American Style Research Articles

RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN THE USA: SEPARATION BETWEEN CHURCH AND STATE

Religious freedom has been established as a fundamental right in the United States of America (U.S.A.). Thomas Jefferson’s famous ‘wall of separation’ metaphor has taken religious freedom under protection against possible oppression by the state, by building a high wall between church and state. Jefferson’s metaphor established the legal basis of religious freedom as a fundamental human right by defining the boundaries of church and state relations. James Madison also, the author of the U.S. Constitution, attributes a special importance to religious freedom. The U.S. Constitution guaranteed freedom of religion in the First Amendment. American style of church and state separation might be an intriguing topic for Turkish citizens’ constitutional debate. Turkey has been in search of a new and civil constitution recently. In this regard, Former Speaker of the Grand National Assembly İsmail Kahraman proposed in 2021 that Türkiye’s new constitution should ‘guarantee religious freedom for Turkish citizens’. Therefore, we are interested in examining the American style of church and state relations for freedom of religion.

Development of effective leadership in a cross-cultural space

The purpose of the article is to analyze the features of the formation of an effective personnel management mechanism based on the consideration of leadership theory with an emphasis on companies operating in a cross-cultural space. The initial thesis of the study was the statement about the multivariate nature of cultural spaces, which, based on the leading values, determine the behavior of their bearers. It was determined that the leading concept of personnel management, considering the cultural validity of leadership, is cross-cultural management. The practice and leadership styles were studied following the criteria of national characteristics. The critical cultural factors that determine the managerial aspects of enterprise activity are revealed, including power distance, the ratio of individualism and collectivism, masculinity and femininity, and attitude to uncertainty. It is recognized that they form the national style of leadership. The leadership styles are analyzed, namely autocratic, paternalistic, and democratic (participative). At the same time, emphasis is placed on the perception of the specified leadership styles by representatives of different national cultures. The deepening of the analysis was reflected in the determination and systematization of national leadership styles. British, American, German, French, Swedish, Romanian, Arab, Asian, and Ukrainian leadership styles are described. We propose to consider Romanesque and Arabic as two different styles, without combining them into one group, since they have several differences in cross-cultural characteristics. Also, the Ukrainian style of leadership, which became a symbiosis of the Soviet past, the significant influence of Western trends, and the peculiarities of the national culture of Ukraine, was added to the theoretical work of H. Levis. It was concluded that the cross-cultural approach to personnel management of the enterprise, which is formed based on cross-cultural management, becomes a new paradigm of personnel management, which integrates the main existing approaches in this field based on the priority of accounting for the national and cultural characteristics of the personnel of the enterprise to increase the level of team cohesion, creating a sense of belonging to the enterprise and its value system, which allows to increase the efficiency of the enterprise significantly. Keywords: leadership, leadership styles, cross-cultural management, national culture, national styles of leadership.

Teaching About Democratic Socialism, American Style

Democratic socialism has experienced a resurgence in the past decade. According to a 2019 Gallup poll, 43% of all Americans, and 58% of those between 18 and 34, believe that socialism would be a “good thing” for the country. A 2021 Gallup poll found that 65% of Democrats, compared with 14% of Republicans, have a positive view of socialism. Democratic Socialists of America has grown from about 6,000 members to about 100,000 members. A growing number of self-identified socialists have been elected to public office. But when people say they support the idea of socialism, what do they mean? Or do they even know what they mean? In 2000, I taught a new course called “Democratic Socialism, American Style” for the first time and have offered it several times since. The course examines democratic socialism in America from several angles – as a utopian vision, as a social and political movement, as a set of practical public policies, and in contrast to more progressive social democracies in other countries.

Impact of Self-Determination Theory in American Psycho By Bet Easton Ellis

This study tackles the summery of the story of AMERICAN PSYCHO and the relationship of self-determination and the main character who was severely impact by his psychology motivation from being the best between his social entourage and become killing multiple of his friends and many other people and as well as one dog and one poor man in street. It also has mentioned all the characters in this story and some of their quotes. After that it has been reported the one critical analysis of this story; then it talks about the role of violence of the main character and his consumption under capitalism. The physical violence and the stratification of the psycho American and sexual desire with his friends and horrible violence over them who finished by killing multiple of his girlfriends and finally being a serial killer of Los Angeles. Replying back by quickly conclusion talk about the stylish modernism and post modernism of this story that makes a sensitive revolution of this Ellis novelist who has made one new story of many colors of problem trying to figure this American life style and psycho American characters are doing well imagine how much psychology motivation is imposed by American society and the role of capitalism making one horror story and revolutionary road in the 80teen with the stylish modernism and that makes from the story one of the best of written and have some great ideas and many problems of the American society.

Mobile Learning American Service as Digital Literacy in Improving Students' Analytical Skills

This research aims to produce mobile learning media as digital literacy to improve students' skills in service and arrangement in the American style. This research uses data analysis techniques with the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) method. Data analysis used two methods: qualitative analysis for quantitative data and qualitative analysis. The Feasibility of material content for mobile learning has gone through the formative evaluation stage with a one-to-one expert assessment including material experts, instructional design, media, and language with the results feasible to use. A one-to-one test was conducted by 3 participants with an average overall percentage of the results of the student's assessment was 94.1% which means very good. The limited group test was conducted on 8 students, and all students stated that the media had very good quality, with an average percentage of 99%. The last user trial of this formative evaluation was a field trial with 30 Catering students. Field Group Test, the last trial of the last formative evaluation, obtained an average percentage of 87.46%, which can be categorized as good with a very positive response to the media used. Based on the results of user testing through one-to-one, small group, and field trials, it can be concluded that mobile learning American service as digital literacy is feasible to use.

A reduced-order model based on integrated radial basis functions with partition of unity method for option pricing under jump–diffusion models

The current research aims to develop a fast, stable and efficient numerical procedure for solving option pricing problems in jump–diffusion models. A backward partial integro-differential equation (PIDE) with diffusion and advection terms was investigated. Up to the best knowledge of the authors, some special numerical methods and strategies must be selected to solve advection–diffusion problems with reliable stability and accuracy. For the mentioned aims, the first- and second-order derivatives are approximated by integrated radial basis function based on partition of unity method. The IRBF-PU method is local mesh-free method that provides high order accurate result and is flexible for PDEs problems with sufficiently smooth initial conditions and also has a moderate condition number. In particular, we highlight European and American style put options, whose underlying asset follows a jump–diffusion model. For the distribution of the jumps, the Merton and Kou models are studied. Furthermore, the main model is classified in advection-x-diffusion category. As a result, we must increase the number of collocation points as well as the time steps to arrive at the final time. This procedure lengthens the execution time. To address this issue, we use the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method to reduce the size of the final algebraic system of equations. This numerical procedure is known as the proper orthogonal decomposition-IRBF-PU method (POD-IRBF-PU). The presented computational results (including the computation of option Greeks) and comparisons with other competing approaches suggest that the IRBF-PU and POD-IRBF-PU methods are efficient and reliable numerical methods to solve elliptic and parabolic PIDEs arising from applied areas such as financial engineering.

Let Us Do It American Style

Let Us Do It American Style

Pricing Multidimensional American Options

A new explicit form is provided for the solution of optimal stopping problems involving a multidimensional geometric Brownian motion. A free-boundary value approach is adopted and the value function is obtained via fundamental solution methods. There are many applications for the valuation of perpetual options of American style, which are of interest for finance and managerial decisions.

Impact of Dilution on Whisky Aroma: A Sensory and Volatile Composition Analysis

An "omics"-style approach was used to evaluate the complex relationship between whisky aroma and dilution with water, typically suggested as a way to better appreciate whisky. A set of 25 samples, including Bourbons, ryes, single-malt and blended Scotches, and Irish whiskies were chemically profiled at six dilution levels (100, 90, 80, 70, 60, and 50% whisky/water), while a subset of six whiskies (three Bourbons, three Scotches) at four dilution levels (100, 80, 60, and 40% whisky/water) were chemically profiled and subjected to sensory analysis by a trained panel (n = 20). Untargeted volatile analysis was performed using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and sensory analysis was performed using descriptive analysis (DA). Results were evaluated using multivariate statistical techniques, including multifactor analysis (MFA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Dilution decreased headspace concentration of hydrophilic aroma compounds and increased concentration of more hydrophobic compounds, which agreed with DA results. Dilution above 80% whisky/20% water reduced differences within whisky styles, though differences between American (Bourbon, rye) and Scotch styles (single malt, blended) continued to increase with further dilution. This provides important insight into how dilution of whisky during consumption changes consumer perception, as well as the usefulness of HS-SPME-GC-MS as a proxy for human olfaction.

Styling the “Ivy” Man: Jewish Men as Creators and Consumers of an American Style, 1940–1965

Studies of Jewish “Americanization” have largely focused on earlier periods of immigration and emphasized the democratic nature of dress in the United States. In contrast, this study analyzes the decades at mid-century when Jews began visibly to enter the American mainstream and argues for an increased appreciation of male sartorial distinction as cultural capital in Jewish social mobility and self-assertion within a stratified American social system. In the decades after the Second World War, a commercialized form of Ivy League style became one of the leading modes of middle class American masculine self-fashioning. Many Jewish students, professors, and young professionals found in Ivy style a statement suited to their aspirations of educational, social, and economic advancement in the face of traditional antisemitic discrimination. The Jewish history of Ivy style reveals the ambiguities and ironies of this process of class-specific Americanization, given the disproportionate role of Jewish tailors and businessmen in the creation and curation of an American style so closely linked to power. Drawing on memoirs, contemporary images, and vintage clothing, this article examines the connection between Ivy style as sartorial habitus and Jewish social and cultural integration in and through higher education.

Let Us Do It American Style

Let Us Do It American Style

Simulated Greeks for American options

This paper develops a method to estimate price sensitivities, so-called Greeks, for American style options using flexible simulation methods combined with initially dispersed state variables. The asymptotic properties of the estimators are studied, and convergence of the method is established. A 2-stage method is proposed with an adaptive choice of optimal dispersion of state variables, which controls and balances off the bias of the estimates against their variance. Numerical results show that the method compares exceptionally well to existing alternatives, works well for very reasonable choices of dispersion sizes, regressors, and simulated paths, and it is robust to choices of these parameters. We apply the method to models with time varying volatility, demonstrating that there are large differences between estimated Greeks with affine and non-affine models, that Greeks vary significantly through periods of crisis, and that the errors made when using Greeks implied from, e.g. misspecified models with constant volatility can be extremely large.

A Review of the Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Adolescent Depression under the Influence of Chinese and American Culture

The probability of depression in contemporary adolescents is increasing, and the parenting style is closely related to it. Chinese and American scholars have conducted a lot of experiments and research discussions based on their own national conditions, but there is still a lack of comprehensive papers to compare and analyze the research conclusions of the two countries. The purpose of this study is to make a comparative analysis of the relevant research results on the influence of parenting styles on adolescent depression under Chinese and American culture, and to summarize the similarities and differences between Chinese and American parenting styles on adolescent depression. The study found that Chinese and American teens were also at greater risk for depression; In terms of the correlation between parental rearing style and adolescent depression, there is a significant correlation between the variables both in China and the United States; Parents of depressed adolescents in both China and the United States showed excessive use of harsh punishment, interference, denial, and overprotection. At the same time, the emphases and attitudes of depression related research in China and the United States are different.

Penalty method for pricing American-style Asian option with jumps diffusion process

American-style options are important derivative contracts in today's worldwide financial markets. They trade large volumes on various underlying assets, including stocks, indices, foreign exchange rates, and futures. In this work, a penalty approach is derived and examined for use in pricing the American style of Asian option under the Merton model. The Black–Scholes equation incorporates a small non-linear penalty factor. In this approach, the free and moving boundary imposed by the contract's early exercise feature is removed in order to create a stable solution domain. By including Jump-diffusion in the models, they are able to capture the skewness and kurtosis features of return distributions often observed in several assets in the market. The performance of the schemes is investigated through a series of numerical experiments.

Dido American Style: Teaching Rhetorical Tropes for Fun and Profit

Through this paper I aim to help show students, from whatever background they bring to class, how to read Marlowe through his use of particular figures and mannerisms of speech, and, equally as important, I want to foreground the thesis that learning the complexities of the gilded language of the Early Moderns can help students understand the rhetorical challenges they face today in the realms of politics, advertising, and daily concourse. I want to reintroduce to the discipline and introduce to the students at hand Marlowe’s brilliant rhetoric and the rich and complex figures of speech he uses. For students, having a grasp on Marlowe’s language facilitates their development as sharper decoders of our own linguistic productions here in America and beyond.

The Chinese and American elements of the Disney movie Mulan from the Cross-cultural Perspective

On the basis of drawing materials from Chinese historical stories and retaining traditional Chinese ideas and images, the Disney movie Mulan adopts a series of Hollywood story blending methods to make American-style transformation of characters and values, according to the sight of Americans the standard of Chinese beauty image is re-created for Mulan, and the ideas of feminism, individual heroism, and equality between men and women are vividly displayed in Mulan. At the same time, the characters and plots of the story have also been transformed in American style: several key characters and animals have been added throughout; on the basis of respecting the basic plot of the original story of Mulan, the feudal loyalty and filial piety story has been turned into a story of women's self-realization. The film enlightens us that only by fully understanding the cultures of the two countries can we better promote the cross-cultural communication and exchanges between China and the United States and even between China and the West.

The French Reception of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: A Belated Consecration

The French Reception of <i>Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</i>: A Belated Consecration

Ex-Wives and the Welfare State

Ex-Wives and the Welfare State Lauren Jae Gutterman (bio) Suzanne Kahn, Divorce, American Style: Fighting for Women's Economic Citizenship in the Neoliberal Era. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2021, 344 pp, Figures notes, and index. $55.00. In June 2022, in the days after the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade, a Twitter thread went viral arguing that white women lacked the political organizing skills required for the moment. "The majority of white people in the U.S. were taught how to join clubs, not build community," author Miriam Forster stated. Forster's tweets followed much debate—on social media as well as in mainstream news outlets—about white women's complicity in the Court's ruling in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization. In particular, commentators pointed to white women's integral role in helping to elect President Donald Trump, who appointed three of the six justices who authored the majority opinion in in the case. According to a 2021 Pew Research Center study, 47 percent of white women voters voted for Trump in 2016. In the 2020 election, white women voters' support for Trump increased to 53 percent.1 While focusing on women's access to the welfare state rather than abortion, Suzanne Kahn's Divorce, American Style: Fighting for Women's Economic Citizenship in the Neoliberal Era, sheds valuable light on contemporary debates about white women's activism and political investments. Divorce, American Style centers on white, middle-class, cisgender women who mobilized beginning in the 1970s around their shared experiences as divorced former homemakers. These women were caught up in sweeping cultural and legal changes that doubled the national divorce rate between 1967 and 1979, and weakened the financial position of wives who had previously depended on their husbands' incomes, insurance, and assets. Divorce, American Style challenges the Twitterfueled misconception that white women are incapable of grassroots organizing by detailing how effectively these activists, whom Kahn terms "feminist divorce reformers," mobilized for their personal welfare. But the book also reveals how deeply these women remained invested in a social welfare system that grants rights to special "deserving" groups of people at the expense of others. Over and over again, Kahn shows how these women failed to build connections with less privileged, unmarried mothers or [End Page 353] to fight for universal social welfare benefits. Ultimately, Kahn argues, feminist divorce reformers used marriage to maintain their own class status and racial power. While studies such as Robert Self's All in the Family (2012) and Alison Lefkovitz's Strange Bedfellows (2018), have highlighted the ways the feminist movement culturally and legally destabilized the male-breadwinner model of marriage, Divorce, American Style reveals just how reluctant some feminists were to give up a marriage-based vision of social welfare, given their previous investment in it. A national transformation in divorce law that made divorce cheaper, easier, and less stigmatizing, catalyzed the feminist divorce reform movement Kahn traces. In 1966, a group of lawyers, judges, and law professors from across the country drafted the Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act (UMDA) which called for replacing the nation's fault-based system of divorce, in which one spouse had to prove the other "guilty" of some specific legal transgression. Instead, according to the UMDA, judges could declare a marriage "irretrievably broken" without having to prove fault. By 1974, forty-five states had a no-fault divorce option, thus relieving unhappily married couples from having to perjure themselves—by lying in court about instances of cheating or physical abuse—or go through the expensive process of establishing residency in a state with more liberal divorce laws. These legal changes also altered the process of determining financial support. Under the no-fault regime, a dependent wife who was found not to be at fault could be granted alimony, or ongoing financial support. The UMDA, however, encouraged judges to determine shorter-term "maintenance" payments based on how long they imagined it would take a dependent spouse to become financially independent. While some states adopted such limited provisions to protect former housewives, many states did not adopt any legal safeguards for them at all. Beginning with sociologist Lenore Weitzman's...

Ghosts of Tao House

Ghosts of Tao House

Focus on the materials styles and narrative methods of Chinese independent animation from 2010 to 2020

Chinese independent animation has been learning from the best animation from other countries. Many Chinese independent animations have integrated American and Japanese animation styles. However, many scholars are concerned that Chinese animation creators are being excessively influenced by other cultures and might lose their own national culture. It is very regrettable for animations that lose their own national culture, so it is necessary for scholars to worry. Using collected information about China