American Society For Testing Materials Research Articles

An Evaluation of ASTM Standards for Implementation of Ground Penetrating Radar for Pavement and Bridge Deck Evaluations

Abstract Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a common nondestructive evaluation technique that operates with electromagnetic energy (EM) to detect objects and anomalies in a material’s subsurface. GPR is an effective method for civil engineering applications for the assessment of structures and roadways specifically for pavement and bridge deck condition assessment. While surveying with GPR is straightforward, requirements differ depending on the testing objective, and interpretation of the results can pose some challenges. Fortunately, the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) provides a standard set of suggestions for the utilization of GPR, which include general information and recommendations for operating GPR systems and analyzing the output for different purposes. However, reaching a full comprehensive understanding of each standard may require some additional knowledge. This paper focuses on three separate ASTM standards that are related to GPR implementations. These standards include the following: ASTM D6432-19, Standard Guide for Using the Surface Ground Penetrating Radar Method for Subsurface Investigation; ASTM D4748-10(2020), Standard Test Method for Determining the Thickness of Bound Pavement Layers Using Short-Pulse Radar; and ASTM D6087-22, Standard Test Method for Evaluating Asphalt-Covered Concrete Bridge Decks Using Ground Penetrating Radar. After a review and assessment of these three standards, an analysis is presented to discuss the applications, contemplations, and limitations of the standards.

Analysis of alternate material Onyx™ for total knee arthroplasty instrumentation sets.

A 25-pound weight limit is currently set on containerized instrumentation sets by the Association of periOperative Registered Nurses (AORN) and the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI), in order to reduce strain on the staff and ensure that the sets are not too crowded in order to preserve sterilization and drying of the instruments. This is pushing companies to reduce the weight and number of instrumentation sets for the operating room. One solution has been to explore the viability of new, lighter materials such as Onyx. The goal of this study is to evaluate the novel material Onyx as a viable material utilized in reusable total knee arthroplasty (TKA) instrumentation sets utilizing traditional steam sterilization as the sterilization method. Mechanical and biocompatibility tests according to the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 10,993 were run to evaluate the Onyx Material to see if it would be a viable alternative to the stainless and martensitic steel that is currently being utilized. Gross warping and cracking after 10 rounds of sterilization was observed. This was qualitatively worse in the Onyx without a carbon fiber component. The Onyx material did not meet biocompatibility standards for its application. Onyx was determined to not be a viable material for TKA instruments regarding multiple high-pressure and -temperature sterilizations and cytotoxic cell testing.

PRODUCTION PROCESS OF ZX - 200 5G SIDE FRAME AT PT. OHGISHI INDONESIA

Excavator is one of the heavy equipment used to move material from one place to another. The excavator consists of several parts, one of which is the side frame. The side frame is the bottom part of the excavator which functions to hold the load, steer, support the unit and act as the driving force for the heavy equipment. The data collection method was taken by reading data supporting books, making direct observations and conducting question and answer. The side frame uses SS400 material, SS 400 steel is low carbon steel with carbon content (max 0.17% C) or low carbon steel according to ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) A36 or JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) G3101 standards. SS 400 steel can only be hardened by surface hardening such as caburizing. In the process of making the ZX – 200 5G side frame, the first process is tack welding idler bracket and motor bracket which uses 322 watt amperes and 29 – 36 V voltage. Then full idler and motor bracket welding takes ±42 minutes. Followed by the process of full welding of the idler and motor bracket with the middle body using amperes of 275 – 300 A, voltage 33 – 35 V. Then the process of making the center line and ending the process of visual inspection of the welds.

Cryogenic fracture toughness of 3D random fibrous materials

This study aimed to evaluate the fracture toughness of three-dimensional random fibrous (3D RF) materials with 87% porosity and shallow surface cracks at room temperature (20 ℃) and cryogenic temperature (− 100 ℃). The ratios of crack length to specimen width of three-point-bending (3-p-b) specimens were 0.2 and 0.5, respectively. The experimental results revealed that the average fracture toughness KIC at − 100 ℃ was higher than that at 20 ℃. In addition, the experimental data were analysed using the boundary effect model (BEM), with almost all experimental data included in the upper and lower boundaries with 96% reliability, as specified by a normal distribution. Furthermore, based on the fracture toughness KQ computed using the formula of American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM), the expression of the fibre gap size G is derived. When the confidence level was 95%, no significant difference was observed in the fracture toughness model when the fibre gap size G was replaced with the average fibre spacing size D2 in the fracture toughness model. Thus, this study is expected to provide a reference for the safety assessment of the insulation layer of space shuttles at cryogenic temperatures.

Petrographic and Physiomechanical Investigation of Late Cretaceous Kawagarh Formation Kahi Section, Nizampur Basin

The late Cretaceous Kawagarh Formation has been investigated in terms of field observation, and petrographic analysis, to understand the petrography and its impact on the geotechnical properties. The Kawagarh Formation is well exposed among the upper Indus Basin, and has been studied by various workers in different aspects. Kawagarh Formation exposed in Kahi section of Nizampur Basin has been selected in this study to know the behavior of carbonate rocks for engineering purposes. Lithologically, this formation is composed of thick to medium bedded, highly fractured limestone, marls, and dolomitic limestone which has undertaken diagenetic alteration including dolomite, calcite veins, and stylolites. Followed by petrographic analysis which reveals that the Kawagarh limestone is mostly fossiliferous comprised of a large number of planktonic foraminifera fossils like Globotruncana Hilli and Globotruncana Linneana fossils. Furthermore, to know the impact of petrographic minerals on engineering behavior, mechanical properties in terms of uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and uniaxial tensile strength (UTS) were also computed by using a universal testing machine (UTM). The resultant mechanical values lie in the strong compressive strength and suggest their usage for various construction purposes. Aggregate degradation tests including water absorption, specific gravity, aggregate impact value, Los angles abrasion, and soundness was also computed according to the International standard organization, ASTM (American Society for testing materials) and British standard. The aggregate values of the Cretaceous Kawagarh Formation are within the defined standard limits and can be used as an aggregate source for different construction engineering projects.

Factors Affecting on Process of Synthesizing Biodiesel and Arranging Production Steps: a Review Study

Biodiesel is a recycled and biological fatty acid ester manufactured from animal fat, used cooking oil, botanical oil, and algae. Biodiesel is a viable replacement and more environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative for diesel oil since it is made from renewable resources and has qualities similar to diesel oil. When producing biodiesel from renewable resources, the trans-esterification method is utilized. This method manufactures fatty acid alkyl ester (biodiesel) and crude glycerol, which is accomplished by replacing the organic group (alkyl) of alcohol with the organic group of the primary triglyceride component of the raw materials. When the biodiesel specifications meet the global standard established by the European Union's EN14214 or the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) for alternative fuels, it can be used in its purest form, known as B100 or blended with petroleum diesel at any concentration. B100 is the purest form of biodiesel. The temperature of the reaction, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, type of alcohol used, type of catalyst utilized and the concentration of the catalyst are all parameters that must be considered during the biodiesel synthesis process. Moreover, the amount of time that the reaction is allowed to continue, the existence of humidity, and the amount of free fatty acids also significantly influence the production process. To minimize the costs of producing biodiesel, selecting the most effective methods is essential.

A comparative study of the effect of field practices on the fuel properties of groundnut kernels biodiesel

The impact of pre-harvest treatments (field practices) on the fuel (biodiesel) properties produced from groundnut kernels was evaluated in this work. Ahigh-quality oil-yielding groundnut hybrid (SAMNUT 11) was grown under five different soil treatment regimes. The regimes were organic and conventional, though the treatment concentrations were systematically varied. Biodiesels produced from matured kernels (for the different treatment plans) were tested following the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) International and European Biodiesel (EN) procedures. Results obtained revealed that the biodiesel density ranged between 856 kg/m3 and 869 kg/m3, the acid value ranged between 0.695% and 1.118%, the iodine value ranged from 27.54 mg/L to 34.63 mg/L, the phosphorus concentration varied from 8.21 mg/L to 10.25 mg/L, the ester content ranged between 91.87% and 98.34%, and the alkali metals varied from 2.143 mg/L to 3.428 mg/L. All biodiesel produced fromthe pre-harvest treated kernels met the EN-ISO 12185 and EN 14213 standards for densities and ester contents, respectively. It was observed that the T2 and T3 acid values were 0.871% and 0.695%, respectively, while the T4 and T5 acid values were 1.033% and 1.118%, respectively, and all failed to meet both ASTM and EN standards, though the organically produced kernel’s biodiesels had better prospects. Furthermore, it was observed that the iodine values of the biodiesels, obtained from the five treatment plans, were within the EN 14214 approved standards for biodiesel. The findings portrayed that the organic manure had a more positive impact on the groundnut kernels, compared to groundnut grown with fertilizers. As observed from the results, the biodiesel produced from the organic kernels hada better fuel quality than that acquired from the convectional kernels.

Enhanced lipid production and analysis of properties of biodiesel produced from freshwater microalgae Scenedesmus obtusus ON089666.1

The aim of the study was to enhance growth, lipid content and analyze the biodiesel properties of freshwater microalgae Scenedesmus obtusus ON089666.1 isolated from Puzhal lake. It contains 22.9 % lipid, 25.94 % ±1.01 protein, 20.74 % ± 1.45 carbohydrate, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid was 11.64 μg/mL and 1.78 μg/mL of culture respectively. Upon initial pH and light optimization enhanced biomass productivity and lipid content of 0.396 g/L/day and 28.74 % respectively were obtained at pH 8 and white light illumination with 16: 8 light/dark hours. Gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) after in situ transesterification revealed 64.31 % and 35.7 % of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acid respectively with high oleic acid content of 22.9 %. BiodieselAnalyzer© Ver. 2.2 revealed that biodiesel properties were within the American society for testing materials (ASTM) limits. These results denote, Scenedesmus obtusus can accumulate high lipids and the biodiesel derived can be used in cold temperatures.

A Metallic Fracture Estimation Method Using Digital Image Correlation

This paper proposes a metallic fracture estimation method that combines digital image correlation and convolutional neural networks, based on a proven theory that the strain distribution of a component changes when a crack occurs in a structure. By using digital image correlation, the method achieves noncontact and nondestructive sensing, as well as high interference immunity. We utilize a digital image correlation system to produce strain distribution graphs that reflect occurrences and propagations of fractures during fatigue processes. A deep residual network (ResNet) regression model is trained by correlating strain distribution graphs with the corresponding fracture lengths, so that the fracture propagation condition can be estimated by data from digital image correlation. In the experiment, according to the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) standards, we fabricate a set of aluminum specimens and perform fatigue tests with data acquisition by digital image correlation. Finally, we obtain a crack length estimation mean absolute error of 0.0077 mm, or 0.26% of the measuring range. The results show the precision, as well as the practicality, of the proposed method.

Experimental and numerical studies on the low‐velocity impact response of carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer anisogrid cylindrical shells

AbstractThis work presents the experimental and finite element (FE) simulations to investigate the behavior of both unstiffened and anisogrid composite cylindrical shells subjected to low‐velocity axial impact. Impact damage has been an epidemic problem for composite structures. Even subjected to a low‐velocity impact, thin‐walled composite structures may sacrifice its load‐carrying capacity considerably due to various modes of failure. A low cost, reliable and innovative manufacturing process is proposed for the production of anisogrid cylindrical lattice structures. Initially, test coupons are fabricated as per American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM) standards and inspected using infrared (IR) thermography to find the imperfections incurred during fabrication. The test coupons without defects were only taken into account for material characterization. FE simulations were carried out on both the unstiffened and anisogrid shells using LS‐DYNA® for a series of low‐velocity impacts. Also these shell structures were subjected to impact loading experimentally for the validation of the numerical results. The results of these studies indicate that the anisogrid model presented in this work possesses a great load‐carrying capacity than an unstiffened shell under dynamic loading conditions, also the weight of the structure has been reduced up to 51.27%. Numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental data, having less than 11.56% of maximum deviation on the energy absorption value.

Petrographic and Physiomechanical Investigation of Late Cretaceous Kawagarh Formation Kahi Section, Nizampur Basin

The late Cretaceous Kawagarh Formation has been investigated in terms of field observation, and petrographic analysis, to understand the petrography and its impact on the geotechnical properties. The Kawagarh Formation is well exposed among the upper Indus Basin, and has been studied by various workers in different aspects. Kawagarh Formationexposed in Kahi section of Nizampur Basin has been selected in this study to know the behavior of carbonate rocks for engineering purposes. Lithologically, this formation is composed of thick to medium bedded, highly fractured limestone, marls, and dolomitic limestone which has undertaken diagenetic alteration including dolomite, calcite veins, and stylolites. Followed by petrographic analysis which reveals that the Kawagarh limestone is mostly fossiliferouscomprised of a large number of planktonic foraminifera fossils like Globotruncana Hilli and Globotruncana Linneana fossils. Furthermore, to know the impact of petrographic minerals on engineering behavior, mechanical properties in terms of uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and uniaxial tensile strength (UTS) were also computed by using a universal testing machine (UTM). The resultant mechanical values lie in the strong compressive strength and suggest their usage for various construction purposes. Aggregate degradation tests including water absorption, specific gravity, aggregate impact value, Los angles abrasion, and soundness was also computed according to the International standard organization, ASTM (American Society for testing materials) and British standard. The aggregate values of the Cretaceous Kawagarh Formation are within the defined standard limits and can be used as an aggregate source for different construction engineering projects.

Effect of Different Parameters on Catalytic Production of Biodiesel from Different Oils

AbstractCompared to fossil fuels, renewable fuels (biodiesel) are promising alternatives with similar properties which could reduce the emission of toxic gases and carbon foot print. Biodiesel is mostly used in some developing countries especially in the transportation sector and can be produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, non‐edible oil, and waste cooking oil by different methods. Animal fat and used cooking oil is not feasible for biodiesel production because of numerous problems during production. Catalysts can be selected or synthesized according to the nature of the feedstock. The selection of highly efficient catalysts is necessary to obtain a high yield of biodiesel and their recyclability is also highly important. Different factors affect the transesterification process and analysis of the final biodiesel product is important and necessary to fulfill the requirements of the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) standards. In this regard, production of biodiesel from different sustainable and renewable resources could be recommended at industrial level. Further research is required to improve the efficiency.

An Assessment of ASTM E1922 for Measuring the Translaminar Fracture Toughness of Laminated Polymer Matrix Composite Materials.

The main objective of this work is to predict the exact value of the fracture toughness (KQ) of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP). The drawback of the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) E1922 specimen is the lack of intact fibers behind the crack-tip as in the real case, i.e., through-thickness cracked (TTC) specimen. The novelty of this research is to overcome this deficiency by suggesting unprecedented cracked specimens, i.e., matrix cracked (MC) specimens. This MC exists in the matrix (epoxy) without cutting the glass fibers behind the crack-tip in the unidirectional laminated composite. Two different cracked specimen geometries according to ASTM E1922 and ASTM D3039 were tested. 3-D FEA was adopted to predict the damage failure and geometry correction factor of cracked specimens. The results of the TTC ASTM E1922 specimen showed that the crack initiated perpendicular to the fiber direction up to 1 mm. Failure then occurred due to crack propagation parallel to the fiber direction, i.e., notch insensitivity. As expected, the KQ of the MC ASTM D3039 specimen is higher than that of the TTC ASTM D3039 specimen. The KQ of the MC specimen with two layers is about 1.3 times that of the MC specimen with one layer.

Pengaruh Penambahan Abu Arang Tempurung Kelapa Pada Tanah Lempung Terhadap Hasil Uji Kompaksi

The purpose of this research is to determine the physical properties of clay soil and to analyze the effect of adding coconut shell charcoal ash to the clay soil. The soil samples used in this study came from Tanralili District, Maros Regency, two sample points were taken and the variations in the levels of addition of coconut shell charcoal ash is 0%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%. The test method used refers to ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials). The tests carried out were testing the physical properties of the soil in the form of moisture content, specific gravity, Atterberg boundaries, filter analysis, and hydrometer analysis, then a compaction test was carried out to determine the maximum soil density. The results of the test obtained a moisture content value of 28.811%, a specific gravity of 2.58 g / cm3 so that it is classified as organic clay. As well as the plasticity index value of 9.926% with moderate plasticity from the 7% -17% interval. Then from the test results of soil compaction testing with the addition of coconut shell ash, the dry density (gdry) equal to 0.862, 0.886, 0.914, 0.943, 0.962, this means that the soil sample experienced an increase in dry density (gdry) of 11.60%. From the research results it can be concluded that the addition of coconut shell charcoal ash can increase the value of soil dry density so that it can be used to increase the value of the carrying capacity of clay soil.

An effective green and renewable heterogeneous catalyst derived from the fusion of bi‐component biowaste materials for the optimized transesterification of linseed oil methyl ester

AbstractBiological waste materials are rich sources of important minerals such as calcium and potassium, which are required in the preparation of effective biocatalysts for biodiesel production. Their adoption into green catalyst production is becoming important due to the ease of process synthesis and the availability of waste animal shells and agricultural materials. In this study, the potential of a bi‐component, heterogeneous catalyst of fused chicken eggshells and pawpaw peels was tested in the transesterification reaction of linseed oil. The waste materials, separately, were dried and calcined at 900 °C or at 700 °C for 3 h to obtain their calcined ashes (calcined eggshells (CES) and calcined pawpaw peels (CPP)). The CES and CPP were then bonded by the wet impregnation method (by dissolving each ash at weight concentration of 7:3 CES/CPP in 100 mL warm distilled water and further calcining them at 600 °C for 2 h). The catalyst that was developed was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy ‐ Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The Box–Behnken design was applied to generate 15 experimental runs, which were used to investigate the effect of the operational parameters such as methanol‐to‐oil molar ratio, catalyst loading, and reaction time. The characterization results show that the ash is very rich in Ca and K ions. The best reaction condition for the transesterification process was found to be a methanol / oil molar ratio of 14.9:1, catalyst loading of 3.78 wt%, process reaction time of 80 min at constant reaction temperature of 65 °C with a biodiesel maximum yield of 91.20 wt%. The physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel were measured and found to meet the American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM) and European National (EN) standards and South African National Standards (SANS) biodiesel quality standards. The fused catalyst can be reused for up to five cycles with little reduction in yields. The study demonstrates the potential of utilizing biomass feedstock in developing effective and sustainable biodiesel fuels. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Optimization and fabrication of pure poly lactic acid (PLA) using hot press compression moulding

Biodegradable poly lactic acid (PLA) samples were optimized and fabricated for flexural, tensile, hardness, and dielectric testing, according to the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM). In order to achieve the highest value of tensile strength, flexural strength, and hardness, hot pressing compression molding was utilized to optimize PLA. Furthermore, not enough research was available regarding the preparation of PLA samples or composites using hot press compression molding. However, different processing variables such as temperature, pressure, compression time, holding and cooling time played huge roles. Each of these variables were investigated in order to optimize the PLA properties. Composites samples were also produced using the optimized processing parameters. These samples were then tested for tensile strength, which was 2.2 Mpa, flexural strength, 7.6 Mpa, Rockwell hardness C scale, 59, and dielectric constant/loss. The highest dielectric constant value achieved was 1.07810 at 1kHz frequency, and the highest amount of dielectric loss was 0.14910 at 2MHz frequency.

Impact of Repetitive Recycling on Optical Properties of Virgin and Recycled Polypropylene Blends Based on Material Value Conservation Paradigm

Implementation of material value conservation (MVC) needs to be proven through research to determine impact upon plastic properties such as optical properties of virgin plastic and recycled plastic blends. Optical properties such as colour, transparency and gloss are important parameters for appropriate quality of plastic packaging. Degradation of optical properties occurs during recycling processes of plastic materials and the declining properties of recycled products could be improved by blending them with virgin materials. This research aims to reveal the impact of repetitive recycling on optical properties of virgin and recycled polypropylene (PP) blends based on MVC paradigm. The first step of this research was to determine composition of virgin PP and recycled PP blends. Proportion of 70% virgin PP and 30% recycled PP was selected as a blend composition. The next step of this research was repetitive recycling of virgin PP and recycled PP blends with implementation of MVC up to the 8th recycling stage. The specimens of plastic blends were made from the 1st, 2nd, 4th and the 8th recycling stage and then their optical properties were tested with the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) methods. Generally, degradation level of optical properties will increase during the recycling processes. Testing results show a slightly change of colour properties. Degradation level of gloss properties is gradually increased by a maximum degradation level at the 8th recycling stage as 17.46%. However, transparency had a maximum degradation level at the 4th recycling stage as 20.93%. It means that the plastic blends can be used as viable raw materials based on their optical properties with more attention to the gloss. Furthermore, the implementation of MVC will provide more benefits through extending the life cycle of recycled products, reducing virgin plastic consumption, optimizing the use of plastic waste and reducing plastic waste generation.

Role of Experimental Damage Mechanics for the Circular Economy Implementation in Cotton Industries

Objective: The objective of the current research was to study the effects of tensile properties of post-consumer cotton fabric on mechanical recycling and shredding. The effect of tensile properties like tensile force, effective tensile force, breaking force, elongation, yield strength on cutting and shredding of cotton textile was measured and demonstrated with literature investigations. In this work, we tried to develop the relationship between tensile testing, subjective assessment, and circular economy. Methods: In this manuscript, the quality of post-consumer textile cotton was evaluated using American society for testing of materials (ASTM) D5034-95-08 grab test and the ASTM D5034-95-06 strip test. The fabric surfaces before and after mechanical testing were explored using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Moreover, the subjective assessment was also performed to observe various physical properties at room temperature. Results: The initial scanning electron microscope analysis has proved the damage and distortion in weft and warp directions. The tensile, effective tensile, and breaking force were 86 N, 143 N, and 75 N in the weft direction, and those were 180 N, 227 N, and 170 N in the warp direction. The deformation in terms of the extension was in the range of 10% to 27% in weft and 3% to 8% in warp direction. The scanning electron micrographs after testing confirmed the creation of microfibrils. These microfibrils connect with the fibre core through lignin. Conclusion: Higher tensile, breaking force, and effective tensile force increase the purity and quality of the recycled product. The higher values play a vital role throughout operational steps of recycling for enhancement of performance and tactical properties. However, lower mechanical properties produced operation problems such as tangling, buckling, and mixing, which downgraded the quality and performance of polymer products. Technically, these investigations can add value to the concept of the circular economy.

ISO/ASTM 52900 표준에 기반한 적층 제조 용어의 한글화

Additive manufacturing processes have been called by a wide variety of terms since the early days of development. As these names are often mixed academically and industrially, the demand for standardization of terms has gradually increased. Accordingly, the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) are in the process of establishing standards for the names and definitions of important terms related to additive manufacturing. Although Korea has also begun to establish KS standards based on ISO/ASTM standards, the Korean language and definitions of important terms related to additive manufacturing as defined by ISO/ASTM have not been fully organized. Therefore, the similar terms defined in ISO/ASTM in many academic and industrial literature are called by various Korean terms. Thus, this work deals with suggestions on the Korean terminologies and standardization of important terms related to additive manufacturing based on ISO/ASTM standards. Especially, this paper deals with the Additive Manufacturing and seven sub-process classifications.

A solar reactor for bio-diesel production from Pongamia oil: Studies on transesterfication process parameters and energy efficiency

Abstract Over exploitation of non-renewable energy reserves will lead to increase in price of petroleum fuels. Therefore there is a need for suitable and sustainable substitutes (renewable resource) for conventional fuels. In this study, an efficient and environmental friendly method for production of bio-diesel from Pongamia (Karanja) oil has been developed using a solar reactor. During the experimental study, the maximum temperature attained by the pongamia oil during the transesterification process was 64.1°C. The transesterification reaction was studied by varying different parameters such as reactant flow rate (5-20 LPH), stirring speed (150-450 r·min-1), catalyst loading (0.5 wt% -2 wt%) and methanol to oil ratio (3:1 to 15:1). The maximum biodiesel yield was 83.11% at a flow rate of 5 LPH, stirring speed of 350 rpm, a methanol to oil ratio of 15:1, catalyst loading of 1wt % and reaction time of 270 min. The physical and chemical properties of biodiesel was analyzed as per American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) standards and it had density of 938 kg·m-3, viscosity (28.7 cSt), acid value (9.45 mg KOH·(g oil)-1) and flash point (215°C). The energy efficiency of solar heating process was determined by comparing the net energy ratio of direct heating process and solar heating process. For solar heating the net energy ratio (NER) was found to be 31.85 against 5.73 for direct heating. Similarly, net energy efficiency index was calculated for 10 kg production scale and was found to be increasing when scaled up which means that the solar heating process is more effective even in scaled up production.