American Native Research Articles

The In-Betweens: The Spiritualists, Mediums, and Legends of Camp by Mira Ptacin

Reviewed by: The In-Betweens: The Spiritualists, Mediums, and Legends of Camp by Mira Ptacin Jade Hagan Keywords Camp Etna, Spiritualism, medium, communication with the dead, death, ghost, paranormal, women's rights movement, abolition movement mira ptacin. The In-Betweens: The Spiritualists, Mediums, and Legends of Camp Etna. New York: Liveright/W. W. Norton, 2019. Pp. xxviii + 260. It is commonplace to describe Spiritualism in terms of a desire to communicate with the dead. Less recognized is the undead nature of that desire, and of Spiritualism itself. In The In-Betweens, Mira Ptacin demonstrates spiritualism's endurance, and enduring appeal, through her account of the presentday characters and historical contexts of Camp Etna, a still operational and little-known Spiritualist camp in rural Maine. Given the steady increase of academic studies of Spiritualism's nineteenth-century origins and contexts, Roger Luckhurst points out in a review that appeared in this journal in 2017 that new studies of Spiritualism have "to fight hard to find space to say something new in this area."1 Ptacin's focus on Spiritualism as it is practiced today, as well as her specific focus on the past and present of Camp Etna, are what enable her to "say something new." Through Ptacin's personal interviews of Camp Etna's members, direct participation in Spiritualist practices and events, and research in the Camp's archives, The In-Betweens not only contributes to our understanding of this particular camp's place in the history of Spiritualism, but also serves as a meditation on the state of religion and faith today. Although Camp Etna was once "one of the largest Spiritualist communities in the nation," it does not have the same recognizability as other Spiritualist camps such as Lily Dale or Cassadaga, in part due to its remote location in the middle of Maine (13). Ptacin's ostensible aim in visiting Camp Etna many times over several years, and in recovering its history in her book, is "to learn about how a strong, independent, faith-based subculture of women (and a few men) live and have lived for centuries, unbeknownst to most of us, in a specific way that is uniquely fulfilling to them" (xxii). Echoing major studies such as Ann Braude's Radical Spirits and Alex Owen's The Darkened Room that are concerned primarily with Spiritualism's challenges to traditional gender roles and ties to nineteenth-century women's rights movements, Ptacin goes further than these previous works in suggesting that the movement remains a source of empowerment for women today (xxii–xxiii, 78). But the scope of The In-Betweens is much broader than this characterization suggests. In under three hundred pages, Ptacin manages to traverse a wide range of issues in existing scholarship on Spiritualism: Spiritualism's connection to abolition and other social reform movements, the movement's fascination [End Page 155] with and appropriation of Native American culture, how Spiritualism fills a void in our culture's attitudes toward death, the relation of Spiritualism to mass media and the entertainment industry, the popular appeal of Spiritualism and critiques of organized religion, how the counterculture and New Age movements of the 1960s and '70s both preserved and transformed the legacy of Spiritualism, and debates about modernity and (dis)enchantment. Alternating between the past and present of Camp Etna, the introduction and nine chapters of The In-Betweens trace the ways in which Camp Etna has historically navigated these issues and continues to grapple with them today. Each of the nine chapters explores a different facet of Camp Etna through the lives of specific individuals and descriptions of specific practices. After Ptacin describes her aim in seeking out Camp Etna in the introduction, the first two chapters concentrate on the history of Spiritualism and Camp Etna. Many scholars will be familiar with the historical touchstones—the Fox sisters, the connection between Spiritualism and nineteenth-century women's rights and abolition movements—covered in the first chapter. But the second chapter's turn to Etna's camp historian, Diane Jackman Skolfield, who recounts the history of Camp Etna by way of "Etna's most famous medium," Mary Ann Scannell Pepper Vanderbilt, and her Native American spirit...

Measurement of electrical dyssynchrony in CRT patients: 12-lead ECG versus 96-lead body surface map

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Grant agency AZV, Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic Background Quantification of electrical dyssynchrony would allow optimization of lead placement and timing in patients with CRT. The standard deviation of activation times (SDAT) derived from body surface maps (BSM) was proposed as a measure of electrical dyssynchrony in CRT patients. However, SDAT derived from standard 12-lead ECG would be clinically preferred. Objective To evaluate and compare the SDAT measured from BSM and 12-lead ECG for assessment of electrical resynchronization in patients with implanted CRT. Methods CRT patients with sinus rhythm and LBBB at baseline (n=19, 58% males; age 60±11 years; NYHA class II-III; QRS 160±29) were studied using 96-lead BSM. For each ECG lead, the activation time was automatically detected and SDAT was calculated using either 96 leads or standard 12 leads. Electrical dyssynchrony was assessed during native sinus rhythm and 6 different pacing modes (see figure). Results SDAT calculated from BSM and 12-lead ECG decreased during optimal BiV pacing as compared to sinus rhythm by 26% (p=0.006) and 30% (p=0.003), respectively. The two other BiV setups showed also a decrease in SDAT values. Importantly, a high degree of reliability was found between values of SDAT obtained from12-lead ECG and 96-lead BSM for different pacing modes, the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.8 to 0.9 (95% CI 0.7 - 0.9, p<0.001). Conclusion SDAT assessment is considered an important metric of electrical dyssynchrony in CRT. Our results suggest that 12-lead ECG provides similar results as BSM and thus, allows simplification of the measurement. Further prospective studies are necessary to verify the clinical utility of SDAT from 12-lead ECG.

From the Editor’s Gable

The essays in the Spring 2022 issue of the Nathaniel Hawthorne Review cover a range of topics from Hawthorne and Christianity to Hawthorne’s view of the super/natural and his understanding of Native American culture; and from Hawthorne and nineteenth-century news/propaganda to a consideration of Hawthorne inflected through scientific, twenty-first-century understandings of digital knowledge.The two lead essays suggest a welcome resurgence of interest in The House of the Seven Gables. In the first essay, “Christian Moralism in The House of the Seven Gables,” Jonathan Cook presents a case for Hawthorne’s views of secularized moralistic forms in mid-nineteenth-century Protestantism through an analysis of the Pyncheon and Maule families amidst the backdrop of their feuding history in the novel. Cook brings his background in biblical history to bear on a religious dimension under-remarked since the work of Hyatt Waggoner.1 In fact, the Fall 2022 issue of the Nathaniel Hawthorne Review, on Hawthorne and religion, will be guest-edited by Cook. In the second essay of this collection, “‘A kind of privilege to haunt’: Settler-Structures, Land-Based Knowledge, and the Agency of the (Super)Natural in The House of the Seven Gables,” CJ Scruton represents another realm of Hawthorne, the supernatural, in Hawthorne’s famous second novel, a topic that is the recent focus of critical exploration.2 Scruton’s approach is unique in their consideration of the nexus between the natural and supernatural realms and the concomitant anxieties revolving around the early New England settlers’ conflict with natural spaces and Native American presence. Together with CJ Scruton, I am planning a special issue of NHR on Hawthorne, nature/Hawthorne, and the environment for our Spring 2023 issue. Please note the details for “Call for Papers” for Spring 2023 is at the end of this issue.The third essay in this issue is quite timely, as it explores the idea of fake news and conspiracy theory so prevalent today. In “‘A respectable narrative’: The Viral Load in ‘Mr. Higginbotham’s Catastrophe,’” Hannah Murray makes the case that Dominicus Pike, the main character of the story, attempting to increase his importance in terms of social mobility and cultural capital, comes up with stories (which move from gossip, to oral tales, to print media). However, his comeuppance is that his new and fraudulent sense of identity is his unmaking. The final two essays in this issue speak to a positive use of technology—in the realm of computers, as a source for positive communication. Gale Temple, in “The Hermeneutics of Implication and Inference: Actor-Network Theory, The Scarlet Letter, and the Hawthorne Digital Archive,” explores how the Hawthornean model for community-making offers us a creative way of connecting literary interpretation with digital resources. In the final essay of this issue, “A Meaning Apart from Its Indistinguishable Words,” Erik Fredner analyzes how Hawthorne is different from his fellow writers and how his ambivalence can be detected through quantitative methods; Fredner’s analysis culminates in showing the satirical elements of “The Procession of Life.”The Spring 2022 issue ends again this year with a carefully wrought annual bibliography written by my former graduate student Alexis Grainger, who has an eye for detail and precision. Finally, we conclude the issue with, unfortunately, news again of the death of another important scholar, Joel Myerson, who has brought scholars many ideas and materials (and a sense of drama) to help us understand the American Renaissance better.

Mücadele burada mı, ebediyette mi? Sherman Alexie'nin The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven romanı

Confined within the borders of reservations Native identity suffers not only from the traumatic experiences of poverty, unemployment, broken families, alcoholism and oppression but also from systematic racist practices and stereotyping, which reduce the American Indian identity to noble savages, bloodthirsty warriors, prophetic shamans, or drunken outcasts. In resistance to Anglo-American attempts to erase Native identity many American Indian writers such as N. Scott Momaday, Leslie Marmon Silko, Louise Erdrich, James Welch, and Gerald Vizenor tried to preserve Native American tribal culture and history, and remedy the traumatized Native identity. This paper focuses on how Sherman Alexie in The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven, standing apart from other Native American writers, portrays the Spokane Indian reservation life with a critical and cynical viewpoint on contemporary Native American’s problems such as poverty, unemployment, hunger, drug addiction, alcoholism, and violence. The paper also discusses the insight Alexie brings to the Native identity problem through his critical reading of both the Native history/tradition and the white culture, and his critique of both the ‘positive’ and the negative stereotyping of the American Indian. The study is based on the premise that Sherman Alexie creates, borrowing from Homi Bhabha’s terms, an ‘interstitial space’ in his answer to the question: how will the Native identity be constructed, based on the American Indian tribal culture, or the dominant Anglo culture, or is there an alternative way?

A Document Analysis of Community College Published Scholarship about Native American Students and Tribal Colleges and Universities

ABSTRACT This document analysis study identified how many articles’ purposes focused on Native American peoples and Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs) are published in five community college journals and one professional magazine, and how this published research portrays Native American peoples and TCUs. Utilizing a document analysis design, five peer-review journals and one professional magazine committed to community college research were searched using the terms: “Native American” “American Indian” “Indigenous,” “Indian,” “native,” and “Tribal Colleges and Universities.” The journal searches yielded 1,993 articles with only 17 articles specific to Native American peoples or TCUs. Two findings emerged from this study: 1) the reinforcement that tribal colleges and universities provide culturally relevant opportunities to aid in student success; and 2) challenging stereotypes and promoting Indigenous learning at non-Native community colleges. This document analysis study provides four recommendations for future research and practice.

Riding East—Western Myths, Nostalgia, and the Crossing of Generic Boundaries in Hidalgo (2004)

<i>Riding East</i>—Western Myths, Nostalgia, and the Crossing of Generic Boundaries in <i>Hidalgo</i> (2004)

European Emigration to the Americas: 1492 to Independence: A Hemispheric View

In Eric Hunderaker's and Rebecca Horn's slim, stapled booklet, European Emigration to the America's: 1492 to Independence, readers will not find a recitation of the much-beloved (to Polish Americans) story of the Polish glassmakers at Jamestown. In a sense, more's the pity, as an explanation of how a group of Polanders got there would have dovetailed nicely—and broadened—the transnational interpretive framework of the volume. The authors admirably integrate migration flows from the Iberian Peninsula with those from northwestern Europe, but as is typical of American scholarship, central and eastern Europe remain terra incognita, as if the western half of the continent floated bubble-like in space, like the television weather maps which depict the United States as a separate entity unconnected to an invisible Canada or Mexico.In the authors’ defense, the eastern part of the European continent figures little in the transatlantic migrations of their period. In fact, what they do ably accomplish is an ambitious yet compact overview of pre-Revolutionary migration from Europe to the Americas whose endnotes alone, which make up about a third of this slim volume, are worth the price of admission. Their essay may remind scholarly readers of Frank Thistlethwaite's impactful interpretation of trans-Atlantic migration during a later period, “Migration from Europe Overseas in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries” (1960), a high compliment to Hinderaker and Horn.European Emigration to the Americas is so full of economically presented information covering movements from half a continent over roughly three centuries that it is impossible to summarize, even only adequately, in a brief review without almost risking exceeding the length of the monograph itself. The volume, of course, commences as Europeans “settled among or dislocated Native American peoples” (p. 1). If this might suggest a version of Robert E. Park's succession model writ large, some scholars (probably sociologists), taking a similarly long view, might want to explore possible parallels, comparisons, and contrasts between this often violent process of population displacement/replacement with the impact of the so-called new immigrants (like the Poles who migrated za chlebem [for bread]) who displaced native-born urban populations and subsequently the latter-day urban newcomers—immigrants and internal migrants—who displaced them. But Hunderaker's and Horn's framework draws not upon Park's model but rather colonization and expansion as historical processes, which they do not attempt to theorize. The authors also reject mechanistic push-pull models to which many non-specialist historians who teach the subject still seem to cling to in favor of a more dynamic understanding of how and why, where and when various people have moved. Though some of those early movements (and more of them in the last third of the period they study) received state sponsorship, most were privately organized and financed, and the majority of Europeans (about two million in all, and heavily male in composition) moved as individuals.Looming especially large in the repopulation of the Americas by Europeans was that singularly important colonial product: sugar. For the Caribbean and Central and parts of South America, the history of sugar production, on which there is now a brilliant literature (including, for example, the now-classic work of Sidney Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History [1985]) is the history of the race and class exploitation of lower-class European labor migrants (including convicts and the indentured), Indigenous peoples, and enslaved Africans, something that readers with a sweet tooth might think about. The subject of sugar also brings up what, for this reviewer, is an unfortunate, although understandable, omission from this short volume, namely, what became of the various colonial products exported from the western hemisphere during these centuries covered by the book. Some, of course, became part of the notorious Triangle Trade that connected the Americas, Europe, and Africa and saw the circulation of tobacco, sugar, molasses, rum, guns, trinkets, and slaves, among other things. Other products circulated within and among western European countries and regions with impacts on their societies, cultures, and economies not explored here. But, at the very least, colonial tobacco also made its way through northern Europe and into Russia. Did other colonial products travel eastward as well? Would that the authors, metaphorically speaking, had retraced the path the Polanders took to Virginia to describe the penetration of colonial products into various Europeans societies and markets east as well as west and, if into the former, possible connections between central and eastern Europe and Atlantic history. This reviewer does not wish they had written a different book, only a bigger and more comprehensive one, where their exceedingly fine scholarship would have been even more on display.

Staging Indigeneity: Salvage Tourism and the Performance of Native American History

Staging Indigeneity: Salvage Tourism and the Performance of Native American History

Human Rights and Wrongs: The Dark Canon of the United States Supreme Court in Environmental Law

This is the second in a series of critiques of the Supreme Court's jurisprudence on environmental law. The first series described three cases notable for their manipulation of facts and law and ill-concealed bias against environmental plaintiffs. One crippled the National Environmental Policy Act, the second crippled citizen standing to sue, and the third pivoted to undermine the safety of nuclear power plants.The instant trio of cases add yet another troubling element to the canon. What distinguishes them, beyond the usual sleight-of-hand, is their failure to demonstrate the slightest understanding or concern for the plight of some of the most disadvantaged people on the planet. All of them brown.The first case discussed, Northwest Indian Cemetery, denied First Amendment protection from the destruction of an entire Native American culture. The second case, Sandoval, effectively destroyed Title VI of the Federal Civil Rights Act. The third case, Kiobel, slipped the bounds of decency altogether by declaring corporations immune from actions under the Alien Tort Claims Act, expressly designed to provide damages for acts viewed by the entire world as beyond the pale.

Preservation of Native American Culture: An Analysis of Louise Erdrich’s Tracks

This paper examines Louise Erdrich’s practice of promoting the oral tradition and magical realism as a way of preserving Native American culture in Tracks. She writes stories in the novel to assimilate Native American culture in modern times and this ultimately helps the Native traditions to find their way to modern readers. She represents magical elements in a realistic manner totally opposed to western concepts of magical realism. This study argues that Erdrich uses stories and magical realism as a tool to not only promote Native American culture but also preserve it. It is qualitative research and Gerald Vizenor’s Theory of Resistance and Survivance has been used to analyze the text. The textual analysis reveals that oral tradition and magical realism have deep roots in Native American culture and Erdrich uses them to promote as well as preserve this culture.

Settling the Frontier: Urban Development in America's Borderlands, 1600–1830

The study of urban development, loosely defined, along the American frontier has long provided a fruitful avenue of inquiry for historians of early America. Scholars have sought to assess the role that urban centers played in frontier settlement and development, beginning with Richard C. Wade's The Urban Frontier (1959), which delineated the importance of urban areas in providing political, economic, and military stability during the early settlement of the Ohio River valley and the upper Mississippi River valley. Subsequent works, such as Kenneth Lewis's The American Frontier (1984) or Richard White's influential The Middle Ground (1991), built upon elements of Wade's thesis to demonstrate the importance of urban centers in frontier development. However, in Joseph P. Alessi's estimation, The Urban Frontier and its successors (except perhaps for White's work) suffer from a common flaw: they undervalue or ignore the vital role played by Native American peoples in the creation, development,...

Does immigration enforcement affect whereless‐educatedUS natives and Hispanic immigrants live?

AbstractPrevious research shows that unauthorized Hispanic immigrants are less likely to live in areas that implement tough immigration enforcement policies. Less is known about whether such policies affect where US citizens live. We examine whether implementation of employment‐ and police‐based enforcement measures affected less‐educated US citizens' and unauthorized Hispanic immigrants' interstate mobility during 2006–2018. The results indicate that Hispanic US citizens are repelled from states with police‐based enforcement, with the impact on inflows versus outflows depending on whether they are married to an unauthorized immigrant. White and Black US natives' mobility tends to respond less to enforcement measures. The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in OpenICPSR athttps://doi.org/10.3886/E158681V1. These data were derived from the following resources available in the public domain: IPUMS USA athttps://doi.org/10.18128/D010.V11.0.

Racial disparity in survival of African-American (AA) patients diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer: Analysis of surveillance epidemiology and end results program.

28 Background: Amongst all cancers in men, prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer, and the second leading cause of death. Racial disparities in PCa care in the United States (US) are known to exist. However, it is not clear if this disparity is also noted specifically in patients diagnosed with metastatic PCa (metaPCa). We analyzed the Surveillance Epidemiology and End results Program (SEER) 18 registry, to determine the racial disparity in survival of AA patients diagnosed with metaPCa compared to other races recorded in this registry. Methods: Cancer incidence data was obtained from the SEER 18 registry (2000-2018). The data was analyzed using StataMP 16 (StataCorp) software. Demographic and clinical outcomes were recorded from the registry. We performed univariate Cox regression using proportional hazard model and obtained Kaplan Meier curves to look at the difference in survival based on different age groups and race. Results: A total of 51,979 cases were identified with metaPCa, out of whom 75.8% were Whites. 40,579 deaths were recorded. Mean age group of patients with metaPCa were 70-74 years. Grade 3 poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma was noted in 54.6% patients. There was no statistically significant difference in survival of AA patients with metaPCa compared to Non-Hispanic Whites (NHW) (Hazard Ratio (HR): 0.99; 95%CI 0.96,1.03 p = 0.71) or Alaskan and American Natives (AIAN) with metaPCa (HR:1.048; 95%CI 0.91,1.21 p = 0.539). AA with metaPCa had a statistically better outcome compared to Asian and Pacific Islanders with metaPCa (HR:0.775; 95%CI 0.731,0.821 p = 0.00). Amongst patients with less than 65 years of age with metaPCa, AA patients had statistically better survival than NHW (HR: 0.94; 95% CI 0.89-0.98 p = 0.05). No statistically supported racial disparity in survival was observed in patients above 65 years with metaPCa (AA to NHW patients- HR: 0.99; 95% CI 0.96,1.03 p = 0.71). Conclusions: Although racial disparities exist in survival of all patients diagnosed with prostate cancer, when it comes to those with metaPCA, there is no statistically supported racial disparity amongst AA patients compared to NHW, except for those who are younger than 65 years where white patients have a worse outcome compared to AA diagnosed with metaPCa.

‘This stuff speaks to me’: Settler materiality, identity and nationalism among collectors of Native American material culture

ABSTRACT This article examines the collection activities of Paul Dyck (1917–2016), a collector of Native North American Plains objects. Paul Dyck’s extensive archive is employed to explore networks of collectors and their practices, spanning the entirety of the United States in the mid-twentieth century. Weaving ethnographic material conducted with private collectors and heirs alongside Dyck’s correspondence, Dyck’s activities are situated within the history of anthropological thought, a discourse on the nature of settler colonial practices of collection, and U.S. settler identity formation. The article draws on these insights to introduce settler materiality, a new theoretical term and definition with relevance for anthropologists, Native American and Indigenous Studies scholars, historians, and settlercolonial theorists interested in the way material culture functions in settler colonial societies.

CRC-PREVENT: Clinical validation trial to show expedited and diverse recruitment for the non-invasive RNA-FIT test that can detect advanced colorectal neoplasia with high sensitivity.

23 Background: Prevailing methods for patient recruitment in large prospective studies can be time consuming, expensive, and introduce selection bias against patients with low health literacy or reduced access to healthcare. Previous clinical trials have reported low recruitment of women, minorities, and individuals who face socioeconomic barriers; a concern which has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we describe a novel recruitment strategy that helps to address healthcare disparities. This study will support a pre-market approval application to the FDA for a multi-factor RNA-FIT assay for detection of colorectal neoplasia in average-risk individuals between the ages of 45-75. Methods: A decentralized clinical trial (CRC-PREVENT) was launched through a digital campaign (https://www.colonscreeningstudy.com/; NCT04739722) after the RNA-FIT test system entered design-lock. Online advertisements were published on multiple social media sites and engagement with materials directed patients to an online screener. Participants who completed the screener were considered eligible for enrollment if they met CRC-PREVENT inclusion/ exclusion criteria and were willing to complete all components of the clinical trial, including providing a stool sample prior to an optical colonoscopy. Results: After 3 months of active enrollment, 51,588 individuals have engaged with digital advertisements and completed pre-screener surveys to determine eligibility. In total, 35,280 individuals were deemed eligible based on survey response, and 13,294 eligible individuals also expressed interest in the CRC-PREVENT clinical trial. Of these individuals, 48% were female and 34% were over the age of 60 years old. Regarding race, interested individuals directly represented the intended use population: 17% were Black or African American, 2.7% were Asian, and 1.3% were Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, American Indian, or Alaskan Native. With respect to ethnicity, 8.4% identified as Hispanic or Latinx. The decentralized approach also permitted access to individuals with socioeconomic healthcare inequities: 27% had income under $29,999 and 14% were on Medicaid. Individuals were derived from all 48 continental United States, and of those who reported their residential location, approximately 3% were from rural areas. Conclusions: Use of a decentralized recruitment strategy permitted highly successful enrollment in the face of challenges associated with COVID-19. With respect to race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geography, all metrics represented significantly more diverse populations than observed in traditional clinical studies. Decentralized enrollment mitigated selection bias, and will result in data more reflective of the intended use population. Clinical trial information: NCT04739722.

The Struggle for Peace: The Anglo-American Relations from the War of 1812 to the Monroe Doctrine (1812-1823)

The article aims to analyze Anglo-American relations’ reconstruction from the end of the War of 1812 to the Monroe Doctrine declared in 1823. Based on this goal, the paper focuses on presenting Anglo-American relations related to American natives, negotiations to find solutions to border disputes and other issues; the re-building of trade relations interrupted by the War of 1812. The study applies sources such as monographs and treaties based on historical and logical methods. The results indicate three main issues to build peaceful relations between Great Britain and the United States in this period. First, overcoming the consequences of the War of 1812; Secondly, resolving disputes existing in relations between the two countries in the previous period; and lastly, developing trade relations between the two countries. The paper contributes to the study of Anglo-American relations and issues of American history in the mentioned period.

Renal Cell Carcinoma Surgical Treatment Disparities in American Indian/Alaska Natives and Hispanic Americans in Arizona.

American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/AN) and Hispanic Americans (HA) have higher kidney cancer incidence and mortality rates compared to non-Hispanic Whites (NHW). Herein, we describe the disparity in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) surgical treatment for AI/AN and HA and the potential association with mortality in Arizona. A total of 5111 stage I RCC cases diagnosed between 2007 and 2016 from the Arizona Cancer Registry were included. Statistical analyses were performed to test the association of race/ethnicity with surgical treatment pattern and overall mortality, adjusting for patients’ demographic, healthcare access, and socioeconomic factors. AI/AN were diagnosed 6 years younger than NHW and were more likely to receive radical rather than partial nephrectomy (OR 1.49 95% CI: 1.07–2.07) compared to NHW. Mexican Americans had increased odds of not undergoing surgical treatment (OR 1.66, 95% CI: 1.08–2.53). Analysis showed that not undergoing surgical treatment and undergoing radical nephrectomy were statistically significantly associated with higher overall mortality (HR 1.82 95% CI: 1.21–2.76 and HR 1.59 95% CI: 1.30–1.95 respectively). Mexican Americans, particularly U.S.-born Mexican Americans, had an increased risk for overall mortality and RCC-specific mortality even after adjusting for neighborhood socioeconomic factors and surgical treatment patterns. Although statistically not significant after adjusting for neighborhood-level socioeconomic factors and surgical treatment patterns, AI/AN had an elevated risk of mortality.

Associations between Wildfire Risk and Socio-Economic-Demographic Characteristics Using GIS Technology

Wildfire is a natural hazard caused mostly by the interaction of human systems and natural phenomena. This research aims to investigate how extreme wildfire events and disasters that occurred in California in the recent three decades are related to socio-economic-demographic characteristics at the levels of census tracts and counties. In addition, this research will use the data of historic wildfires to show counties and census tracts vulnerable to the natural hazard as well as the cyclical changes such as seasonal and annual fluctuations in the wildfire occurrences in the state. To decide how those variables correlate, this research used a Geographic Information System (GIS) designed to collect, analyze, query, and display geographical information. Two types of secondary data were used to conduct the research. One is the geospatial data showing each location of wildfires. The other is the data about such sociodemographic characteristics as race, ethnicity, level of education, and income, which can be collected through the Bureau of Census. In particular, the research employing GIS-based spatial analysis created maps that represent information on the geographic locations of the wildfires at the different geographic levels as well as demographic and socioeconomic factors influenced by the potential risk of wildfires. There are several researching findings. First, this research showed the wildfire-prone communities have comparatively higher level of representation for the populations such as the White and Native Americans. Second, it reveals that Asian people would prefer to reside in communities with a lower level of wildfire risk. In contrast with previous research reporting the Black, Hispanic or Native American people are more vulnerable to wildfire, this research showed only the census tracts with the higher number of the Native Americans are more exposed to the wildfire risk, compared with other census tracts. Third, it revealed that people with a higher level of educational attainment would prefer to reside in communities with a lower level of chemical risk. Forth and lastly, this research indicates that the census tracts that have a higher median household income and median housing price have a negative relationship with the wildfire risk, meaning that people with a higher level of the income or a relatively higher-priced home prefer residing in communities less subject to the natural hazard. Therefore, it can be concluded that associations exist between wildfire risk and certain socio-economic and demographic characteristics.

Karen Kramer, Curator of Native American and Oceanic Art and Culture and Director of the Native American Fellowship Program, Peabody Essex Museum

Karen Kramer, Curator of Native American and Oceanic Art and Culture and Director of the Native American Fellowship Program, Peabody Essex Museum

Make a Picture of Yourself: Indigenous Portrayals in the Reservation Diaries of Abby Williams Hill

Make a Picture of Yourself:Indigenous Portrayals in the Reservation Diaries of Abby Williams Hill Tiffany Aldrich Macbain In the summer of 1902, an artist named Abby Williams Hill (1861–1943) camped with her children at Trout Lake, Washington, not far from their home in Tacoma. A few days into their stay, Hill found herself drawn to a large group of Yakama people who had established an encampment nearby. She approached the camp, according to her diary, with the twin desires to experience "Indians" not living "among the whites" and to sketch them in their "national costume[s]" (Journal, Aug. 1902, 304). In this account we find the romantic language and sympathies Hill typically reinscribes when writing in her diaries about Indigenous people. Her common recourse to received ideas about "the Indian" imposes cultural, emotional, and intellectual distance between her and her Native American subjects and signals the dominant cultural assumptions that shaped her artistic vision. Another diary entry from Trout Lake typifies these conventions of representation and, written early during what would be a decade of travels, provides a baseline understanding of the contradictory ways Hill imagined herself in relation to Native people:1 The next day we tramped back again to see / temporary camps + picturesque enough we found them—Unlike our Indians, satisfied with a 50 ct calico wrapper, these Indian women wear a national costume made of a strip of very gay calico with a hole in / middle, gores on / sides + a straight piece over / sleeves which are fastened to some undergarment. [Hill includes a sketch.] It sets off their sturdy forms well[.] They were all made by hand[.] They wore many bead ornaments, handsomely made usually a bead belt with purse attached[.] I priced one, it was 3 dollars (/purse)[.] I did not buy. I asked a handsome squaw sitting in her wigwam door if I might sketch her. I had passed chocolate freely + thot [sic] myself on pretty good terms but she persistently refused however a young brave consented[.] (Journal, Aug. 1902, 304)2 [End Page 22] Evident here are Hill's cultural biases and practices—her insistence on stereotyping Native American people and romanticizing and appropriating their lived experience. Her emphasis on clothing signals her preoccupation with white women's dress reform and her abiding opinion that traditional Native attire was preferable to the frippery and changing fashions of her own culture.3 Elsewhere in the diaries she acknowledges Western clothing as a function of forced assimilation, but here she holds the Puyallup people—"our Indians" in Tacoma—responsible for moving away from tradition. In relation to the Yakama encampment at Trout Lake, Hill positions herself as surveyor of a scene that satisfies her aesthetic preferences. Though aloof from her surroundings, she also wishes to claim elements of the culture before her, like images of the women she entices with chocolate or the "national costume" that might suit her own "sturdy form." Laying bare Hill's colonial impulses and enriching the diary's status as a historical record is the confounding performance of one Native American woman who—by way of Hill's own documentation—disrupts the stock narrative of cultural contact and draws attention to Hill's part in the exchange. As Hill completes a sketch of "a young brave," another figure, whom she refers to as the "/ chief woman of / camp," approaches and watches "with an ever deepening frown." Through an interpreter the woman commands Hill: "You make picture of yourself!" Hill's clumsy use of dialect does not diminish the significance of the interruption; the woman's disapproval adds friction to the smooth workings of the artist's colonial vision. Hill puts her off with the excuse, "I can not see myself," at which point the woman leaves, only to return moments later with a hand mirror. "Now," says the woman, "you make picture of yourself." In holding a mirror to Hill's face, the woman obstructs Hill's perspective and imposes a new image for her to behold: Hill as both artistic (and colonial) subject and object. The moment reads as one of forced self-recognition, for Hill must regard herself in the mirror as the imperial "I" and the...