American Team Research Articles

The Plot against Mt Hurun: How Cold War Targeting of Nuclear Missiles Sparked the Peli Movement, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea

ABSTRACT Considerable academic research has focused on the Peli Movement of the East Sepik Province of Papua New Guinea, one of the largest and most prominent of so-called millenarian movements in New Guinea’s history. In 1971, Peli attracted thousands of people to witness the removal of cement markers that an American geodetic team, as part of a Cold War project to improve nuclear missile targeting, had sunk into the summit of Mt Hurun (Turu), the highest peak in the coastal Prince Alexander Range. Removing the markers, people believed, would trigger political equality with, and access to, the European estate. It has yet to be explained, however, why Peli’s followers felt this particular action would produce such a dramatic result. Drawing on just over 24 months’ field research in 1979–81, 1987, 1991, and 1997 in Sima village in Mt Hurun’s high foothills, close to the Peli Movement’s centre, this paper contends that local views of what the mountain incarnates and the implications of burying stones in hilltops or ridge crests all but dictated the form of people’s actions and the millennial-like results they expected.

Oslers: The Dynasty Years

Oslers were undeniably the best non-professional baseball team in Toronto between 1924 and 1929. They won the Ontario provincial amateur championship in 1924 and 1926, and were the defeated finalists of that competition in 1925. In 1927, Oslers relinquished their amateur status and joined an American semi-pro league. They won the league title that year. As a semi-pro club, Oslers also played exhibition games against barnstorming African American teams, the legendary House of David, and the Toronto Maple Leafs of the International League. Oslers toured western Canada in 1925, 1926, and 1929, dominating their opponents in all three tours.

Telephone-based mindfulness intervention positively impacts family communication and stress within rural, African American dementia caregiving teams

Objectives The objective of this paper is to explore how telephone-delivered mindfulness training impacts family conflict and communication within the informal dementia caregiving team, including primary caregivers, their care partner, and the care recipient. Method Primary caregivers and their care partners participated in an eight-week telephone-delivered mindfulness-based intervention (MBI). This study used mixed methods and a pre-post design to evaluate the intervention’s effect on family satisfaction, perceived support, and family conflict. Results Both family satisfaction and perceived informational support increased significantly, and qualitative analysis revealed four key themes illustrating how the mindfulness intervention served to positively impact family conflict and communication among participating caregivers. Conclusion This study provides preliminary evidence for the beneficial effects of an MBI on family functioning among rural African American caregivers of people with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias.

Epidemiologic Assessment of Craniosynostosis in Mississippi's Pediatric Population from 2015 to 2020.

This study aimed to report geographic and demographic patterns of patients with craniosynostosis (CS) treated at Children's of Mississippi, the state's only American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association-approved craniofacial team. Patients with CS were treated at a tertiary pediatric hospital cared for by craniofacial surgeons and neurosurgeons from 2015 to 2020. Demographic, geographic, and CS diagnosis details, including sex, gestational age, race, ethnicity, insurance status, and affected cranial suture type(s), number, and associated syndromic diagnosis were collected, including birth county and total live births from state data. Significant differences between prevalence of CS in four regions of Mississippi were examined using two-tailed t tests (P < 0.05). Among 222,819 live births in Mississippi between 2015 and 2020, 79 pediatric patients presented to Children's of Mississippi with CS, with an overall incidence of 0.355/1000 live births. Most cases were nonsyndromic CS (82%, n = 65) affecting a single major cranial suture (81%, n = 64). The overall incidence of CS was higher in the coastal and central regions compared with northeast Mississippi, at 0.333 and 0.527 vs 0.132/1000 live births (P = 0.012 and P = 0.004), respectively. Results from this study suggest regional patterns of CS in Mississippi, which may reflect actual incidence patterns or proximity to Children's of Mississippi. Further study could reveal regional differences in risk factors underlying CS incidence or access to specialized CS care for different regions in the state. This will lead to opportunities for institutional outreach to decrease the burden of CS care in Mississippi.

Practitioners’ perspective of non-contact injury risk factors and injury prevention programming in professional North American male soccer

ObjectiveTo evaluate non-contact injury prevention strategies of professional men's soccer clubs in elite North American league soccer. To understand the application, perceived effectiveness and barriers to implementation. DesignOnline cross-Sectional Study. SettingNorth American elite soccer teams. Participants96 medical and performance support staff of elite North American teams. Main outcome measureThe survey consisted of 20 questions and captured 1) practitioners' demographics; 2) perceptions of risk factors; 3) the use of assessment and monitoring strategies; and 4) perceptions of the implementation of injury prevention programmes’. ResultsInjury prevention programmes were perceived as ‘effective’ (Median 4, Interquartile range 4-4) and reduced injury rates (n = 94, 98%, 95 CI% 93 to 99). A range of potential risk factors were rated as “very important” (4.58 ± 0.52 Likert scale points; mean ± standard deviation). A multi-disciplinary approach to the design, application and monitoring of programmes was generally adopted. Competing training priorities (n = 75, 78%, 95 CI% 69 to 85) and game schedules (n = 71, 74%, 95 CI% 64 to 82) were the most prevalent barriers to injury prevention implementation. ConclusionsInjury prevention programmes were perceived as effective in reducing non-contact injuries. Managing the conflicting priorities between scheduling training, tactical and conditioning goals were considered the key barriers to desired implementation.

Epidemiologic Trends of Cleft Lip and Palate in a Southern State: A 30-Year Follow-Up.

Children's of Mississippi at the University of Mississippi Medical Center serves as the state's only American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association-approved cleft team at the only pediatric hospital in the state. The goal of this study is to report geographic and demographic patterns of patients with orofacial cleft (OFC) treated at Children's of Mississippi, which are lacking. Patients with OFC treated at Children's of Mississippi from 2015 to 2020 were included. Demographic data were collected, including birth county and total live births from state data. Significant differences between incidence of OFC among public health regions of Mississippi were examined using analysis of variance (P < 0.05). Cases were compared with historical data from 1980 to 1989. There were 184 patients who presented with OFC, with a statewide incidence of 0.83 per 1000 live births among 222,819 live births in the state across 6 years. The incidence of OFC was 0.83/1000 for Whites and 0.82/1000 for non-Whites versus a historical rate of 1.36 and 0.54, respectively. Significantly fewer children in the northern region (0.25/1000) were born with OFC than in central (1.21; P < 0.001) and southern (0.86; P < 0.001) regions. Results from this study suggest changing regional patterns of OFC in Mississippi. Although rates increased among non-White infants, the overall incidence of OFC has decreased compared with historical data. The findings may reflect actual incidence patterns in the state or the proximity of certain regions to Children's of Mississippi. Further study may reveal regional differences in risk factors underlying OFC incidence, and/or issues with access to cleft care for different regions in the state.

Fielding Opportunity: The History of the Ogden Assembly Club and the Legacy of African American Baseball Teams in Utah

Fielding Opportunity: The History of the Ogden Assembly Club and the Legacy of African American Baseball Teams in Utah

Verticillium Species as an Ecofriendly Alternative to Manage the Invasive Tree Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle

Environmental pollution, unintended harm to beneficial organisms, and the development of herbicide resistance among weeds are the main consequences of the massive and consistent use of chemical herbicides in recent decades. The growing need for alternative solutions has been reinforced by restrictive policies, leading to a search for natural herbicidal candidates. Mycoherbicides, formulations containing plant pathogenic fungi, are viewed as promising substitutes for chemical herbicides. In the case of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, one of the worst invasive alien tree species in the world, Verticillium-based mycoherbicides offer a viable method for control, inducing a lethal wilt disease and leading plants to death within a few years. The demonstrated significant effectiveness enables addressing challenges posed by other—conventional—approaches. The current analysis matches key internal (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats) of Verticillium Nees isolates as environmentally-friendly control agents against the invasive A. altissima, by listing each singularly and then crossing them among the categories, drawing from the collaborative efforts of American, Austrian, and Italian research teams.

History of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in Germany

The implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) was abreakthrough in the prevention of sudden cardiac death. After years of technical development in the USA, Michel Mirowski succeeded in proving reliable automatic defibrillation of ventricular tachyarrhythmias through initial human implantations in 1980, despite many obstacles. Nearly 4years later, the first patients received ICDs at multiple centers in Germany. Subsequently, outside the USA, Germany became the country with highest implantation rates. The absolute number of implantations remained small as long as implantations required epicardial defibrillation electrodes and therefore thoracotomy by cardiac surgeons. Pacemaker-like implantation using atransvenous defibrillation electrode with apectoral ICD became feasible in the early 1990s pushing implantation rates to the next level. Technical advancements were accompanied by clinical research in Germany, and often, the first-in-human studies were conducted in Germany. In 1991, the first guidelines for indications were established in the USA and Germany. Several randomized studies on indications were published between 1996 and 2009, mostly led by American teams with German participation, but also under German leadership (CASH, CAT, DINAMIT, IRIS). The DANISH study in 2016 questioned the results of these long-standing studies. Instead of providing ICDs to patients using abroad indication, future efforts aim to identify patients who, despite optimal medical therapy, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), and/or catheter ablation, need protection against sudden cardiac death. Risk scores incorporating myocardial scars in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and genetic information are expected to contribute to more individualized and effective indications.

A Unified Framework for Contextual and Factoid Question Generation

Question generation (QG) aims to automatically generate fluent and relevant questions, where the two most mainstream directions are generating questions from unstructured contextual texts (CQG), such as news articles, and generating questions from structured factoid texts (FQG), such as knowledge graphs or tables. Existing methods for these two tasks mainly face challenges of limited internal structural information as well as scarce background information, while these two tasks can benefit each other for alleviating these issues. For example, when meeting the entity mention “United Kingdom” in CQG, it can be inferred that it is a country in European continent based on the structural knowledge “(Europe, countries_within, United Kingdom)” in FQG. And when meeting the entity “Houston Rockets” in FQG, more background information, such as “an American professional basketball team based in Houston since 1971”, can be found in the related passages of CQG. To this end, we propose a unified framework for the tasks of CQG and FQG, where: (i) two types of task-sharing modules are developed to learn shared contextual and structural knowledge, where the task format is unified with a pseudo passage reformulation strategy; (ii) for the CQG task, a task-specific knowledge module with a knowledge selection and aggregation mechanism is introduced, so as to incorporate more factoid knowledge from external knowledge graphs and alleviate the word ambiguity problem; and (iii) for the FQG task, a task-specific passage module with a multi-level passage fusion mechanism is designed to extract fine-grained word-level knowledge. Experimental results in both automatic and human evaluation show the effectiveness of our proposed method.

UNESCO-UNDP’s “Save Carthage” Campaign: Americans and Internationalisation of Heritage in Tunisia

ABSTRACT In the early 1970s, the Tunisian government sought to balance the preservation of cultural heritage and tourism with urban development at the sprawling archaeological site of Carthage. UNESCO launched the ‘Save Carthage’ campaign and brought together 18 international archaeological teams to survey, excavate, and stabilise the site. Two American teams from Michigan and Harvard represented the American Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR). However optimistic their aims, we demonstrate how the internationalism that the ‘Save Carthage’ campaign embodied through the 1970s was undermined by disputes between the American archaeologists and their Tunisian hosts, limited funding opportunities, and a failure to integrate deeply with the postcolonial landscape of North Africa. Lessons learned from this case study illustrate the major role played by archaeology in the landscape of international development assistance and highlight the mixed success of both UNESCO and the United States in Tunisia.

Epidemiology of injuries and illnesses in elite wheelchair basketball players over a whole season – a prospective cohort study

BackgroundWheelchair basketball is an adaptation of pedestrian basketball and one of the most popular Paralympic sports worldwide. The epidemiology of health problems in wheelchair basketball has been prospectively studied only during the Paralympic Games, the 2018 World Championships, the 2021 South America Wheelchair Basketball Championship, and one season of two American intercollegiate wheelchair basketball teams. The objective of the study was to prospectively monitor and analyze the prevalence, incidence, burden, and characteristics of injuries and illnesses in a wheelchair basketball league during an entire season for the first time.MethodsAll players of the highest German wheelchair basketball league (Bundesliga) were invited to participate in the study. Included players completed the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire once a week during the entire season 2020/21 to report health problems. Exposure was captured by self-reported training time and officially-recorded competition time.ResultsSixty of 117 players (51%, 47 male, 13 female) of the national league participated with an average response of 93%. Seventy health problems (5.5/1000 exposure hours [95% CI: 4.9–6.1]) were reported, including 54 injuries and 16 illnesses. Prevalence of health problems was 60% (95% CI: 48–72). Most injuries affected the shoulder (32% of all injuries), cervical spine/neck (17%), and hand (13%). More overuse injuries (2.9/1000 exposure hours [95% CI: 2.5–3.3]) than acute injuries (1.3/1000 exposure hours [95% CI: 1.0-1.6]) occurred. Of all health problems, 53% were associated with time-loss. The incidences of all health problems, illnesses, injuries, and overuse injuries were higher in women than in men.ConclusionsCharacteristics and frequency of injuries and illnesses during wheelchair basketball season differed from those during major wheelchair basketball tournaments. The high proportion of overuse injuries and the higher injury rates in women should be regarded in the development of individualized prevention measures. Since results from previous studies during major tournaments are only partially comparable to wheelchair basketball league play, further studies should follow.

Work Style Diversity and Diffusion Within and Across Organizations: Evidence from Soviet-Style Hockey

Does the arrival of culturally diverse workers affect the work style of incumbent workers? We examine how the large influx of Russian hockey players in the National Hockey League after 1989 affected North American–born players. The Soviet style of hockey was largely based on skilled skating, constant movement, circling, and passing. In contrast, the North American play was more individualistic and linear, with higher emphasis on physical strength and aggressive behavior. Using 50 years of data at the player-game level, we show that (i) the number of penalty minutes per game increases steadily from 1970 to 1989, but decreases thereafter; (ii) although Russian players get systematically fewer penalty minutes in and after 1989, the trend reversal is driven by North American–born players; and (iii) the number of penalty minutes per game of North American–born players decreases systematically with the number of Russian players on their team and on the opposing team. Evidence shows that the hockey style brought about by Russian players was adopted and diffused within and across North American teams and players. This paper was accepted by Lamar Pierce, organizations. Supplemental Material: Data and the online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4808 .

They Didn’t Do Anything Wrong but They Did Everything White: Examination of the 1968 Harvard Crew’s Support of the Olympic Project for Human Rights

The iconic image of Tommie Smith and John Carlos standing on the podium, with bowed heads, black-gloved fists in the air during the playing of the American national anthem at the 1968 Summer Olympic Games in Mexico City, is a symbol of resistance and the civil rights movement. This symbolic activism was part of a larger movement, the Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR) that was led by Dr. Harry Edwards. The movement was designed to be a nonviolent protest against the inhumane treatment of Black men in the United States. While Edwards and several of the track-and-field athletes worked to create awareness of their fight, a small group of rowers out of Harvard University also took notice. The Harvard men’s eight was the crew selected to represent the United States at the 1968 Games in Mexico, and shortly after their selection, a number of the men decided that they too wanted to support the initiative that Edwards had started. In their attempt to prove that they were indeed allies to the Black athletes on the American team, the men met with Edwards and decided to send letters to each person selected to represent the United States at the 1968 Games in Mexico that outlined the plight of the Black American athletes. However, while their intentions may have been honorable, many within the OPHR movement did not agree with the involvement of the Harvard rowers. Several members argued that these privileged White men had no right to be involved and their initiative was unwanted. This raises important discussions surrounding allyship; more specifically what constitutes an ally compared to the “great white hope?” This paper uses Edward’s concept of allyship and the oblivious possessive investment of whiteness and critically examines the Harvard men’s support of the OPHR movement in 1968.

Katrina M. Phillips. Staging Indigeneity: Salvage Tourism and the Performance of Native American History.

From tea-slinging members of the Sons of Liberty to American football and baseball teams, non-Natives have appropriated Native American identities for centuries. Since Philip Deloria’s Playing Indian (1999) laid bare these settler fantasies in the United States, scholars have discovered still more iterations of commodified Indigeneity across the globe. In Staging Indigeneity: Salvage Tourism and the Performance of Native American History, historian Katrina M. Phillips focuses on Indigenous-themed outdoor dramas in Pendleton, Oregon, Cherokee, North Carolina, and Chillicothe, Ohio. These entrepreneurial small towns turned to Native American history to boost their local economies, drawing visitors to them through what Phillips defines as “salvage tourism.” Economic salvation has not necessarily been the result. But these outdoor dramas have shaped regional memory cultures, drawing tens of thousands of visitors, and have become cultural artifacts embedded, for better or worse, in the communities that created them. Staging Indigeneity proceeds chronologically, beginning with Pendleton, Oregon and the performances of Round Up (1910) and Happy Canyon (1914). Both productions were initiated by town boosters who hoped to rejuvenate the woolen mills, which began their slow decline at the turn of the twentieth century. Pendleton is adjacent to the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. Major Lee Moorhouse, the Indian agent appointed to CTUIR, later became the town mayor, and he turned to Umatilla, Cayuse, and Walla Walla citizens for support as he tried to boost the local economy. Moorhouse used photography and his connections with journalists to promote both events, commodifying Indigeneity for non-Native audiences. Indigenous actors, some of whom studied theater at boarding schools such as Carlisle, worked with Moorhouse to create the Round Up and Happy Canyon productions. Despite low compensation for much of its history, certain families on the Umatilla Reservation consider participation in Round Up and Happy Canyon to be a family tradition, an essential site of Indigeneity. CTUIRs Wildhorse Resort and Casino, founded in 1995, has become the real source of economic revitalization in Pendleton, but the productions of Round Up and Happy Canyon continue to attract visitors yearning for nostalgic portrayals of the American West.

Flashpoint: How a Little-Known Sporting Event Fueled America's Anti-Apartheid Movement

Sports, race, and politics are deeply intertwined—just ask Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Naomi Osaka, or Colin Kaepernick. Derek Charles Catsam, an accomplished historian of race, social movements, and sports in South Africa, the United States, and globally, has authored an easy-to-read, fascinating, if perhaps misnamed, book. The book's subtitle contends the 1981 U.S. tour of the legendary South African rugby team, nicknamed the Springboks, “fueled America's anti-apartheid movement.” More accurately, the book focuses on the sociopolitical roles of rugby in South Africa and the world, including how antiapartheid activists targeted the sport because of its importance to white South Africans, particularly Afrikaners. Following a preface celebrating the first Black Springboks captain, only appointed in 2018, a strong introduction outlines the Springboks' U.S. tour, U.S. foreign policy toward apartheid South Africa and how Ronald Reagan's election changed the equation, America's nascent antiapartheid movement, sports boycotts in the global struggle against apartheid, white South Africa's fierce resistance to change, and the role of race in American sports. Subsequent chapters cover planning for the Springboks' U.S. tour, an Irish rugby tour to South Africa in 1981, the Springboks' 1981 New Zealand tour—which saw massive protests that rocked the nation—and the book culminates with several chapters on the Springboks' U.S. tour, with matches in Racine, Wisconsin, Albany, and tiny Glenville, New York. The U.S.-focused chapters present a blow-by-blow account of the planning of the events as well as the protests. The “Boks” destroyed every American team and, since rugby was an incredibly obscure sport in the United States, these matches drew only a handful of fans. For those interested in a film on antiapartheid protests of the Springboks, Connie Field's documentary series, Have You Heard from Johannesburg (2010), includes a wonderful episode, “Fair Play,” on Springbok tours to Australia, England, and New Zealand.

Loathed It: The Boys of Summer

Loathed It: The Boys of Summer Gary Gershman (bio) When I began this piece, I conducted a very unscientific poll of friends on what they thought of the iconic book, The Boys of Summer; some were baseball fans, some were not. Visiting California I talked to a handful of people, especially if they were Dodgers fans. At a friend’s house, I mentioned that I had to write an article on the book. He laughed and said it was around the house somewhere, and he would be happy to give me his copy. When I asked Brandon what he thought of the book, he described it as a “shelf turd.” It sat there collecting dust, not really wanted but not getting rid of it. He’d had the book since the eighth grade. He liked its idea but found it incredibly dull— a lot of exposition about nothing. So there it sat, unread except for a few pages and rejected. Many other sources felt differently and noted the greatness of “The Boys” and its iconic place in the world of baseball books. An Esquire article noted that baseball provided the source material for more good books than any other American team sport. It called baseball the “sports catnip for writers: a game on contemplation and strategy which lends itself beautifully to numbers and analysis as well as poetry.”1 The feeling was The Boys of Summer encapsulated this, and the magazine placed the book in its inner circle of outstanding baseball books. The Sporting News ranked the book #8 on its baseball book list and commented that Kahn’s strength in the book was that he “had the literary chops to make his book more than just a jock hagiography . . .”2 They embraced the language that so exasperated and alienated me when I read the book. The description on the back of the book declares it is not just a baseball book but “a book about America, about fathers and sons, prejudice and courage, triumph and disaster, and told with warmth, humor, candor and love.”3 Maybe it was those things, but that did not make it an iconic baseball book. In a more recent comment from the fall of 2021, Steve Barnes, in honor of the book’s upcoming fiftieth anniversary, pronounced it the “finest, funniest works of sports literature ever published.”4 He noted that critics were divided because of Kahn’s fandom, which seemed to create an inherent bias, [End Page 11] and that some suggested it was “hopelessly saccharine.” He quickly dismissed those critics, commenting the title itself was memorable by how “it rolled from the tongue like a good bunt in its final inches. So idyllic, so evocative, so resonant was the title . . . that almost immediately it was applied by every fan to the players, the boys, of almost every team . . .”5 And Barnes paid homage to the original reviews, quoting Heywood Hale Brown of the New York Times and how the book recreated the ’50s when Baseball was king— “the center of love beyond the reach of intellect.”6 George Frazier’s Boston Globe review proclaimed that one “could not imagine a more important book, a better written book, a finer discussion of the 1950’s Dodgers than this one.”7 Both of those conclusions are highly debatable. Was I reading the same book? Moving to the less professional evaluations, I dove into average, everyday readers. It was amazing to see how often the reviews found the book a template for society, life, and just understanding the cosmos. One reader declared it was the finest baseball book ever written “in part because it is about more than baseball.” He noted it emphasized how baseball and the drama that ensues, game by game and throughout the season and through players’ careers, “all mirror the larger dramas of life.”8 The lessons one can learn from the great Dodger teams of the 1950s provide insight into how to become good at one’s job, how to work with a team and tell us a lot about how to master one’s craft, and how to conquer racial and socioeconomic differences. A regular theme that permeates these...

Hoops: A Cultural History of Basketball in America by Thomas Aiello (review)

Reviewed by: Hoops: A Cultural History of Basketball in America by Thomas Aiello Wade Davies Hoops: A Cultural History of Basketball in America. By Thomas Aiello. Lanham, MD: Rowan and Littlefield, 2022. ix + 271 pp. Bibliographic essay, index. $34.00 cloth. Sports historians have long hoped for a grand basketball narrative that appeals equally well to scholarly and popular audiences and centers the game at the heart of the American experience, alongside baseball and football—two sports that have elicited far more scholarly attention. Thomas Aiello has finally written that book. It comes in the form of a concise yet sweeping narrative that traces basketball's evolution, both at the college and professional levels, from its origin and early development in the 1890s, through its mid-twentieth-century maturation, and to its ascent as a premier professional sport, embodied by the post-1970s National Basketball Association (NBA). Aiello strikes an effective balance between in-depth scholarly analysis of basketball's evolving social significance, particularly relative to struggles for gender equality and racial justice, and inspirational stories about all-time great players and teams. Casual readers will particularly appreciate later chapters featuring Larry Bird, Magic Johnson, LeBron James, and, of course, Michael Jordan. The book serves almost as well as a survey of twentieth-century American history as it does a basketball history, in that extended sections are devoted to detail ing broader societal developments—including the Civil Rights Movement, AIDS epidemic, passage of Title IX, COVID-19 pandemic, and Black Lives Matter—before relating these topics back to the sport and its players. Basketball is presented as equally reflecting and influencing the society around it. Aiello so deftly weaves these varied and weighty discussions into his narrative that his book would be as equally well placed as a text for a United States history survey course as for a more focused sports history course. Aiello's otherwise comprehensive narrative does, however, fall a little short in fully capturing basketball's widespread significance to a diverse population. He devotes primary attention to basketball's significance to African Americans and to race relations affecting Black athletes and communities, and deservedly so, but rarely mentions how important this game has been for other athletes of color or of diverse ethnicities, apart from brief mentions of Native American boarding-school teams and longer sections featuring early twentieth-century Jewish teams. More could be said about the intense hoops passion many Indigenous, Asian American, and Latino/a athletes have demonstrated through the years; and there is more to say as well about the game's early importance to American Catholics and other religious communities. These criticisms aside, this is still the most comprehensive and all-around best historical overview yet written about American basketball and is a volume that no sports historian or basketball enthusiast should do without. Scholars will also appreciate the extensive bibliographic essays Aiello includes for each chapter subject. [End Page 110] Wade Davies Native American Studies University of Montana Copyright © 2023 Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska–Lincoln

Low Cost Gastroschisis Silo for Sub-Saharan Africa: Testing in a Porcine Model.

Gastroschisis mortality in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) remains high at 59-100%. Silo inaccessibility contributes to this disparity. Standard of care (SOC) silos cost $240, while median monthly incomes in SSA are < $200. Our multidisciplinary American and Ugandan team designed and bench-tested a low-cost (LC) silo that costs < $2 and is constructed from locally available materials. Here we describe in vivo LC silo testing. A piglet gastroschisis model was achieved by eviscerating intestines through a midline incision. Eight piglets were randomized to LC or SOC silos. Bowel was placed into the LC or SOC silo, maintained for 1-h, and reduced. Procedure times for placement, intestinal reduction, and silo removal were recorded. Tissue injury of the abdominal wall and intestine was assessed. Bacterial and fungal growth on silos was also compared. There were no gross injuries to abdominal wall or intestine in either group or difference in minor bleeding. Times for silo application, bowel reduction, and silo removal between groups were not statistically or clinically different, indicating similar ease of use. Microbiologic analysis revealed growth on all samples, but density was below the standard peritoneal inoculum of 105CFU/g for both silos. There was no significant difference in bacterial or fungal growth between LC and SOC silos. LC silos designed for manufacturing and clinical use in SSA demonstrated similar ease of use, absence of tissue injury, and acceptable microbiology profile, similar to SOC silos. The findings will allow our team to proceed with a pilot study in Uganda.

‘I See the Struggle against Race Supremacy and Racial Inequality as World-Wide’: Anti-Apartheid Campaigns, Civil Rights Struggles, and the 1961 Track and Field Tours of South Africa

ABSTRACT As the Civil Rights Movement in the US reached its apogee and apartheid in South Africa cemented its grip, the American Amateur Athletic Union in 1961 announced plans to send a team of athletics all-stars to the African nation. Following tours of South Africa by all-white American teams in 1931 and 1950, as well as a 1938 tour scuttled by racial disagreements, the 1961 proposal drew fire from Civil Rights leaders and anti-apartheid activists. In the early 1960s these two factions of fighters for racial justice through sport made common cause. Jack Roosevelt Robinson, the iconic leader of the crusade to desegregate American baseball, joined the anti-apartheid crusade and proposed a sporting boycott of South Africa. Robinson also lobbied Black athletes to boycott track meets that did not extend interracial inclusion to the stadium stands and local accommodations. Under pressure, the Amateur Athletic Union abandoned its 1961 tour, but the US Department of State sent a small, entirely white contingent of athletes to the apartheid state on a ‘goodwill’ mission. The 1961 incidents in the US and South Africa highlighted the growing intersection of racial justice crusades centred on sport that targeted both American segregation and South African apartheid.