American Provinces Research Articles

In the Blood of Our Brothers; Abolitionism and the End of the Slave Trade in Spain’s Atlantic Empire, 1800–1870 by Jesus Sanjurjo

Reviewed by: In the Blood of Our Brothers; Abolitionism and the End of the Slave Trade in Spain’s Atlantic Empire, 1800–1870 by Jesus Sanjurjo Ricardo Raùl Salazar Rey In the Blood of Our Brothers; Abolitionism and the End of the Slave Trade in Spain’s Atlantic Empire, 1800–1870. By Jesus Sanjurjo. Tuscaloosa: University Alabama Press, 2021. This economically crafted monograph recounts more of the history behind the shape and intensity of the Atlantic slave trade from the Age of Revolutions to its end. Jesús Sanjurjo centers the “ever loyal,” if widely entangled, island of Cuba, as the wealth of its plantocracy became the lodestar of the reduced nineteenth-century Spanish Empire. He weaves the words of the protagonists with his analysis into a compelling narrative that connects the sudden and seemingly unstoppable growth of the Atlantic slave trade into the Spanish Empire in the first half of the nineteenth century and its sudden and dramatic end in the 1860s. Focusing on the colonies that remained under the control of Spain, he illuminates what has been overshadowed by the drama of mainland IberoAmerican independence and its aftermath; Sanjurjo connects his work with the historiographies of imperialism, Atlantic slavery and Iberian history, creating links throughout the chapters. The book opens in 1811 with the Spanish metropolis occupied and the Empire buckling under the relentless pressure of Revolutionary and Napoleonic France. From the beginning of European hostilities in 1792, the Spanish government had moved between unwilling alliance with, and active resistance to, French demands. After fifteen years of continuous efforts, not the least of which resulted in the annihilation of the combined fleet at Trafalgar, the Spanish monarchy pushed against French power. With disdain and disappointment Napoleon gambled, invading Iberia and dethroning Ferdinand VII “el deseado,” setting off the Peninsular War (1807–1814) also known as his “Spanish ulcer.” The unfolding crisis rippled outwards, straining imperial bonds that had held for 300 years. Starting in the lead up to the Constitution of 1812, Sanjurjo recurrently features a young liberal deputy named Agustín de Argüelles (1776–1844) who, in alliance and admiration of British abolitionists, led the efforts to suppress the Atlantic slave trade through the Constitution of 1812. His failure to persuade the Cortes comes despite regulation of slavery being a core competency of the Spanish empire. During the centuries that Spain controlled vast mainland American provinces, slavery and the slave trade were taxed and regulated to throttle their full potential. Further strengthening Argüelles’ arguments, the bloody but triumphant rebellion of enslaved and freed people that consumed the murderous prosperity of Saint Domingue and gave birth to Haiti, stalked the nightmares of the powerful. Nevertheless, the Spanish Cortes chose to continue the unlimited Atlantic slave trade into what was left of the empire. Furthermore, in the Constitution they stripped the franchise from Afro-Iberians. Argüelles and the moderates failed despite the moving descriptions, quoted by Sanjurjo, of the evils they were committing and limiting their goal to ending the Atlantic slave trade, not the institution of slavery. The creative destruction of the Age of Revolutions in the Atlantic created glittering business opportunities that a preponderance of elites across the Spanish Empire chose to prioritize. In a telling echo of the current practice of multinationals moving wherever regulation is weakest, the British abolition of the Atlantic slave trade in 1807, followed by the USA in 1808, did not disarticulate the human, material or financial infrastructure that had developed over the last 350 years to enable the Atlantic slave trade to keep the plantation complex fed. Concurrently, Spain lost all of its mainland provinces and this caused a change of guard amidst Spanish imperial officials. Liberalism, including the right to dispose of property in the form of people without restraints from state or church, increasingly became the new ideal. Between 1800 and 1870 the Atlantic slave traders, blocked from their usual outlets, poured approximately 700,000 African people into Cuba. Ill prepared to rule and weakened by Napoleonic trauma, Ferdinand VII freed himself from the Constitution of 1812 while keeping the UK on side by capitulating to the anti-slave trade Treaty of 1817. This treaty...

Supplemental skeleton revision of Pseudorbitoididae M.G. Rutten, 1935 from mainly Tethyan and partly American provinces

The nine genera here described from the Tethyan and four genera from the American and Caribbean provinces have previously been placed within different families of Foraminifera by various authors, namely, Arnaudiella DOUVILLÉ, Sirtina BRÖNNIMANN and WIRZ, Vanderbeekia BRÖNNIMANN and WIRZ, Helicorbitoides MACGILLAVRY, Dizerina MERİÇ, Sirelella ÖZGEN-ERDEM and Cideina SİREL were shown in Lepidorbitoitidae VAUGHAN; Postorbitokathina SİREL and Orbitokathina HOTTINGER in Rotaliidae EHRENBERG; Helicolepidina TOBLER, Helicosteginopsis CAUDRI, Eulinderina BARKER and GRIMSDALE and Helicostegina BARKER and 
 GRIMSDALE in Lepidocyclinidae SCHEFFEN, in spite of the fact that all of them have characteristics of both rotaliid early and orbitoidal adult stages. Thus the growth stages such as rotaloid early and orbitoidal adult stages of the aforementioned genera correspond with the known family Pseudorbitoididae RUTTEN and its type genus Pseudorbitoides DOUVILLÉ. Therefore the thirteen genera found in great abundance in the Tethyan, American and Caribbean provinces have been transferred to Pseudorbitoididae RUTTEN.

National Debt and Political Allegiance in Eighteenth-Century Britain

AbstractThe article traces a hitherto-neglected form of political obligation, one that resulted from national debt and relied on creditors’ self-interest. Eighteenth-century commentators argued that William III had introduced public borrowing to gain support from the people and to maintain the Revolution Settlement. This claim was first made by tories and became a staple argument of opposition authors. Around the middle of the eighteenth century, this connection between national debt and political allegiance was reassessed. Robert Wallace presented the debt as a price worth paying for the excellent British constitution, David Hume considered it as Britain's last hope to maintain the established order. In the discussions of American independence, the association of national debt with political obligation was used for divergent purposes. While Adam Smith and Richard Price utilized it to argue for a reform of empire, Thomas Paine urged the American provinces to unite under an American national debt. Drawing on authors from various political allegiances in eighteenth-century Britain, the article shows how the same idea about national debt and political obligation could be used for different purposes.

Autonomías añejas en escenarios nuevos. Fuentes y directrices para analizar aspiraciones políticas de las provincias en un escenario de crisis: San Luís Potosí, 1808-1814.

El artículo discute una propuesta para analizar las aspiraciones políticas que manifestaron algunas provincias americanas tras la ausencia del monarca, cuyo carácter autonomista ha sido señalado por la historiografía. Plantea que las Instrucciones elaboradas por las capitales de provincia y enviadas a sus representantes en la península son fuentes de indiscutible valor para conocer esas aspiraciones, entre otras razones, porque a través de ellas hicieron peticiones para fortalecer a sus jurisdicciones. No obstante, algunas de esas peticiones no eran nuevas, por lo que su análisis requiere remontarnos, al menos, al último cuarto del siglo XVIII, cuando diversas medidas implementadas por la Corona llevaron a las ciudades a defender sus prerrogativas. Al ejemplificar esta vinculación con el caso de San Luis Potosí, se muestra que los grupos de poder local habían realizado diversos intentos para buscar cierta autonomía de la capital del virreinato, y aprovecharon la coyuntura de 1808 para intentar concretarla. The aim of this article is to propose an analysis of the political aspirations manifested in some American provinces after their monarch’s absence. Provinces whose autonomous character has been pointed out by historiography. Furthermore, it argues that the Instrucciones made by the provinces’ capitals–which were sent to their political representatives in Spain–are sources of immense value to understand these aspirations because petitions were made by these means in order to strengthen their jurisdiction. However, some of these requests were not new, which requires us to go back to at least, the last quarter of the eighteenth century, when several measures taken by the Spanish Crown forced different cities to defend their privileges. Linking the aforementioned events with the situation in San Luis Potosí, demonstrates that groups of local power had made various attempts to gain certain autonomy from the viceroyalty’s capital, and therefore, they took advantage of the 1808 political climate to try and realize it.

Performance evaluation of road surface temperature forecasts

This paper describes a study focusing on performance evaluation of road weather information system (RWIS) surface temperature forecasts. To identify the factors influencing the accuracy of forecasts, five research hypotheses regarding climate patterns, geographical attributes, seasonal variations, time of day, and forecast horizon are proposed. Observation and forecast data were provided by four North American provinces, and were processed and stratified by station, hour, and month to quantify their effects. The findings based on two statistical measures; namely, mean absolute error and percent of acceptable forecasts suggested that the maritime climate group had the highest correspondence while the mixed climate group had the lowest. The geographical attributes showed that the forecasting performance of coastal maritime regions was found to have a negative correlation to the distance from nearby large bodies of water. Forecasts for the daytime were found to be less accurate than for the nighttime and deteriorate quickly as the forecasting horizon increased.

Redemptorist Archives: A Three-Year Review

Three years having passed since the Redemptorist Archives moved from Brooklyn, New York, to a new facility in Philadelphia, the time seems right for a review. This archive houses many interesting artifacts and documents important for American Catholic history, as well as a large research library with a focus on the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer (Redemptorists). These priests and brothers, founded in Italy in 1732 by St. Alphonsus Liguori, arrived in the United States in 1832. The Redemptorist Archives are the repository for the records of the American provinces (Baltimore and Denver), together with their vice-provinces past and present, and overseas and Canadian missions. In addition to paper documents, the collections consist of three-dimensional objects, photographs, films, slides, art works, and textiles. Redemptorists have worked primarily with German Catholics in the nineteenth century and multitudes of ethnic groups in the twentieth century. While their tradition has been to serve the church as missionaries, they have also had pastoral control of parishes in nearly every major American city for at least a portion of the last 180 years. The records housed in the archive in Philadelphia reflect how a group of consecrated religious helped build the church in the United States and established churches and chapels in mission territories in Canada, the Caribbean, Brazil, Paraguay, Thailand, and Nigeria. The records show how this community adapted to changing circumstances, retrenched, and found themselves in new moments by which to bring the promise of plentiful redemption to those most in need. After a short exposition of the collections found in the Redemptorist Archives, I chart the course of the last three years in three areas: principal accessions, local impact, and the work of the archivist. When it moved to Philadelphia in December 2015, the archive entered a Smithsonian-grade, climate-controlled environment, with a state-of-the-art fire suppression system and ample security. Given the rich body of material found there, the archive has been valuable for a wide array of historical research, cinematic adaptations, genealogy, exhibitions, and educational programs.

ЗОЛОТО-СЕРЕБРЯНЫЕ МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯ ОМОЛОНСКОЙ, ПРИАМУРСКОЙ И КАМЧАТСКОЙ ПРОВИНЦИЙ

ЗОЛОТО-СЕРЕБРЯНЫЕ МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯ ОМОЛОНСКОЙ, ПРИАМУРСКОЙ И КАМЧАТСКОЙ ПРОВИНЦИЙ

Finding Sisters in Cyberspace: Digitization and the Archives of Women’s Religious Communities

Finding Sisters in Cyberspace: Digitization and the Archives of Women’s Religious Communities Fernanda Perrone3 Introduction Roman Catholic sisters are everywhere in cyberspace: on websites, blogs, podcasts, and many social media platforms. Resources range from the online news and information resource Global Sisters Report to the faith community and vocation resource A Nun’s Life Ministry to a women religious app sponsored by the Council of Major Superiors of Women Religious.4 Individuals have created resources such as Willing Hearts about the experience of Holy Cross Sisters as nurses during the U.S. Civil War, which the authors describe as creative non-fiction.5 New websites appear all the time. Comprehensive, robust, and scholarly digital projects documenting women religious have been fewer and more difficult to find, however, but several interesting projects are currently under development. A few years ago, I was sitting next to a prioress of a Benedictine community in Ohio at a conference banquet. She told me that her community had only seven members and she did not think it had a future. As the de facto congregation archivist, she was concerned about preserving its legacy and making that story accessible to researchers. She told me that volunteers had begun digitizing the archives by scanning documents. This story remained with me as I wondered how, where, and in what format the sisters were preserving these documents. [End Page 4] When I was invited to participate in this session, I was excited by the prospect of investigating digital archives and resources related to women’s religious communities. Click for larger view View full resolution A sample image from the Providence Archives in Seattle: Sr. John of God sewing vestments, Sacred Heart Academy, ca. 1913. Courtesy Providence Archives, Seattle. Image #67.D4.84 Women Religious Community Archives The records of women’s religious communities can be found at many types of institutions, including colleges, universities, archdiocesan, and diocesan archives. Most archival collections, however, are maintained by the religious communities themselves. Women religious community archives are private entities that serve their members. Like business archives, they have no obligation to make archival resources available to researchers, although most do to some extent.6 The Archivists of Congregations of Women Religious (ACWR) is an independent professional organization for these archives. As an ACWR associate member, I have access to the membership directory, which I surveyed to explore digital resources on members’ websites. The parameters of the directory necessarily limited my survey to American communities or American provinces of international communities. [End Page 5] While almost all religious communities have websites, most community archives do not have their own pages on the community’s website. Most congregational websites include historical content, such as timelines, photographs, and historical information. A few communities have created more comprehensive digital resources, which tend to be attached to larger provincial centers. The Providence Archives in Seattle makes available historical records documenting the Sisters of Providence in the West and Providence Health and Services. The website of the archives includes a digital collections database of several thousand photographs and documents created using the CONTENTdm™ digital collection management system.7 Another example is the Digital Archives of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet, St. Paul Province, which include digitized books, pamphlets, and oral history transcripts.8 Another model is being used by the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur, who are building a digital archives to bring together dispersed community archives. The purpose of the Virtual Archive is to “lower the obstacles between the people interested in the history of the Sisters and the Order and finding materials in the archival collections. It also helps further part of our archival mission of making our collections available to the current Sisters, relatives of Sisters, alumnae and staff at schools where Sisters taught, local communities, and researchers.”9 Most religious community archives have very limited resources of personnel and budget. Concerned with basic preservation and access, they have not able to create large digitization projects on their own. Because of declining numbers and an aging membership, religious communities are increasingly centralizing and merging, at the same time as continuing to absorb the records of closed institutions, particularly schools and...

Comparative Analysis of Hydraulic Fracturing Wastewater Practices in Unconventional Shale Development: Newspaper Coverage of Stakeholder Concerns and Social License to Operate

In this article we review prior literature regarding the concept of social license to operate, and related concepts, including corporate social responsibility, sustainable development, stakeholder management and cumulative effects. Informed by these concepts, we search for newspaper articles published in North American provinces and states where the Barnett, Duvernay, Marcellus and Montney shale plays are located. Using these data, we tabulate coverage of stakeholder concerns related to hydraulic fracturing and wastewater practices, and compare the extent to which these concerns vary over place and time. Our vocabulary analyses identify differences in the types and quantities of newspaper coverage devoted to concerns regarding hydraulic fracturing activities in general and wastewater practices in particular. We interpret these differences as suggesting that obtaining a social license to operate is likely not a one size fits all proposition. By understanding which stakeholder concerns are most salient in particular places and times, oil and gas operators and regulators can better tailor their strategies and policies to address local concerns. In other words, the findings from this study indicate that conventional understandings of risk as a technical or economic problem may not be adequate for dealing with unconventional resource challenges such as hydraulic fracturing. Operators and regulators may also need to manage social and cultural risks.

Warm water benthic foraminifera document the Pennsylvanian–Permian warming and cooling events — The record from the Western Pangea tropical shelves

Shallow warm water benthic foraminifera (SWWBF), including all larger fusulinids (symbiont-bearing benthic foraminifera), are among the best indicators of paleoclimate and paleogeography in the Carboniferous and Permian. The distribution of benthic foraminifera in space and time constrain important tectonic, paleogeographic and climatic events at a global scale. The North American shelves during Pennsylvanian and Permian time – though geographically within the tropical belt – are characterized by temperate environments with significantly lower foraminifera diversification and rare occurrences of warm water Tethyan forms, that are in general appear in the region as a migration entities. Such environments allow documentation of warming episodes associated with sudden immigration of warm water and exotic forms of SWWBF that evolved elsewhere into the area. First occurrence datum (FOD) of the forms exotic to North America during warming episodes are always delayed in respect of their First Appearance Datum (FAD) elsewhere. The time of delay and taxonomic diversity of fusulinids in North America shelves depended on the scale and intensity of the warming episodes. Cooling events, on the other hand, are associated with decreased taxonomic diversity and appearances of endemic forms characteristic only of temperate water provinces. The occurrence of these forms in Boreal and North American provinces appears to be isochronous, as their environments are uniform and induce their uniform and isochronous distribution. Several warming and cooling episodes during Pennsylvanian–Permian time are recognized. The differences between taxonomic variations in each event could potentially be used for provisional estimation of the degree of climatic change. A strong link between biotic and climatic events in North American province and the similarity of biotic changes in the North American and other provinces suggests that paleoclimatic events in North American province were controlled by global factors.

A predictive modeling approach to test distributional uniformity of Uruguayan harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones)

Harvestmen are a good taxon for biogeographic studies due to their low vagility and their dependence on environmental conditions which make most of them live in humid and shaded habitats. Current knowledge of the geographical distribution of Uruguayan opiliofauna suggests that no evident zoogeographic areas are present, mainly because of the apparent uniformity of the landscape of this country. Recent biogeographic studies indicate that Uruguay represents a biogeographical crossroad between three South American provinces, and the aim of this study is focused on determining if this fact is reflected in the distribution of the Uruguayan opiliofauna. To test this presumption, we used the species distribution model methodology. Distribution data about four harvestmen species from Uruguay and neighboring countries were analyzed. We used the maximum entropy principle to perform a distribution model for each species. We recognized Acanthopachylus aculeatus and Pachyloides thorellii as two Pampasic representatives of the Uruguayan opiliofauna. The other species studied, Discocyrtus prospicuus and Metalibitia paraguayensis, reflect Mesopotamian and Paranaense influences in the Uruguayan territory. Isothermality was the climatic variable with the best contribution in the models of the four species, reflecting constrained latitudinal ranges. Results of the present study suggest that two roughly different opiliological areas for Uruguay can be recognized, based on climatic variables.

Adaptaciones y apropiaciones en una cultura textual de frontera: impresos misionales del Paraguay Jesuítico

In 1700, the Jesuits established the fi rst printing press in the Rio de la Plata region, which operated in the Guarani missions for twenty-seven years, printing several doctrinal, linguistic and historic books. Only half of the books have been located in dif- ferent libraries and archives throughout the world. Recent fi ndings suggest that these books used to circulate throughout the South American provinces of the Society of Jesus and were used in diff erent regions of missionary action. An exhaustive typology of the books printed in the Guarani missions does not exist to date. First, this article presents a general characterization of the activity of the missions' press in the Guarani reductions. Second, it explores the corpus and proposes an approach for its classifi cation and analysis. Th ird, it proposes some interpretations about the circulation and reception of these texts in the context of the missions' cultural production.

Shaping American Catholicism: Maryland and New York, 1805-1915 by Robert Emmett Curran (review)

Reviewed by: Shaping American Catholicism: Maryland and New York, 1805-1915 by Robert Emmett Curran Patrick J. Hayes Shaping American Catholicism: Maryland and New York, 1805-1915. By Robert Emmett Curran. Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2012. 308 pp. $69.95. For over thirty years, Curran's work has centered on the history of Jesuits in the American provinces. The strengths of his prior investigations coalesce in this latest collection. Nine of the twelve essays have appeared in print elsewhere; two others were conference papers. A first cluster of essays touch on early Jesuit life in Maryland, including property disputes between Archbishop Ambrose Maréchal and the Society of Jesus, slaveholding at White Marsh and other Jesuit plantations, and the relationship between Georgetown Jesuits and a spate of miraculous cures in the United States' capital. A second section canvasses the intrigues of New York clergy in the late nineteenth century, save for an essay on the development of the parochial school system - a tour de force ranging from Archbishop John Carroll to the lobbying efforts of publisher James McMaster, who opposed any government funding as an intrusion on religious liberty. The last two essays form part three, under the rubric of "social justice and the intellectual life," which explores the impact that Catholic conceptions of the socio-economic order and the development of the Catholic University of America had upon the region of "the Chesapeake." The book assembles a wealth of archival data, especially from microfilm copies of documents on the Jesuits' American mission contained in the Society's Roman archive. Curran also drew from papers related to the tenure of Archbishop Michael Corrigan of New York (1880-1902) which are used to remarkably good effect for his analysis of Father Edward McGlynn and the New York Accadèmia on the advent of the Catholic modernist crisis. Justifying the purchase of a book with this price tag, however, is difficult. It is a disappointment that there are few updates made to the text. The original pieces that appear in print for the first time constitute only a fraction of the whole. But there are larger problems. [End Page 84] The overall presentation of the essays seems rather forced and the argument that cities or regions were vying with one another for ecclesiastical power is both artificial and hollow. Far too frequently Curran is geographically challenged. He discusses episodes that have little or nothing to do with either Maryland or New York. For all his wisdom on Jesuit historiography, he does not delve into the recent scholarship on the New York Province or its most important educational institutions. It is not essential to go into that, though. The book gives the impression that Catholicism in the two regions owed its very existence to the Society of Jesus. There is barely mention of any other religious community and how they helped to ground and grow the faith through a century of immigration, war, and industrialization. This is a missed opportunity. Further, we get very little sense of the growth of Catholic life in Baltimore, particularly from the waves of Germans whose extraordinary thrift and vitality sunk deep roots around neighborhood churches. In short, this "best of" book is suitable for graduate and seminary libraries, but it should be a spur to further research and not considered the last word on these subjects. [End Page 85] Patrick J. Hayes Redemptorist Archives of the Baltimore Province Brooklyn, New York Copyright © 2013 American Catholic Historical Society

Le traité de réciprocité 1854-1866

"Reciprocity is a relation between two independent powers, such that the citizens of each are guaranteed certain commercial privileges at the hands of the others". The arrangement obtained under the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854 might perhaps be appropriately described as a partial "free-trade area" rather than as a "customs union" since the United States and the British North American Provinces were not assumed to draw up a common tariff schedule for their imports from the outside countries. Each participant maintains its own duties against other countries or even colonies. The Reciprocity Treaty permitted free access in the coastal fisheries to Americans and abolished duties on a wide range of natural products (grain, flour, fish, livestock, coal, timber and other less important natural produce). At the same time, American vessels were admitted to the use of Canadian canals on the same terms as British and colonial vessels. Reciprocity was to apply to Canadian vessels going to United States. In the late 1840's the B.N.A. Provinces were faced by that policy which the literature has called "Little Englandism". When Britain repealed the corn laws and gradually the preferential tariffs on timber the B.N.A. Provinces were shocked to be left on their own. A new commercial system had to be developed: reciprocity was the answer. But, it could have been something else: protection or annexion. The direction of the external trade changes with the Reciprocity Treaty. Before 1851, Britain was Canada's main partner (59% of Canada's Exports). But a decade later, the United States was both Canada's major supplier and its best customer. Neither the Treaty nor the loss of preference in the British Market succeeded in destroying the Trade of B.N.A. Provinces with the United Kingdom. In fact, trade with Britain was greater in 1865 than in 1854. Later, in 1870, Britain took back its leading position. What we see is a diversion of trade from Britain to the United States and back to Britain where the basic commercial connections were well established. The Treaty was disappointing for the "dream" of using the St. Lawrence as the main route to capture the trade of the West did not materialize. The consequence of abrogation was less unfortunate than had in some quarters been anticipated. The Treaty came late after the abolition of the preferential tariffs, and it was disturbed by major events (the crisis of 1857; the American Civil War). After the treaty, recovery of the American currency reconstruction, proximity of the two countries, a new boom in foreign investment in Canada, etc., combined to reduce considerably the potential blow to Canada of the Abrogation. The agreement lasted for twelve years and was finally overwhelmed by the rising tide of protectionism and commercial jealousies and political hostilities of the time. Reciprocity, Confederation, the Nation Policy, the St. Lawrence Seaway (1840/1950), the National Corporations, the pipelines are all the elements of the same continuum: economic and political integration of isolated markets in North America.

Optimal Separate Accounting vs. Optimal Formula Apportionment

American states and Canadian provinces use formulas to allocate a multi-state company's national profit among the state-level jurisdictions. The formulas typically depend on the company's distribution of revenues and costs. In contrast, most countries allocate a multinational's global profit for the purposes of calculating national tax liabilities by treating each subsidiary as a separate corporation and requiring the multinational to use transfer prices to reflect the value of any trade between its divisions. Motivated in part by recent interest by the EU in replacing the current transfer price system with a formula apportionment system, this paper derives and compares the optimal transfer pricing regulation with the optimal apportionment formula in a model of multinational taxation that allows for both private information and unobservable investments. Conditions are derived under which the optimal transfer price regulation and the optimal apportionment formula are welfare equivalent. In the absence of the equivalence conditions, formula apportionment is shown to create a trade-off between inducing more efficient firm investment and rent extraction. The welfare implications of this trade-off are examined.

Historia general de América Latina. vol. 5. La crisis estructural de las sociedades implantadas

Historia general de América Latina. vol. 5. La crisis estructural de las sociedades implantadas

Bettina Wahrig and Werner Sohn (eds), Zwischen Aufklärung, Policey und Verwaltung, zur Genese des Medizinalwesens (1750–1850), Wolfenbütteler Forschungen, Band 102, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz Verlag, 2003, pp. 212, €59.00 (hardback 3-447-04822-0).

Bettina Wahrig and Werner Sohn (eds), Zwischen Aufklärung, Policey und Verwaltung, zur Genese des Medizinalwesens (1750–1850), Wolfenbütteler Forschungen, Band 102, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz Verlag, 2003, pp. 212, €59.00 (hardback 3-447-04822-0). - Volume 51 Issue 1

Revolution in Latin American Criminal Procedure: Diffusion of Legal Ideas from the Periphery

Over the last 15 years, 14 Latin American countries and a substantial number of Latin American provinces and states have introduced new criminal procedure codes. These reforms are, arguably, the deepest transformation that Latin American criminal procedures have undergone in nearly two centuries. This article shows how a network of Latin American lawyers who worked on the drafting and implementation of the new codes played a crucial role in this wave of reforms. This network of Latin American legal entrepreneurs--that this article characterizes as a Southern activist expert network--proposed the new criminal procedure codes to solve problems such as lack of due process and transparency and inefficiency, and framed the reforms as a conversion from inquisitorial to accusatorial criminal procedures. The key to the success of these legal entrepreneurs was their ability to convince both international and domestic actors that adopting the new criminal codes would work toward meeting the goals of the many actors. As more Latin American countries adopted new criminal procedure codes, the legal entrepreneurs' reference to a regional trend also contributed to the spread of the reforms, as it generated a kind of peer pressure on actors in countries that had not yet introduced reforms, contributing to a code cascade effect. A detailed history of this wave of Latin American criminal procedure reforms has not been told and this Article aims at filling this void. In addition, this Article aims to contribute to the literature on legal transplants and the diffusion of legal rules, norms, and policies throughout the world in general, and Latin America in particular. An original feature of this wave of criminal procedure reforms is that its model of the diffusion of ideas differs from the models presented in existing literature. This literature has analyzed how rules, norms and policies normally diffuse either from the center to the periphery--i.e., from developed to developing countries, from the north to the south or from the west to the east; or as a result of the domestic dynamics of the adopting countries. In contrast, in the case of what this Article calls diffusion from the periphery--rules, norms and policies diffuse from peripheral countries to either central countries or to other peripheral countries. In this sense, the wave of Latin American criminal procedure reforms is not merely a counter example to the existing models but forms the basis for a new theoretical model that this Article introduces.

Age constraints for Paleoproterozoic glaciation in the Lake Superior Region: detrital zircon and hydrothermal xenotime ages for the Chocolay Group, Marquette Range Supergroup

A geochronological study of the Chocolay Group at the base of the Paleoproterozoic Marquette Range Supergroup in Michigan, Lake Superior Region, is attempted for the first time. Age data from detrital zircon grains and hydrothermal xenotime from the basal glaciogenic formation, the Enchantment Lake Formation, and the stratigraphically higher Sturgeon Quartzite and its equivalent, the Sunday Quartzite, provide maximum and minimum age constraints for the Chocolay Group. The youngest detrital zircon population in the Enchantment Lake Formation is 2317 ± 6 Ma; in the Sturgeon Quartzite, it is 2306 ± 9 Ma, and in the Sunday Quartzite, it is 2647 ± 5 Ma. The oldest hydrothermal xenotime age in the Enchantment Lake Formation is 2133 ± 11 Ma; in the Sturgeon Quartzite, it is 2115 ± 5 Ma, and in the Sunday Quartzite, it is 2207 ± 5 Ma. The radiometric age data in this study implies the depositional age of the Chocolay Group is constrained to ~2.3–2.2 Ga, which proves its correlation with part of the Huronian Supergroup in the Lake Huron Region, Ontario, and reveals the unconformity that separates the Chocolay Group from the overlying Menominee Group is up to 325 million years in duration. The source(s) of the ~ 2.3 Ga detrital zircon populations in the Enchantment Lake Formation and Sturgeon Quartzite remains an enigma because no known rock units of this age are known in the Michigan area. It is speculated that once widespread volcano-sedimentary cover sequences in Michigan were removed or concealed prior to Chocolay Group deposition. The hydrothermal xenotime ages probably reflect basinal hydrothermal fluid flow associated with the period of extension, involving rifting and major dyke formation, that affected the North American provinces between 2.2 and 2.1 Ga.

Overview: Production Operations (March 2005)

There has been much debate about when individual countries and the world will peak in oil and gas production. It has been reported that brownfields accounted for less than 20% of the world’s oil production in 1982, but nearly 45% in 2002. A simple linear extrapolation suggests that by 2012, one-half of the world’s oil production will come from fields where production rates are declining. Generally, as a field matures and proceeds on its downward economic spiral, water-related problems escalate. This year, more than 40% of the nearly 100 papers reviewed for this feature were related to scaling and treatment. Many of these papers were from the Middle East, North Sea, and South American provinces. Implementation of innovative methods is needed to arrest declines and increase recovery factors. Production optimization has two main objectives. One is to increase maximum production while minimizing capital expenses. The second is to reduce the inevitable production decline of a field. One interesting case is that of the Sacroc field in west Texas. This field has produced under an enhanced-oil-recovery project for more than 30 years with a high decline rate. After infrastructure rejuvenation, new data-acquisition processes, innovative interpretation, and sound engineering management, considerable cost savings were accomplished in recent years, significantly curtailing the decline. One of the primary factors limiting production performance has been the lack of timely and reliable data analysis. A recent paper (SPE 87121) suggested that timely, reliable tools and training in the analysis of drilling data could be of great benefit to cost-effective drilling. The management of reliable real-time data from all segments of the oil and gas exploration and production process becomes a workflow-management challenge to make effective, relevant, and timely decisions. The uptake of credible emerging hardware advances technology and enhances the overall industry experience and learning curve. The Natl. Petroleum Council’s 2003 report suggested that higher prices and difficult resources should catalyze increased efforts in research, development, and application of technologies. This will be critical if the recovery factor of the inevitable brownfields is to be economically improved. Additional Production Operations Technical Papers Available at the SPE eLibrary: www.spe.org SPE 90430 - Successful Implementation of Resurgent Relative-Permeability-Modifier Technology in Well Treatments Requires Realistic Expectations SPE 88543 - Impact of Dynamic Simulation on Establishing Watercut Limits for Well Kickoff SPE 89837 - Cleanup of Water Blocks in Depleted Low-Permeability Reservoirs SPE 91041 - Web-Based Hosting of Multiassets and Multiusers: Production Workflows SPE 90792 - Integrated Process Improves Production of the Almond Formation in the Wamsutter Field, Wyoming: A Low-Permeability Case Study of 5 Years of Continuous Improvement in Well Performance