking American (langue americainej, rather than English (a European language) in Europe today. Pas de meprise:

Americans in Europe: the role of travel in the spread of European ethology after World War II

One way in which new ideas spread is through travel of individuals to and away from centres of innovation. Here, a process is described wherein at least 84 North Americans travelled to work in European ethological laboratories prior to 1975 and at least 15 European ethologists relocated in North America. The North Americans typically learned of ethology from courses, readings, advisors and personal meetings. They were attracted to the kind of science promulgated by ethologists and generally reported positive experiences in Europe. These interactions were one factor as Europeans were successful in spreading their discipline and North Americans found an approach that was congenial and allowed them to build successful academic and scientific careers.

John Nelson, Merchant Adventurer: A Life between Empires.

John Nelson was an entrepreneur born in the mid 17th century, a man, in Johnson's words, 'operating ahead of the government and settled society from which he came', one who 'responded to conventions and conditions derived from several different and often competing cultures'. In the case of Nelson, this meant operating in England and France in Europe and in French Canada and New England in America. In several major transactions, he acted as middleman between French Canada and New England. He led an uprising that forced out the Royal Governor of Massachusetts in 1689 and later led an expedition against the French at Port Royal, where he was captured and ultimately landed in the Bastille in Paris. When he was finally released in 1698, he returned to Boston and remained in international trade but no longer had a political role. John Nelson's career exemplifies ways in which the expansion of European empires overwhelmed the local and proprietary rules in effect in colonial America. Johnson's book also provides a way of looking at the continued strong conflict between New England and Acadia about fishing rights in the North Atlantic. In Johnson's words, 'Nelson's career directs attention beyond social life on the one hand and court politics on the other to individuals whose lives precipitated policy even if they themselves never put it into execution. [Figures like Nelson] were at once the unsung creators and among the numerous victims of Europe's American empires'.

When Jim Crow met John Bull: Black American Soldiers in World War II Britain.

Preface. 1. Prologue: The Great War - Black Americans in Europe. 2. The Early War Years: First Encounters. 3. Attitudes and Anxieties: Jim Crow and the British Government. 4. Jim Crow in Britain: The US Army and Racial Segregation. 5. Novelty to Familiarity: The Home Front. 6. Dixie Invades Britain: The Racial Violence. 7. The Watchdogs: Jim Crow Under Close Scrutiny. 8. 'No Mother, No Father, No Uncle Sam': Sex and Brown Babies. 9. The Black GI in Britain: Reflections and Results. Notes. A Select Bibliography. Index.

Ut Pictura Poesis: The Making Of a Lady

Ut Pictura Poe sis: The Making Of a Lady by Sandra Djwa, Simon Fraser University What is this song or picture, this engaging personality presented in life or in a book, to me? What effect does it really produce on me? Does it give me pleasure? ... How is my nature modified by its presence, and under its influence? . . . And he who experiences these impressions strongly, and drives directly at the discrimination and analysis of them, has no need to trouble himself with the abstract question what beauty is in itself, or what its exact relation to truth or experience—metaphysical questions, as unprofitable as metaphysical questions elsewhere. Walter Pater: Studies in the History of the Renaissance (1873) As his title—The Portrait of a Lady—implies, Henry James is presenting a definitive portrait, definitive partly because composite.1 Several earlier images of lords and ladies drawn from writers as diverse as George Eliot, Robert Browning, Walter Pater, and Gustave Flaubert figure in his own large canvas. James is also genially asserting that he offers the last word on the subject. Despite her progenitors, the young Isabel Archer—natural, equivocably "independent," and "affronting her destiny" (PL 8)—is a uniquely Jamesian creation: the "original" identified and perceived in the opening scenes of the novel. More importantly, his portrait is characterized by the "felt life" (PL 6) through which James distinguishes a moral art from its Decadent opposite in the preface to the New York Edition of the novel. Ultimately The Portrait is to embody James's own aesthetic, one in which "truth," "experience," and those "metaphysical questions" so confidently dismissed by Pater are shown to be essential to any judgment of life and art. The figure of Isabel Archer appeared in James's imagination, he also tells us in the preface, like the "fictive picture" of Ivan Turgenev, as a vision of a young woman hovering, needing to be placed in the right relations and situations—that painter's vision which would bring out "the sense of the creatures themselves" (PL 5). The trick of handling an Isabel, he decided, would be to "[p]lace the centre of the subject in the young woman's own consciousness" (PL 10). The question posed by James's first perception of Isabel Archer as an image in a larger canvas—"Well, what will she do!" (PL 12)—is promptly answered by the plot. Isabel will do what any other American young lady taken under the wing of a wealthy aunt will do. She will visit the great European cities and museums: the National Gallery, St. Peter's, and the Uffizi—and—who knows?—perhaps find herself a husband along the way. The European tour, with repeated pilgrimages to the art museum, becomes the organizing principle of the plot. It is a characteristic framework for the experience of the American in Europe. James, like Nathaniel Hawthorne before him, found innocence and nature in the New World garden, but not art. It was to the Old World, especially Italy, the world of the court and of "lords" and "ladies" (and their artistic representations) that one must go for a knowledge of good and evil and thus a fully developed consciousness. The young Isabel, fresh from America, travels without constraint, eagerly absorbing "impressions" until she becomes weary of merely observing life. Her visits to the art galleries of Europe are charged with deeper meaning because it is there that the American innocent comes most directly into confrontation with the European past—with its history, its manners, and its morals. Consequently, the consciousness in which James places his "heaviest weight" (PL 10) is one that is preoccupied with seeing: with the recording of "impression" (PL 7) and with the subsequent judging of art objects. All of the individuals whom Isabel meets are strongly visualized. Some, like the senior Touchetts, are sketches; others, like Henrietta Stackpole, are caricatures; still others, like Madame Merle and Gilbert Osmond, are full-fledged portraits whose originals may be found in the Italian galleries. Each of these figures embodies a different conception of the aristocratic life that Isabel is forced to consider. Through her developing perception of these individuals, who are at first seen...

Europe's American Pacifier

ism, have lately come to view the use of force with the same distaste the Founding Fathers had reserved for alliances: as a sure pathway to moral and practical ruin. Ironically, some members of these two camps have unintentionally joined hands in a new-found resentment of Western Europe. Both believe that West European countries long ago acquired the resources to defend themselves. Both resent the West Europeans' security parasitism. And both question the mutuality of benefits the Atlantic Alliance is said to confer on the United States as well as on Western Europe. In their penchant for leaving, or loosening, this most entangling of America's alliances, conservative and liberal critics of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) part ways mainly over defining the country's proper role minus Europe. Propelled by new visions of unilateral activism, critics on the Right see the Soviet threat on the increase. But even though they fear that the global balance of forces is endangered, they regard West European countries as allies in defense of Western Europe's interests only and hence as a drain on American resources better invested elsewhere in the cause of containment. Indeed, they argue, withdrawal or disengagement will have a salutary influence, reminding West European free riders of their responsibility for their own security and forcing them to assume the heavy burden the United States has for so long carried gratis.

L’européanisation des Etats-Unis vue par les Français (1870-1914)

« The Europeanization of the United States as Seen by the French (1870-1914). Since the Second World War, the Americanization of Europe has become a commonplace theme : it was already present at the end of the nineteenth century as an expression of a sort of fear. But after the Spanish-American War of 1898, the reverse theme appeared in Europe : the United States were no longer a model of agrarian democracy ; they were on the road to Europeanization. For the French, the United States were becoming Germanized. Moreover, for socialists and conservative Catholics alike, imperialism and the working-class agitation of the 1980's drew the United States closer to Europe, and so to France. For the socialist, the same logic of capitalism was at work in both America and France ; for the could do was to follow. The theme of the Europeanization of the United States had repercussions on the other side of the Atlantic, in anti-imperialist circles. It is therefore a concept that helps to reveal perceptions on both sides of the Atlantic during the « Gilded Age. »

The Reading and Writing of a Modern Paradiso: Ezra Pound and the Books of Paradise

At a time when many young American poets were making poetry out of their experiences in madhouses, Ezra Pound, the self-styled gram-pah of them all, was carefully insulating his sprawling autobiographical epic from the scenes and settings of madness that surrounded him from 1945 to 1958 as an inmate of St. Elizabeth's hospital. During those thirteen years he composed the last two complete sections of his epic, Rock-Drill and Thrones, and allowed hardly a trace of the extraordinary setting of their composition to contaminate them. St. Elizabeth's hospital is unique as the one place Pound knew well (and in thirteen years he came to know it very well indeed) that did not find its way into his autobiographical poem. The other major settings of his life-Venice, London, Paris, Rapallo, Provence, the DTC at Pisa-together make up a detailed landscape for his poem. As environments they had elicited strong responses from the master of poetic response to environment and were naturally incorporated into his autobiographical epic as part of the record of his life. The interaction between his curious, perspicacious, and American poetic consciousness and its provocative European surroundings, a characteristic poetic action throughout the explicitly autobiographical sections of the Cantos, and most famously enacted in the Pisan Cantos, is conspicuously missing from Rock-Drill and Thrones. In its earlier stages the poem contains instance after instance of the American in Europe. As part of the outraged war eulogy in Canto XVI, for instance, the young American civilian records what he overhears

The Americanization of Europe

The Americanization of Europe

EDWARD A. MCCREARY. The Americanization of Europe: The Impact of Americans and American Business on the Uncommon Market. Pp. xiv, 295. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1964. $5.50

EDWARD A. MCCREARY. The Americanization of Europe: The Impact of Americans and American Business on the Uncommon Market. Pp. xiv, 295. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1964. $5.50

Aus den Anfängen der Psychoanalyse. Briefe an Wilhelm Fliess. Abhandlungen und Notizen aus den Jahren 1887-1902 (review)

BOOK REVIEWS 281 g. The Problematics of History. Two types are distinguished: the more general neoidealism , especially the Italian, which will be treated in subsequent volumes; and the more technical examination of historical knowledge by Dilthey, Simmel, Spengler, Windelband, Rickert, M/insterberg, Weber, Troeltsch, Meinecke, and Huizinga. Without exaggerating it, Lamanna points to the strain of "inquietude" and restlessness which shows itself in much of the early twentieth-century philosophizing, especially in its attacks on rationalism, and which serves to foreshadow the greater anxieties that will be portrayed in the second volume of the trilogy. I add only two small observations, not by way of criticism, but merely to supplement the expositions (which seem to me to be excellent) of two men whom I happen to know well. Giuseppe Prezzolini appears with Papini (as he should) as a founder and leader o[ the pragmatist periodical Leonardo. Whereas Papini's adventures in philosophical romance were quite extravagant, Prezzolini's contributions were satirically ironical His L'Arte di persuadere, which to a hasty reader might well appear as a "manuale per i bugiardi" (p. 308), really appears, in view of his subsequent career in La Voce and in his Vita di Macehiavelli as a brilliant Macchiavellian satire. Similarly there is an undercurrent of genial satire in the pragmatisms of James and Schiller. The criticism in Dewey's social philosophy of what he refers to as the bourgeois Utilitarian liberalism and individualism of early nineteenth-century Britain appears in Lamanna 's pages (as in other scholarly European works) as a criticism of "Americanism." Dewey called his political philosophy a "new individualism" which was about the same as the doctrines of European social democrats. It was very democratic in contrast to the liberalism of the early utilitarians. But this early individualistic liberalism is no more American than it is European. Certainly Dewey's democracy is at least as American as the "Americanism" which he criticized. If we must use these terms, we could say that the socalled "Americanization of Europe" coincided with the Europeanization of America. James was politically an individualist and Dewey was a socialist; both were equally American and equally concerned to be cosmopolitan. These terminological problematics are not intended as a criticism of Lamanna's exposition of Dewey's philosophy, which seems to me one of the very best of the many I have read. On p. 245 "Cominger" should be Commager. HERBERT W. SCHNEIDER Claremont, California Aus den A nfiingen der Psychoanalyse. Briefe an Wilhelm Fliess. A bhandlungen und Notizen aus den Jahren 1887-1902. By Sigmund Freud. (Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer Verlag, 1962. Copyright, Imago Publishing Co., London, 1950.) This selection of the letters, notes and treatises sent to the Berlin physician and biologist Wilhelm Fliess makes fascinating reading today, twenty-five years after Freud's death. Most of this material originates in the years 1893-1901 and therefore covers not only the period of Freud's shift from neurology to psychology but also the period of his most vigorous creativity in psychoanalysis itself, namely the publication together with his predecessor, Josef Breuer, of Studien iiber Hysterie. It is the period of his self-analysis which laid the groundwork for psychoanalytic therapy, the years during which he conceived and published his basic work Interpretation of Dreams. It is also the time when he wrote Sexuality in the Etiology of Neuroses, Ueber den Traum, and Zur Psychopathologie des Alltagslebens. 282 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY Included in this volume of papers sent to Fliess is The Draft of a Psychology written in a burst of enthusiasm during three weeks in the autumn of 1895 (pp. 305-384 of the text). This important paper deals not only with emotive life but with the origin of cognitive thought, a topic which went in part into Chapter 7 of the Interpretation of Dreams. In this paper Freud still tries to combine his ideas of the physiology of the brain with his psychological and psychopathological findings. It is therefore a watershed of his intellectual endeavors , although Freud abandoned on the whole the effort to incorporate a theory of cognitive thought into his writings. Some rudiments of the Draft reappeared, however, in Das Ich und das...

Behind the Brussels Breakdown

IT has become almost a commonplace to say that the breakdown of the Brussels talks has left British policy in disarray, and that neither Whitehall nor Westminster now know which way to turn. The anger hlas gone out of the debate; the sense of shock has faded; but the confusion remains. The latest in the series of Chatham House Memoranda 1 suggests that the experts and those who help to mould public opinion are as confused as the policy-makers themselves. Mr. Andrew Shonfield (writing on the economic implications of the breakdown) argues that we must now demonstrate to the world that ' Britain's European policy is here to stay '. So he warns us against making any worth-while concessions to our partners in the European Free Trade Association and urges us to be 'beastly to the French'. But what are the implications of such an attitude towards France? It is possible to imagine all kinds of European structures or unions-some without Britain, others without Germany, others again without Italy. But any European construction without France is inconceivable. That is the strength of General de Gaulle's position. Moreover, a British policy of being ' beastly to the French might divide Belgium beyond repair. Mr. Leonard Beaton (who deals with the strategic implications) confesses that he saw the breakdown of the Brussels negotiations 'with considerable relief'. It will, he hopes, keep the Americans in Europe. Moreover, he considers that 'we should buy that American presence in Europe with a very substantial capacity to deploy military force in other parts of the world '-in particular, Asia, Australasia and the Middle East. He goes on to say that 'a greater allied effort must be made in the NATO area in Europe, and we and the French must match the Americans in our effort there'. What Mr. Beaton wants, evidently, is that Britain should maintain her great power status on an undiminished global scale. At this point one takes a deep breath. Surely, the whole of the Common Market argument has turned on the assumption that Britain is no longer a world Power, and that other means than those to which we have been accustomed must now be found for maintaining, as far as

Europe's American Revolution

Europe's American Revolution