American Practice Research Articles

Lodgepole Pine and White Spruce Thinning in Alberta―A Review of North American and European Best Practices

A significant portion of the harvested land base in western Canada is becoming old enough or entering a phase where thinning is a legitimate forest management option. A comprehensive review of the existing knowledge of commercial thinning (CT) treatments applied to pine and spruce-dominated stands in Alberta was conducted, with particular regard to the intensity, timing of interventions, method, and impacts on crop tree growth responses. Although the geographical focus of this review is Alberta, information on this topic is more complete in other areas of North America and Europe, where there is a long history of density management. In areas of eastern North America, our review revealed that CT from below, with tree removal levels from 27 to 43% of the basal area, could increase total merchantable wood produced from 11 to 60 m3 ha−1 over a rotation, depending on stand age and intensity of thinning. For Alberta conditions, and considering the risks, we conclude that commercial thinning basal area removal should be in the range of 25 to 40%, depending on a variety of factors such as species, wind firmness, and insect or disease incidence and risk. Thinning too aggressively and/or too late will increase the blowdown risk but the literature is fairly consistent in suggesting that live crown ratios should be >40% to maximize the chance of growth response and minimize the blowdown risk. In cases where stands are also threatened by stressors such as drought, wind, and insect or disease outbreaks, CT treatments likely offer the potential at limiting the overall risk, but localized knowledge and experience are critical. It is intended that the information presented may support ongoing and future research trials and growth and yield (G&Y) model development about potential CT treatments to apply and the likely results of practical application to commercial forestry.

Gender Differences in North American and International Otolaryngology Clinical Practice Guideline Authorship: A 17-Year Analysis.

To analyze gender differences in authorship of North American (Canadian and American) and international published otolaryngology-head and neck surgery (OHNS) clinical practice guidelines (CPG) over a 17-year period. Clinical practice guidelines published between 2005 and 2022 were identified through the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technology in Health (CADTH) search strategy in MEDLINE and EMBASE. Studies were included if they were original studies, published in the English language, and encompassed Canadian, American, or international OHNS clinical practice guidelines. A total of 145 guidelines were identified, encompassing 661 female authors (27.4%) and 1756 male authors (72.7%). Among OHNS authors, women and men accounted for 21.2% and 78.8% of authors, respectively. Women who were involved in guideline authorship were 31.0% less likely to be an otolaryngologist compared to men. There were no gender differences across first or senior author and by subspeciality. Female otolaryngologist representation was the greatest in rhinology (28.3%) and pediatrics (26.7%). American guidelines had the greatest proportion of female authors per guideline (34.1%) and the greatest number of unique female authors (33.2%). Despite the increasing representation of women in OHNS, gender gaps exist with regards to authorship within clinical practice guidelines. Greater gender diversity and transparency is required within guideline authorship to help achieve equitable gender representation and the development of balanced guidelines with a variety of viewpoints.

A systematic assessment of the characteristics of randomized controlled trials cited by acute coronary syndrome clinical practice guidelines.

The aim of this study was to describe the methodological features of the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) cited in American and European clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). Out of 2128 non-duplicated references cited in the 2013 and 2014 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association and 2017 and 2020 European Society of Cardiology CPGs for STEMI and NSTE-ACS, we extracted data for 407 RCTs (19.1% of total references). The majority were multicenter studies (81.8%), evaluated pharmacological interventions (63.1%), had a 2-arm (82.6%), and superiority (90.4%) design. Most RCTs (60.2%) had an active comparator, and 46.2% were funded by industry. The median observed sample size was 1001 patients (84.2% of RCTs achieved≥80% of the intended sample size). Most RCTs had a single primary outcome (90.9%), which was a composite in just over half (51.9%). Among the RCTs testing for superiority, 44.0% reported a P-value of≥0.05 for the primary outcome and 61.9% observed a risk reduction of>15%. The observed treatment effect was lower-than-expected in 67.6% of RCTs, with 34.4% having at least a 20% lower-than-expected treatment effect. The calculated post hoc statistical power was≥80% for 33.9% of cited RCTs. This analysis demonstrates that RCTs cited by CPGs can still have significant methodological issues and limitations, highlighting that a better understanding of the methodological aspects of RCTs is crucial in order to formulate recommendations relevant to clinical practice.

“‘You cannot come to this country’—that's what the government says sometimes, when you’re Brown”: African American children's critical literacies and emergent solidarity

Decades of research demonstrate that young children make meaning about race and racism. Yet there remains a dearth of scholarship about whether and how African American children are thinking across racial and ethnic difference to make sense of systemic inequities. Moreover, there are but a handful of scholars who have documented the ways that children and youth engage in acts of solidarity. Extending the growing body of literature that privileges young children of color's critical perspectives, this article examines African American first-graders’ sociopolitical awareness; in particular, it explores how they expressed their understanding that racial discrimination undergirded contemporary US immigration policies. These data reveal that the children possessed a capacity for demonstrating solidarity with other non-white people, in that they named and critiqued the marginalization experienced by immigrant communities of color. Drawing on Black feminist epistemologies, critical literacy, and critical consciousness, the author argues that the children's emergent solidarity can be understood through their three rhetorical moves: (1) interchanging Black and Brown people in name; (2) advancing a critical moral ideal by juxtaposing current and former political leaders; and (3) invoking knowledge of US history. Although popular media and political discourse seldom portray immigration as an issue that concerns Black communities in the US, African Americans have long understood that their own liberation is connected to that of other marginalized groups. As such, this article urges early childhood researchers to examine the nature of the questions being asked about young African American children's racial meaning-making practices and knowledges about belonging, equity, and inclusion within and outside schools.

Cyanoacrylate adhesive closure in the European and American 2022 clinical practice guidelines

Over the last decade non-thermal non-tumescent (NTNT) methods of truncal reflux elimination in chronic venous disease (CVD) are becoming increasingly popular. The main NTNT modalities are mechanochemical ablation and cyanoacrylate adhesive closure (CAC). The advantages of non-thermal ablation are avoidance of tumescent anesthesia, low periprocedural pain and bruising, high patient comfort and satisfaction rates. CAC method has an additional benefit of avoiding the postprocedural compression. CAC is one of promising non-thermal ablation procedures, that leads to truncal vein occlusion and reflux elimination via endovenous delivery of n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate. This review is aimed at assessment of the updated European and American clinical practice guidelines on CVD management, particularly the role of CAC. Current evidence shows high efficacy and safety of the CAC, its advantages regarding the periprocedural pain and ecchymoses, risk of adverse events, closure rates in the long-term, procedure and recovery time and patients’ quality of life. Therefore, along the current gold standard of varicose vein treatment – thermal ablation, the updated 2022 European and American clinical practice guidelines have significantly emphasized the role of NTNT modalities in general and CAC in particular. Specifically, the European Society for Vascular Surgeons guidelines recommend CAC for patients with great saphenous vein (GSV) incompetence when the NTNT technique is preferred. American guidelines recommend both thermal and non-thermal ablation for the patients with symptomatic axial reflux of the GSV, depending on the available expertise of the treating physician and the preference of the patient.

Accounting for deferred taxes in the initial recognition of assets and liabilities. Part 2

Subject. This article discusses the methodological particularities of recording deferred taxes arising from the initial recognition of assets and liabilities. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the approaches of the developers of American and International Standards in terms of accounting for deferred taxes in the initial recognition of assets and liabilities, as well as characterize the problems of the Initial Recognition Exemption – IRE rule, and propose areas for their elimination. Methods. The research is speculative. For the study, I used the dialectical method of scientific knowledge, the method of collecting theoretical and regulatory information, the method of formalization, as well as analysis, synthesis, observation, and comparison. Results. The article summarizes the foreign experience of accounting for deferred taxes at the initial recognition of an asset. It describes the key situations for applying the simultaneous equation method in accordance with American practices, and justifies the economic benefits of using this approach. Conclusions and Relevance. The IRE rule does not provide an opportunity to reliably disclose information about the impact of taxation on the financial position of the company at the initial recognition of assets and liabilities. The method of simultaneous equations eliminates this problem, but there are contradictions associated with the understanding of fair value, which is adjusted for deferred taxes. It is necessary to use the American experience in improving standards and conduct additional theoretical research to develop methodological approaches to accounting for deferred taxes at the initial recognition of assets and liabilities. The results of the study can be useful to practitioners in the field of deferred tax accounting, as well as analysts and researchers whose activities are focused on accounting, taxation, and other persons concerned who study the theoretical and financial aspects of deferred taxes.

Особенности цифровизации нотариальной деятельности в России и США: сравнительный аспект

The article presents a comparative study of the features of digitalization of notarial activity in Russia and the USA. Reference to successful practices of digitalization of notaries abroad on the example of the USA allowed the authors to identify significant differences in the results of digitalization of notarial activity in Russia and the USA and to conceptualize these differences. Comparative aspects were the peculiarities of the forms of digital notarial activity in both states, including the terms denoting them, as well as the differences between the digital resources used by notaries in Russia and the USA. Two fundamental differences between American and Russian practices were conceptually singled out, indicating a certain decentralization of notarial activities and the notarial community: 1) notaries in the US are empowered to provide remote notarial services only after receiving a special permit issued by a state authority; 2) US notaries use numerous digital resources unlike the Russian Unified Notarial Information System (UIS), which is the only centralized system for notarial services. The authors conclude that despite the general decentralization effect of the U.S. notarial activity there is still great dynamism of service provision, actualization of the notary public principle and integration of notarial subjects in the new digital space. According to the authors, the revealed differences of digital adaptation of notarial activity in Russia and the U.S. are due to objective political and economic reasons; however, in both jurisdictions digitalization promotes unification of notarial practices.

American Position and Practice of the CBDR Principle

The special status of the United States and the significant ambiguity of the common but differentiated principles are the important reasons for studying the position and practice of this principle. The United States was mixed on the documents produced at the 1992 Earth Summit, reflecting its sensitivity and caution to its statutory binding obligations. Because of its own interests and unilateralism, but the United States has blocked the application of the Kyoto Protocol through legislation. Due to the differences between its propositions and most countries, the United States intends to establish a self-centered climate governance system through domestic policies and international negotiations, which partly leads to the conflicts and stagnation of various parties and makes the principle compromise applicable to the Paris Agreement.

Accounting for deferred taxes in the initial recognition of assets and liabilities. Part 1

Subject. This article discusses the methodological particularities of recording deferred taxes arising from the initial recognition of assets and liabilities. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the approaches of the developers of American and International Standards in terms of accounting for deferred taxes in the initial recognition of assets and liabilities, as well as characterize the problems of the Initial Recognition Exemption – IRE rule, and propose areas for their elimination. Methods. The research is speculative. For the study, I used the dialectical method of scientific knowledge, the method of collecting theoretical and regulatory information, the method of formalization, as well as analysis, synthesis, observation, and comparison. Results. The article summarizes the foreign experience of accounting for deferred taxes at the initial recognition of an asset. It describes the key situations for applying the simultaneous equation method in accordance with American practices, and justifies the economic benefits of using this approach. Conclusions and Relevance. The IRE rule does not provide an opportunity to reliably disclose information about the impact of taxation on the financial position of the company at the initial recognition of assets and liabilities. The method of simultaneous equations eliminates this problem, but there are contradictions associated with the understanding of fair value, which is adjusted for deferred taxes. It is necessary to use the American experience in improving standards and conduct additional theoretical research to develop methodological approaches to accounting for deferred taxes at the initial recognition of assets and liabilities. The results of the study can be useful to practitioners in the field of deferred tax accounting, as well as analysts and researchers whose activities are focused on accounting, taxation, and other persons concerned who study the theoretical and financial aspects of deferred taxes.

Application of ifrs in New Uzbekistan

This article is devoted to the application and implementation of International Accounting and Auditing standards based on European and American practice achievements, particularly International Financial Reporting Standards and International Standards of Auditing. There were described the main achievements in the integration of the national accounting and audit system into the world community. In summary, the recommendations and conclusions were developed on priority areas for further IFRS- and ISA-based accounting and audit reforms.

Reinventing death in the twenty-first century

This paper reviews two recent works on the modern-day American death ways American Afterlives: Reinventing Death in the Twenty-first Century by Shannon Dawdy and The New Death: Mortality and Death Care in the Twenty-first Century edited by Dawdy and Tamara Kneese. Dawdy’s book is commended for its thoughtful description and analysis of several of the major new trends in American death-related ideas and practices and for its lively style. The discussion of The New Death consists of a critical review of each of the book’s chapters, which emphasizes the strengths and critiques some of the shortcomings of each piece. The only major criticism of both of the works under review is the fact that they pay very limited attention to those Americans who reject the innovative ideas and practices documented here. The review also calls for additional detailed ethnographies of the contemporary American death ways.

Evangelical or Mainline? Doctrinal Similarity and Difference in Asian American Christianity: Sketching a Social-Practical Theory of Christian Doctrine

This article takes Asian American Christianity to be an analytically productive religion for advancing a theory of Christian doctrine. This is in large part due to the trans-Pacific character of Asian American Christians who, by virtue of their racialization, make explicit the different social circumstances—from Anglo-European Christians—as well as shared ends in which Christian doctrinal commitments operate. Asian American Christians problematize the conventional wisdom assumed in the academic and public discourses concerning Christianity in the US. One of the primary set of categories in the discourses about Christianity in the US is the theological difference between evangelical and mainline Protestants. Moreover, these theological and doctrinal categories are taken to describe and define these two social groups of Christians. By centering empirical studies of Asian American Christian faith and practice, this article claims that doctrinal similarity and doctrinal difference, such as that between evangelical and mainline Protestants, do not simply explain social group similarity or difference as assumed by conventional wisdom. Instead, these Asian American case studies point to the need for a new theory of Christian doctrine that can explain the normative significance of doctrinal similarity and difference in terms of the uses of doctrine.

Settling in the US Deep South: Race, Ethnicity, and Belonging among Haitian Migrants in a Small North Carolina Town

AbstractIn 2010, following the granting of Temporary Protected Status by the US government, more than 1,500 Haitians settled in Mount Olive, a small town in eastern North Carolina. Most of them found work in the meat‐processing plants of the region. Plantation owners founded Mount Olive, and enslaved people built it. Discrimination and exploitation of Black people and immigrants was and remains forceful in this region. This article sketches the history of race relations and racial capitalism in Mount Olive to understand how people of Haitian descent experience both anti‐Black racism and prejudices linked to their ethnicity in rural southeastern US. Far from being passive victims of white supremacy, African Americans, and later Haitians, created practices that enabled them to live on their own terms. This article analyzes the similarities between African American practices of autonomy and present‐day Haitians’ strategies to create spaces where they can belong and thrive. The article argues that economic and spatial practices forged after the 1804 revolution by the Haitian peasantry enable people of Haitian descent to build social and economic systems based on reciprocity and solidarity. These counter‐colonial practices allow people in Mount Olive to live autonomously and away from racist institutions and people.

Buttered Bagels

Buttered Bagels

Angel De Cora, Karen Thronson, and the Art of Place: How Two Midwestern Women Used Art to Negotiate Migration and Dispossession by Elizabeth Sutton

Reviewed by: Angel De Cora, Karen Thronson, and the Art of Place: How Two Midwestern Women Used Art to Negotiate Migration and Dispossession by Elizabeth Sutton Emily C. Burns Elizabeth Sutton, Angel De Cora, Karen Thronson, and the Art of Place: How Two Midwestern Women Used Art to Negotiate Migration and Dispossession. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2020. xix, 168 pp. $49.95 (paper). Histories built on comparative case studies often lead to new discoveries by focusing on examples that are both parallel and divergent. This is the model undergirding art historian Elizabeth Sutton's comparative study of Ho-Chunk artist Angel De Cora and the author's great-grandmother Karen Thronson, a Norwegian immigrant to the Midwest. Pairing these two figures' stories and the spaces of subjugation and assimilation that operated for both Native nations and Scandinavian immigrant communities in the [End Page 197] Midwest allows readers to consider the power of objects to engage with place, identity, culture, gender, and memory. Sutton argues that these artists, contemporaries who never met, both engaged in community-building through art production to, in Sutton's words, "connect with place and validate self and group identity" (1). The act of creating in a variety of media—and in particular engaging with long-standing practices in their respective communities—helped these individuals to navigate their identities in the context of expected assimilation. There is much to recommend in this discussion, that centers on female makers and challenges art history's traditional hierarchies that tend to devalue craft. Sutton's focus on minoritized experience recasts ongoing narratives of settler colonialism and cultural subjugation. The text also takes seriously the possibilities of "visual coding" (24, 56) as a strategy that Thronson and De Cora employed to speak to U.S. and non-U.S. audiences simultaneously. This question—what modes of cultural expression could be non-threatening to dominant culture—offers the book's key investigation of artistic agency and messaging. The text also highlights the role of organizations and publication outlets for communicating ideas of identity. The study, however, leaves some important questions tantalizingly unanswered. There is a promising synergy between the presentation of handicraft from Scandinavia and Native American design in ladies' magazine cultures (83), but this is not probed further. The crucial scholarship by art historian Elizabeth Hutchinson on De Cora's navigations of modern and Native identities is listed in the bibliography but is not cited or directly engaged in the content of the book, although the author does come to similar conclusions about how De Cora strategically sought to build a compatibly Native American and modern artistic practice. A dialogue with Hutchinson's conclusions on this topic would have also enabled greater clarity of Sutton's contributions, especially in her original research of design projects by De Cora's female students at Carlisle Indian Industrial School and the ways that De Cora encouraged her students to develop individual expression via a larger understanding of Native American art practices in the early twentieth century (108–116). I also would have appreciated a citation for her use of Lakota interpretations of color in the Carlisle student work (112) as well as some discussion of De Cora's painting in the Native American boarding school exhibition at the Universal Paris Exposition of 1900 when her participation in several other World's Fair displays is noted (57). Tonalism as an aesthetic practice, which De Cora employed, is never really defined or productively [End Page 198] engaged as an aesthetic (48, 65), which makes it difficult to trace the artists' adaptation of it. The project might have benefited from further integration of the main figures. Each chapter oscillates between the two subjects, and the brief conclusion does not fully show how they are complements or foils for each other. Do we really see either figure more clearly in this comparison? An extended article focusing on key similarities, such as immigration and dispossession, might have been more effective as a comparative study. Indeed, while the artists share a gender identity and the use of art to connect with their respective communities, certainly the experiences of Norwegian immigrant women and Native American women significantly diverge in...

Intersection Sight Distance Requirements for Basic Turbo Roundabouts

Turbo roundabouts, emerging as a solution to conventional multilane roundabouts’ safety and operations concerns, are prevalent in Europe and are still new to North America. However, few studies and guidelines on intersection sight distance (ISD) requirements exist. This paper focuses on the basic turbo roundabouts, examines the circulatory roadway and approach design features, and develops ISD models with North American practices. The ISD requirements were identified for the vehicle approaching and entering the roundabout, which conflicts with the circulating vehicle in the circulatory roadways, and the entering vehicle at the upstream entry approach. Analytical models were developed to identify the required lateral clearance at the central island and clear sight triangles at the roundabout quadrants to satisfy the required ISD. The analyses were completed for four typical sizes of basic turbo roundabouts per Dutch design criteria. The design guidelines are provided for the required lateral clearance at the central island and the required clear sight triangles at the roundabout quadrants. They would be beneficial in establishing landscaping restrictions and determining the roadway right of way and property impacts at the intersections during the roadway planning stage.

Double Standards in Human Rights Interpretation (Comparison of American and Asian Practices)

This discussion moves on to an understanding of the double standard politics carried out by the United States related to the maintenance of human values and human rights within the framework of democratization on the implications of the Arab Spring political conflict. The United States applies double standards in its response to the military coup case that occurred in Egypt.

The Use and Misuse of Zakāh Funds by Religious Institutions in North America

Despite being a foundational practice in Islam, deeply rooted in law and reflected in the theological and spiritual concepts of wealth and sustenance (rizq), discussions of applying obligatory alms (zakāh) rulings to majority non-Muslim countries are limited. The Muslim’s spiritual attitude toward finances is informed by a theological view that all forms of wealth ultimately belong to God. Sunni Muslim theologians define rizq to be what one actually (not potentially) consumes and benefits from (not possesses), which, alongside plentiful verses and Prophetic traditions, continuously motivate philanthropic giving without fearing scarcity. This article aims to investigate some major issues resulting from the unregulated procedures of zakāh collection and disbursement as practiced by North American Muslim organizations and religious leaders. The article (1) doctrinally analyzes how North American practices diverge from the rules of Islamic law (fiqh) regarding zakāh distribution, (2) examines the ramifications of contemporary Eastern–Western legal opinions (fatāwā) expanding the eligibility of charitable institutions to receive zakāh, and (3) investigates the practices of administering zakāh resources.

Modern Political Protest in the US: Conceptual Framework, Values, Practices

The article analyzes theoretical and methodological approaches to issues related to socio-political mobilization. The main historical eras (premodern, modernity and postmodern) are taken as a basis, which determine various forms, types and practices of political protest. Thus, it is concluded that the level of development of society directly affects political actors, institutional architecture in structural, procedural and regulatory terms, which determines the nature of socio-political actionism. Attention is paid to the practices of postmodern society, which have their own specifics, which is expressed in the formation of a dichotomous, ideological-value spectrum, the struggle for symbolic capital, antagonism between different identities and related social narratives. A special place in the analysis is given to the political-regime configuration, in particular, the post-democratic crisis, which, in the case of American public practices, is to a certain extent overcome through the mechanics of agonistic and counter-democracy. The study uses the method of situational analysis (case studies), which has its own epistemological variability in the form of positivist, critical and interpretive (post-positivist) components. The article also examines the public political struggle in the United States in line with symbolic policies during the presidency of D. Trump. The repertoire of American protest is analyzed in the designated methodological context. Particular attention is paid to the generation aspect of the unconventional protest movement, which is one of the key in both the United States, in particular, and Russia, which is paid to part of the comparativist analysis. The conclusion assesses the relevance of two hypotheses formulated by E. V. Brodovskaya, M. A. Davydova, E. A. Eremin regarding the influence of the level of rigidity of the political regime and the legitimacy of the inactive part of society on the continuum of political manifestation in the United States. If the first conclusion had its practical expression on the example of the American case, then the second looks less unambiguous.

Notes on Contributing Authors

Samson Uchenna Eze is a lecturer in Music Department, University of Nigeria Nsukka, where he teaches courses on African music, instrument techniques and performance. He has published thought-provoking journal articles that discuss glocalisation trends, cult of personality, and sexism in the Nigerian popular music scene. He is currently a graduate student at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, United States.Ijeoma Iruka Forchu is a research fellow/lecturer at the Institute for Development Studies and Department of Music. She has B.A. (Music) from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. She obtained M.A (African Studies) from the University of Ibadan, M.A. (Ethnomusicology) from Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, M.Sc. (Development Studies) from University of Nigeria Nsukka, and Ph.D. (Ethnomusicology) from NnamdiAzikiwe University, Awka. Her research interests include music in Nigerian development, gender and sexuality in Nigerian popular music and preservation of indigenous music.Kirstin Haag is a PhD candidate in Musicology at Stanford University. Her research explores sacred music practice in colonial-era Guatemalan missions. Her current project examines how a collection of early colonial music manuscripts in the European sacred tradition became the center of an Indigenous religious practice in Western Guatemala missions. Contributing to a growing discourse on colonial-era Central American cultural practices, this project highlights rare evidence of the lived religious experiences and embodied musical practices of the Q'anjob'al and Chuj Maya people. Other research interests include the performance of musical nationalism at sports games in the US and higher education humanities pedagogy.Erol Köymen is a fifth-year PhD candidate in ethnomusicology at the University of Chicago. Through the lens of an ethnographic study of Western art music in Istanbul, he is interested in the relationship among distinction, modes of capital accumulation, and (global) populism, particularly with regard to music infrastructure and secularist elite modes of circulating in and belonging to the city.Toby Wren is a composer, improviser and researcher. His artistic research outcomes include orchestral works, publications of his jazz compositions and seven albums of his original work. His publications in the fields of ethnomusicology and artistic research have investigated Carnatic music and intercultural music-making. His research deals with the ethics of interculturalism, cultural appropriation, and musical hybridity and examines how meaning is negotiated in intercultural contexts through improvisation. The research stems from his involvement and collaboration with South Indian (Carnatic) musicians in India and Australia including Guru Kaaraikkudi Mani, Ghatam Karthik, Ghatam Suresh, and Karthik Mani. Recent outputs include Krithi: Cows at the Beach (Wren and Vaidyanathan 2020) and a co-edited a book with Vanessa Tomlinson on artistic practice, Here and Now (2018). Toby has also released six albums of his original music including the recent, Black Mountain, which was critically acclaimed in national print media. Toby Wren is a Senior Lecturer at SAE Creative Media Institute where he coordinates and writes content for their Media Studies Unit and Music degree.