American Welfare Research Articles

Three worlds of relief: Race, immigration, and the American welfare state from the progressive era to the new deal by Cybelle Fox

Three worlds of relief: Race, immigration, and the American welfare state from the progressive era to the new deal by Cybelle Fox

Cybelle Fox. Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State from the Progressive Era to the New Deal.

Cybelle Fox. Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State from the Progressive Era to the New Deal.

Paternalismo industrial, empresa extranjera y campamentos mineros en América Latina: un esfuerzo de historia laboral y transnacional

El presente trabajo analiza las prácticas paternalistas desarrolladas por los empresarios industriales y mineros latinoamericanos durante la primera mitad del siglo XX. Desde la perspectiva de la historia del trabajo y de los recientes debates sobre lo transnacional, este artículo busca reflexionar en torno a los elementos comunes del paternalismo industrial a lo largo del continente así como su impacto en la configuración de las relaciones laborales. A partir de este análisis, se plantea la importancia que tuvo el paternalismo como ideología patronal y símbolo de modernidad y progreso que buscaba crear una mano de obra eficiente y productiva. A pesar de los amplios beneficios sociales y de la construcción de modernas villas obreras y campamentos mineros, el paternalismo industrial en América Latina no desplazó las tradiciones más represivas del empresariado ni logró controlar a los trabajadores.

Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State from the Progressive Era to the New Deal. By Cybelle Fox . ( Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press , 2012 . ix + 393 pp. Illustrations, maps, charts, tables, notes, index. $80.00 , £55.00 , cloth; $35.00 , £24.95 , paper; $35.00 , e-book.)

<b><i>Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State from the Progressive Era to the New Deal</i></b>. By Cybelle Fox . ( Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press , 2012 . ix + 393 pp. Illustrations, maps, charts, tables, notes, index. $80.00 , £55.00 , cloth; $35.00 , £24.95 , paper; $35.00 , e-book.)

Calling upon the Genius of Private Enterprise: The Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 and the Liberal Turn to Public-Private Partnerships

President Lyndon Johnson declared the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 to be “the most farsighted, the most comprehensive, the most massive housing program in all American history.” To replaceeveryslum dwelling in the country within ten years, the act turned from public housing, the government-run program started in the 1930s, toward private-sector programs using both nonprofit and for-profit companies. As a result, since its passage, for-profit businesses have developed the great majority of low-income residences in the United States. The law also helped popularize the idea of “public-private partnerships,” collaborations of government agencies and non-government entities—including for-profit companies—for social and urban improvements. Remarkably, political liberals supported the idea that private enterprise carry out social-welfare programs. This article examines the reasons that Democratic officials, liberals, and housing industry leaders united to create a decentralized, ideologically pluralistic, and redundant system for low-income housing. It shows that frustrations with the public housing program, the response to widespread violence in the nation's cities, and the popularity of corporate America pushed the turn toward the private sector. The changes in housing and urban policy made in the late 1960s, the article concludes, helped further distinguish the American welfare state and encourage the rise of neoliberalism in the United States.

Gender and Latin American Welfare Regimes: Early Childhood Education and Care Policies in Argentina and Mexico

This paper investigates new directions in the evolution of Latin American welfare regimes by focusing on the extension of early childhood education and care (ECEC) policies in Argentina and Mexico, particularly in the last decade. Both states have paid increased attention to ECEC policies for several reasons: the failure of first-generation structural adjustment reforms to address problems of poverty; women's increased participation in the paid labor force and the adoption of a new investment social paradigm which emphasizes human capital formation. We argue that these factors play out in different ways in the two countries, as a result of different ideologies and political agendas of the governments and their different degrees of openness to the influence of international ideas. When looking at gender dimensions of their welfare regimes, Argentina and Mexico show very similar patterns of gender stratification, and both states display similarities between their policies in the area of early education. In the area of day care, however, Mexico encourages women to work via defamilialization of services, while Argentina reveals preference for low-income mothers to stay at home and work in the informal sector.

Value orientations of social welfare policy structures

Substantial literature exists around the variation of welfare policy development in liberal democracies. The contrast of the American welfare state to those in Europe has sparked significant analytical literature about which factors are most significant in the variation. The literature extensively examines many of these factors but has neglected the significance of social values. This article discusses values and policy development as a foundation for further studies linking specific values to policy and institutional development. First, I discuss theorists who have identified value orientation as significant to welfare state variation; second, I review the major comparative welfare state literature. Finally, I discuss the major variation categories through the lens of social values by identifying the significant value orientation of sample policy structures. Comparative welfare state literature benefits from elucidating the values orientation of welfare policies that define the welfare state typological categories. Including the role of social values in welfare state comparisons promotes greater understanding of the origins and trajectory of current policy.Key Practitioner Message: ● Increase understanding of welfare state variation factors; ● Frame questions about social values reflected in social policy.

Rising tide: is growth in emerging economies good for the United States?

In 1963, US President John F. Kennedy said that rising tide lifts all the boats. And a partnership, by definition, serves both parties, without domination or unfair advantage. US international economic policy since World War II has been based on the premise that foreign economic growth is in America's economic, as well as political and security, self-interest. The bursting of the speculative dot.com bubble, slowing US growth, and the global financial crisis and its aftermath, however, have led to radical changes in Americans' perceptions of the benefits of global trade. Many Americans believe that trade with emerging-market economies is the most important reason for US job loss, especially in manufacturing, and is detrimental to American welfare and an important source of wage inequality. Several prominent economists have reinforced these public concerns. In this study, Lawrence Edwards and Robert Z. Lawrence confront these fears through an extensive survey of the empirical literature and in depth analyses of the evidence. Their conclusions contradict several popular theories about the negative impact of US trade with developing countries. They find considerable evidence that while adjusting to foreign economic growth does present America with challenges, growth in emerging-market economies is in America's economic interest. It is hard, of course, for Americans to become used to a world in which the preponderance of economic activity is located in Asia. But one of America's great strengths is its adaptability. And if it does adapt, the American economy can be buoyed by that rising tide.

Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State from the Progressive Era to the New Deal by Cybelle Fox (review)

Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State from the Progressive Era to the New Deal by Cybelle Fox (review)

Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State from the Progressive Era to the New Deal

Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State from the Progressive Era to the New Deal

Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State from the Progressive Era to the New Deal. By Cybelle Fox. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2012. Pp. ix+393. $35.00 (paper).

<i>Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State from the Progressive Era to the New Deal</i>. By Cybelle Fox. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2012. Pp. ix+393. $35.00 (paper).

Review: Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State from the Progressive Era to the New Deal, by Cybelle Fox

Review: <i>Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State from the Progressive Era to the New Deal</i>, by Cybelle Fox

The sympathetic state: disaster relief and the origins of the American welfare state

Even as unemployment rates soared during the Great Depression, FDR's relief and social security programs faced attacks in Congress and the courts on the legitimacy of federal aid to the growing population of poor. In response, Dealers pointed to a long tradition - dating back to 1790 and now largely forgotten - of federal aid to victims of disaster. In The Sympathetic State, Michele Landis Dauber recovers this crucial aspect of American history, tracing the roots of the modern American welfare state beyond the New Deal and the Progressive Era back to the earliest days of the republic when relief was forthcoming for the victims of wars, fires, floods, hurricanes, and earthquakes. Drawing on a variety of materials, including newspapers, legal briefs, political speeches, art and literature of the time, and letters from thousands of ordinary Americans, Dauber shows that while this long history of government disaster relief has faded from our memory today, it was extremely well-known to advocates of an expanded role for the national government in the 1930s. Making this connection required framing the Great Depression as a disaster afflicting citizens through no fault of their own. Dauber argues that the disaster paradigm, though successful in defending the New Deal, would ultimately come back to haunt advocates for social welfare. By not making a more radical case for relief, proponents of the New Deal helped create the weak, uniquely American welfare state we have today - one torn between the desire to come to the aid of those suffering and the deeply rooted suspicion that those in need are responsible for their own deprivation. Contrary to conventional thought, the history of federal disaster relief is one of remarkable consistency, despite significant political and ideological change. Dauber's pathbreaking and highly readable book uncovers the historical origins of the modern American welfare state.

Review of &lt;em&gt;Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State from the Progressive Era to the New Deal.&lt;/em&gt; Cybelle Fox. Reviewed byMarguerite G. Rosenthal.

Review of &lt;em&gt;Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State from the Progressive Era to the New Deal.&lt;/em&gt; Cybelle Fox. Reviewed byMarguerite G. Rosenthal.

Three worlds of relief: Race, immigration, and the American welfare state from the Progressive Era to the New Deal

Three worlds of relief: Race, immigration, and the American welfare state from the Progressive Era to the New Deal, by Cybelle Fox, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2012, 393 pp., US$35.0...

Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State from the Progressive Era to the New Deal

Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State from the Progressive Era to the New Deal

Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State from the Progressive Era to the New Deal. By Cybelle Fox (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2012) 393 pp. $80.00 cloth $35.00 paper

<i>Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State from the Progressive Era to the New Deal.</i> By Cybelle Fox (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2012) 393 pp. $80.00 cloth $35.00 paper

Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State From the Progressive Era to the New Deal By Cybelle Fox Princeton University Press. 2012. 416 pages. $35 paper

Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State From the Progressive Era to the New Deal By Cybelle Fox Princeton University Press. 2012. 416 pages. $35 paper

Borders and Bootstraps

In a 2012 primary-season campaign speech, Republican presidential hopeful Rick Santorum claimed, “When my grandfather came to this country back in 1925, there were no government benefits.” His grandparents, Santorum said, realized the American Dream on their own, without help from the state. In her brilliant Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State from the Progressive Era to the New Deal, sociologist Cybelle Fox explodes this common “bootstrapping white ethnic” myth. As the Great Depression settled in, Santorum’s grandparents would have found themselves among the fortunate recipients of an array of government benefits not available to African American citizens and Mexican immigrants. Fox explains how the “intersection of labor, race, and politics” shaped three distinct welfare states for European immigrants, blacks, and Mexicans. (Her title echoes Gosta Esping-Anderson’s influential The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism [1990]). In these welfare states, four factors—regional concentration, labor market context, political context, and racial/color status—combined to produce vastly different outcomes.

Introduction: Philhellenism, Philanthropy, or Political Convenience?

© The American School of Classical Studies at Athens hesperia 82 (2013) Pages 1–14 INTRODUCTION Philhellenism, Philanthropy, or Political Convenience? The papers collected in this issue of Hesperia were originally presented at a workshop held at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens (ASCSA) on May 18, 2010, titled “Philhellenism, Philanthropy, or Political Convenience? American Archaeology in Greece.” This work evolved from the study of philanthropic activities documented in the School’s administrative records, now in the ASCSA Archives.Through their participation in the American Red Cross (1918–1919), the Refugee Settlement Commission (1922–1928), the Marshall Plan (1948–1952), and other American welfare programs,American archaeologists greatly facilitated the development of Greece’s social infrastructure during periods of difficulty for the Greek state, such as the Balkan Wars (1912–1913), the Asia Minor Catastrophe (1922), and post–World War II rehabilitation. At the same time, their philanthropic actions also made it possible to advance, with the help of the Greek state, archaeological and other research programs that would otherwise not have been possible. But how exactly does one understand the philanthropic activities of the ASCSA? To be sure, America’s presence in Greece, first as an economic force, then as a military power, increased in the wake of World War I and expanded in the course of the 20th century. Yet the ASCSA is a nonprofit institution,not associated with the U.S.government either officially or unofficially, and as an institution it has been careful to assume a position of political neutrality in public arenas for most of its history. Thus, initially, the relationship between the philanthropic activities of the ASCSA’s members and the ability of the institution to exercise power in Greek affairs seemed to us as ambiguous and difficult to comprehend as the iconography of an anonymous poster, dated 1919 (Fig. 1).1 The poster 1. The poster was purchased by Davis in an auction (Frattis Auctions , March 14–15, 2009, Catalogue, no. 1234) and is currently hanging in the director’s residence at the American School. It was also used in promotional materials for the Philhellenism workshop in 2010. Despite laborious research , we have been unable, so far, to associate the circumstances of the creation of the poster with a specific event. We are not even certain whether the poster was produced in Greece or in the United States. In style and content it differs significantly from chromolithographs that were manufactured in Greece before 1920; they tend to be “busy” in their design and are frequently accompanied by long explanatory texts. (On the history of Greek posters, see Karachristos 2003, pp. 12–15.) Three clues in the image itself suggest that the poster might not have been produced in Greece. The first is the use of the Statue of Liberty as a symbol for the United States. Until the end of World War I, America was jack l. davis and natalia vogeikoff-brogan 2 depicts the Statue of Liberty draped in the American flag, standing behind a personification of Greece, while a legend loudly proclaims ΖΗΤΩ Η ΕΛΛΑΣ, “Long Live Greece.” Over the past two decades, we have found ourselves increasingly attracted to the richness of the ASCSA archives as a focus for personal research concerning facets of the American School’s institutional history.2 While we pursued separate research agendas, about six years ago we found ourselves riding together on a train to Sleepy Hollow, New York, in pursuit of the archives of the Rockefeller Foundation; a year later we traveled together to the National Archives and Records Administration in College Park,Maryland,to look at the records of the American Embassy at Athens. By then, it had become clear to both of us that it was not possible to research any aspect of the institutional history of the ASCSA without access to records of the many other institutions, philanthropic and governmental, with which its members have interacted. Furthermore, in the process of expanding our own horizons, we met other scholars from other fields who were interested in the American School and its history. In the conviction that we had much to learn from the histories and sociologies of other institutions, the interests of which...