American Museum Of Natural History Research Articles

A review of mono- and bispecific genera of Amphibians worldwide

Monospecific and bispecific genera are of particular interest in studies of taxonomic diversity and speciation evolution. Here, the distribution patterns of mono- and bispecific amphibians worldwide are investigated, with some discussion of on the conservation implications also presented. Based on an online database search (available from the American Museum of Natural History, New York), we found that the mean number of mono- and bispecific genera was similar among zoogeographic regions, with a total of 120 mono- (95 Anura, 17 Caudata, 8 Gymnophiona) and 65 bispecific (48 Anura, 10 Caudata, 7 Gymnophiona) genera. Out of 73 known amphibian families worldwide, only 35.6 % of them do not contain any mono- or bispecific genera. The frequency of mono- or bispecific genera by family was not significantly different among Anura, Caudata and Gymnophiona. There was a general tendency for the number of mono- and bispecific genera of amphibians to be positively correlated with the total number of genera in that family. In Anura, there was a preponderance of mono-specific genera in Afrotropical and Neotropical regions. Concerning bispecific genera, there was a clear preponderance in the Neotropical region for anurans. There was a positive correlation between the number of threatened genera (according to the IUCN Red List) in both the mono- and bispecific groups and the relative number of species in each taxon, thus showing that taxonomical speciosity clearly influences the frequency of occurrence of mono- and bispecific taxa in each family and order. In this regard, Anura dominated in both the number of worldwide described mono- and bispecific taxa as well as in that of the threatened ones according to IUCN Red List .

An overlooked first nest of the Malaita Monarch Symposiachrus malaitae

The Malaita Monarch Symposiachrus malaitae , formerly considered to be a subspecies of the Solomons Monarch S. barbatus , is native only to Malaita Island in the eastern Solomon Islands. The natural history of this globally near-threatened endemic remains virtually unknown; this includes basic aspects of the breeding biology, including the description of the nest and eggs. Here we provide a first description of the nest, based on a specimen in the American Museum of Natural History and compare the nest structure, characteristics and composition with the nest of the Solomons Monarch.

Behind the Exhibit: Displaying Science and Technology at World's Fairs and Museums in the Twentieth Century. Artefacts: Studies in the History of Science and Technology, vol. 12 ed. by Elena Canadelli

Reviewed by: Behind the Exhibit: Displaying Science and Technology at World's Fairs and Museums in the Twentieth Century. Artefacts: Studies in the History of Science and Technology, vol. 12 ed. by Elena Canadelli Morris Low (bio) Behind the Exhibit: Displaying Science and Technology at World's Fairs and Museums in the Twentieth Century. Artefacts: Studies in the History of Science and Technology, vol. 12. Edited by Elena Canadelli, Marco Beretta, and Laura Ronzon. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2019. Pp. 263. The papers in this handsomely illustrated book document how nations have looked to science and technology exhibits to celebrate their achievements since the late nineteenth century. While many historians have noted, in passing, how exhibits at world's fairs have often made their way into museums, this book is the first devoted to exploring the links between these settings. In addition, it documents how there has been a growing emphasis on multimedia experiences and hands-on exhibits over static displays of objects since the interwar period. While obvious to many historians of technology, the editors trace this shift's historical roots in Behind the Exhibit through a dozen case studies. The book starts by discussing the display of chemical heritage and the controversy between the French and Germans in the late 1860s over Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier's role in the history of chemistry. Next, we see how Germany, Russia, and America attempted to claim electrical telegraphy as their own, despite the technology being the result of cumulative progress (chapter 2). The strength of the volume is the section on the interwar period. The Catalan forge was seen by some engineers as a symbol of the "technological soul" of the Catalan nation dating back to the Middle Ages (chapter 3). Unfortunately for the Catalans, the Spanish government chose to "de-Catalanize" the 1929 Barcelona International Exhibition and no traces of Catalonia's metallurgical past appeared. Other European efforts to link science and technology to nations and regions were more successful. The book also discusses the First National Exhibition of the History of Science held in Florence that same year (chapter 4). It led to the establishment of a national Museum of the History of Science, now the Museo Galileo, in 1930. Italians also looked to world's fairs to project their national achievements on an international stage. At the 1933 Century of Progress World's Fair in Chicago, some of the replicas and scale models exhibited by the Italians would later enter the collections of the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago as well as the National Museum of Science and Technology in Milan. [End Page 1269] The Chicago fair emphasized modern science, spectacle, and the importance of experiences. It showcased the first modern planetarium in the United States, which took the form of an astronomical museum, housing a significant collection of historical scientific instruments (chapter 6). This dual approach is what we see in many museums today. The book then discusses the establishment of the Palais de la Découverte against the background of the 1937 Paris International Exposition of Arts and Technology in Modern Life (chapter 7). The vision for the Palais was a permanent museum dedicated to modern science, a forerunner of a modern science center. As the Hall of Science at the Chicago fair had influenced the Palais, we can point to a web of influences that this book helps identify. The book also examines the Italian Exhibition of Universal Science set to open in 1942 as part of the Universal Exposition of Rome, which then became part of a permanent science museum (chapter 8). Although the expo was ultimately cancelled, the grand plans nevertheless show the scale of Mussolini's ambitions and what a science museum in Rome would have looked like. The link between science and ideology was further emphasized during the Cold War. The final part of the book is devoted to the post-World War II period. The book covers the Smithsonian Institution's Museum of History and Technology (now the National Museum of American History) as an example of the reinvention of the science museum in the 1960s, in contrast with the Exploratorium in San Francisco (chapter 9...

Bloody Foundation? Ethical and Legal Implications of (Not) Removing the Equestrian Statue of Theodore Roosevelt at the American Museum of Natural History

On October 26, 2017, protestors calling themselves the Monument Removal Brigade (“MRB”) splashed red paint on the base of a statue of Theodore Roosevelt outside the American Museum of Natural History (“AMNH,” “Museum,” or “Natural History Museum”) in New York City as a form of public protest art. This 1939 sculpture by American artist James Earle Fraser (the “Equestrian Statue of Theodore Roosevelt” or “Equestrian Statue”) portrays the twenty-sixth president of the United States sitting upon a horse, flanked on either side by a standing African man and Native American man intended to represent their respective continents. On its anonymous blog, MRB called for the statue’s removal and claimed, “[t]he true damage lies with patriarchy, white supremacy, and settler-colonialism embodied by the statue.” The Mayoral Advisory Commission on City Art, Monuments, and Markers (the “Commission”) conducted a study of controversial monuments on public land in New York City and was unable to agree on an appropriate fate for the AMNH statue; for this reason, it has remained in place for the time being. In July of 2019, the AMNH opened a special exhibition entitled Addressing the Statue. This AMNH protest occurred within a larger national conversation about the place of public monuments, especially those commemorating leaders of the Confederacy. But the current debate often lacks scholarly rigor, with little consideration of the history, intention, or artistic merit of the monuments in question, or the federal, state, local, and administrative laws governing their removal or modification. This Article draws upon the disciplines of art history, museum studies, and the law to contextualize the AMNH Equestrian Statue and expand upon the Commission’s and AMNH’s analyses to develop a suggested framework for considering controversial monuments in the future.

Craft Beer's Unlikely Alchemist

In 1965, Frederick (Fritz) Maytag III began a decades-long revitalization of Anchor Brewing Company in San Francisco, California. This was an unexpected venture from an unlikely brewer; for generations, Maytag's family had run the Maytag Washing Machine Company in Iowa and he had no training in brewing. Yet Maytag's career at Anchor initiated a phenomenal wave of growth in the American brewing industry that came to be known as the microbrewing—now “craft beer”—revolution. To understand Maytag's path, this article draws on original oral histories and artifacts that Maytag donated to the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History via the American Brewing History Initiative, a project to document the history of brewing in the United States. The objects and reflections that Maytag shared with the museum revealed a surprising link between the birth of microbrewing and the strategies and culture of mass manufacturing. Even if the hallmarks of microbrewing—a small-scale, artisan approach to making beer—began as a backlash against the mass-produced system of large breweries, they relied on Maytag's early, intimate connections to the assembly-line world of the Maytag Company and the alchemy of intellectual curiosity, socioeconomic privilege, and risk tolerance with which his history equipped him.

NEW RECORDS FOR PORCELLANID CRABS (CRUSTACEA: DECAPODA: ANOMURA: PORCELLANIDAE) IN THE WEST INDIAN ISLANDS, WITH DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS AND ECOLOGICAL NOTES

New records and extensions of the distribution range of seven species of porcellanid crabs, representing four genera, are reported in the West Indian Islands: Megalobrachium mortenseni, M. poeyi, M. roseum, Pachycheles ackleianus, P. riisei, Petrolisthes rosariensis and Porcellana sayana. The analyzed species are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, and the American Museum of Natural History. It is provided new records from Bahamas, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Antigua and Barbuda, St. Vincent and The Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago. Diagnostic characters and ecological notes are given for each species.Keywords: Biodiversity, Caribbean islands, range extension, porcelain crabs, west Indies.

Visual and passive acoustic observations of blue whale trios from two distinct populations

Visual and passive acoustic observations of blue whale trios from two distinct populations

Metabolites from Bufo gargarizans (Cantor, 1842): A review of traditional uses, pharmacological activity, toxicity and quality control

Bufo gargarizans (Cantor, 1842) (BGC), a traditional medicinal animal distributed in many provinces of China, is well known for the pharmaceutical value of Chansu and Chanpi. As traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), Chansu and Chanpi, with their broad-spectrum of therapeutic applications, have long been applied to detoxification, anti-inflammation, analgesia, etc. OVERARCHING OBJECTIVE: We critically analyzed the current evidence for the traditional uses, chemical profiles, pharmacological activity, toxicity and quality control of BGC (Bufonidae family) to provide a scientific basis for future in-depth studies and perspectives for the discovery of potential drug candidates. All of the available information on active constituents and TCMs derived from BGC was obtained using the keywords "Bufo gargarizans", "Chansu", "Chanpi", "Huachansu", or "Cinobufacini" through different electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), the Wanfang Database, and Pharmacopoeia of China. In addition, Chinese medicine books from different times were used to elucidate the traditional uses of BGC. Electronic databases, including the "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species", "American Museum of Natural History" and "AmphibiaWeb Species Lists", were used to validate the scientific name of BGC. To date, about 118 bufadienolide monomers and 11 indole alkaloids have been identified from BGC in total. The extracts and isolated compounds exhibit a wide range of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological effects. The literature search demonstrated that the ethnomedicinal uses of BGC, such as detoxification, anti-inflammation and the ability to reduce swelling and pain associated with infections, are correlated with its modern pharmacological activities, including antitumor, immunomodulation and attenuation of cancer-derived pain. Bufadienolides and indole alkaloids have been regarded as the main active substances in BGC, among which bufadienolides have significant antitumor activity. Furthermore, the cardiotoxicity of bufadienolides was discussed, and the main molecular mechanism involves in the inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase. Besides, with the development of modern analytical techniques, the quality control methods of BGC-derived TCMs are being improved constantly. An increasing number of reports suggest that BGC can be regarded as an excellent source for exploring the potential antitumor constituents. However, the future antitumor research of BGC needs to follow the standard pharmacology guidelines, so as to provide comprehensive pharmacological information and aid the reproducibility of the data. Besides, to ensure the efficacy and safety of BGC-derived TCMs, it is vital to construct a comprehensive quality evaluation model on the basis of clarifying pharmacodynamic-related and toxicity-related compositions.

New Fossil Birds from the Earliest Eocene of Mongolia

Understanding of the Asian early Paleogene avifauna is limited relative to that of North American and European avifauna of the same period. While major patterns of mammalian faunal exchange among these three regions across the Paleocene/Eocene boundary have been described, much less is known about the dynamics of bird diversity over the same time interval. Here, we report bird fossils from the earliest Eocene Bumban Member of the Naranbulag Formation in central Mongolia that add to the known record from Asia from just after this boundary. Most of this material, collected by the joint American Museum of Natural History/ Mongolia Academy of Sciences expeditions, is referable to a previously described taxon in Presbyornithidae (Anseriformes). However, five isolated elements are identified as comprising at least four species from at least three other major avian clades. While further inclusive phylogenetic analyses of each of these clades are necessary, the new remains represent possible earliest occurrences in Asia of these clades. The material includes a humerus and a furcula from shorebirds (Pan-Charadriiformes), a quadrate from a stem member of the flamingo-grebe lineage (Pan-Mirandornithes), and a coracoid from a stem galliform (Pangalliformes). We also report a humerus with uncertain phylogenetic affinities but with similarities to core Gruiformes. These new fossils expand our knowledge of the Asian avifauna during this time and have the potential to further inform our understanding of the early biogeography of these clades. The shorebird and flamingo-grebe material indicate that both these lineages were present in Asia by the earliest Eocene. The pan-mirandornithine quadrate provides insight into the early feeding ecology of the flamingo-grebe clade.

Guatemala's Late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) fauna: Revision and interpretation

We present a revision, dating and interpretation of the Late Pleistocene megafauna of Guatemala based on paleontological material located in collections in the country and other fossils housed in the American Museum of Natural History, New York. Assemblages are dominated by proboscideans (Cuvieronius) and xenarthrans (Eremotherium, Glyptotherium), while co-occurring Equus and Mixotoxodon are significantly less frequent, and Holmesina, Palaeolama, Tapirus, Neocherus, Mammuthus and other ground sloth taxa (Paramylodon; Megalonyx) are rare. Contrary to published records the faunal assemblage is dominated by North American faunal elements. The underrepresentation of typical South American fauna therefore suggests a more southernly located biogeographic juncture between the two subcontinents, at least for the Late Pleistocene. The biogeographical barrier was either formed by the high mountain chains, or alternating periods of low and high precipitation that triggered the intermittent expansion of either grass- or woodland, thus leading to an alternating filter for either grazers or browsers. The presence of an oak-dominated forest vegetation with Mixotoxodon, Eremotherium and Cuvieronius supports high precipitation rates during MIS 3 and 2, followed by drought during the Late Pleistocene deglaciation. The expansion of grassland during the Younger Dryas period favored the migration of Mammuthus along the Mesoamerican Corridor, which is otherwise absent in Guatemala. Our data also suggest a survival of Cuvieronius into the early Holocene in the southeastern lowlands of Guatemala along the Motagua river. Our review is important as Guatemala is key to understanding migrations along the Mesoamerican Corridor that acted as a bridge but also as a filter of faunal interchange between North- and South America.

Cutting Edge and Cutting Corners: Evolving Technology, Expanding Usership, and Responsive Solutions in a Museum Database

ABSTRACTIn the mid-1980s, the Anthropology Division of the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) began the creation of digital resources as a means of collections access. Much of the database work was a secondary component of projects funded by outside grants and driven by new accountability mandates. The ongoing upgrading process was sporadic in its progress, but it still accomplished the primary goals of improved housing for collections and an exhaustive database. This paper discusses how the historical complications of the data, the scale of the database, its irregular schedule of funding, and deadline-driven projects resulted in inconsistency in data and difficulty in use. Although the examples provided will be specific to the AMNH Anthropology database, the circumstances and issues are common to many databases and the approaches presented broadly applicable. The discussion includes the practices used to mitigate the negative impact of these problems and the way the Division is positioning itself for the future, even as the database continues to provide unprecedented public and institutional access to and utility for the AMNH Anthropology collections.

Anthropology, Art, and Folklore

In the great age of museum institutionalization between 1875 and 1925, museums competed to form collections in newly defined object categories. Yet museums were uncertain about what to collect, as the boundaries between art and anthropology and between art and craft were fluid and contested. As a case study, this article traces the tortured fate of a large collection of folk pottery assembled by New York art patron Emily de Forest (1851–1942). After assembling her private collection, Mrs. de Forest encountered difficulties in donating it to the American Museum of Natural History and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. After becoming part of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, it finally found a home at the Pennsylvania State Museum of Anthropology. Emily de Forest represents an initial movement in the estheticization of ethnic and folk crafts, an appropriation that has since led to the establishment of specifically defined museums of folk art and craft.

Manly Civilization in China: Harry R. Caldwell, the ‘Blue Tiger’, and the American Museum of Natural History

AbstractThis article examines the transplantation of America's ‘manly’ civilization to 1920s Fujian, China, through the experiences of Harry R. Caldwell (1876–1970), a Methodist missionary whose hunting was central to his social evangelism. With his rifle, Caldwell protected Chinese villagers from man-eating tigers, taught them how to hunt tigers effectively, and enabled them to reconceptualize their relationships with tigers and nature. By engaging the American Museum of Natural History in his specimen collection and hunt for the mythical ‘Blue Tiger’, Caldwell introduced an economy of natural expeditions to the villagers who were hired to support the hunt. This article argues that Caldwell's experiences as both a missionary and a hunter in Fujian was an extension, or negotiation, of his rugged masculinity, which was fostered in his Tennessee home town. He identified as both a Christian and a hunter, and he did not see these parts of himself as distinct. A comparison between Caldwell and his contemporary, the British naturalist Arthur de Carle Sowerby (1885–1954), accentuates America's rugged masculinity by suggesting different national approaches to hunting and the growing professionalization of the naturalist.

The Human Microbiome World

We designed an activity-based science curriculum that used Minecraft to support microbiology learning for students enrolled in the Lang Science Program at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) in New York City. Minecraft offered an option to consolidate complex science content into digestible activities for modeling concepts and demonstrate student mastery. We will (1) present a background of the course, design processes, and how we used Minecraft in the curriculum, (2) describe the design of the educational Minecraft activities, (3) articulate design issues, adjustments, and constraints, and (4) discuss future changes.

Intricate, Shareable, and Inexpensive: 3D Anatomy and the Integration of Disparate Visualization Techniques with diceCT Imaging

Diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) is a relatively new soft-tissue X-ray imaging tool that is changing the way anatomists document, interpret, and distribute the most compelling anatomy of their study systems. As a contrast agent, iodine differentially binds to the lipids and carbohydrates that are naturally present within metazoan tissues, rendering them visible to X-ray imaging. As a result, diceCT provides the familiar tissue-level differentiation of magnetic resonance imaging—exposing an array of epithelia, fatty structures, glandular tissues, muscle fascicles, and neural features—but at the spectacular resolution and lower costs of nano- and micro-scale CT. Over the last decade, a small, but rapidly growing, community of anatomists has showcased the broad potential for applying diceCT to developmental, functional, and evolutionary questions as well as highlighting its use for building pedagogical tools. Recent advances, including aligning other anatomical visualization modalities such as standard histology, immunohistochemistry, and positron emission tomography into 3D diceCT models, provides opportunities to synthesize principles of gross-, tissue-, and cellular-level organization and physiology in powerful new ways. Thusly combined, diceCT is now realizing its potential to become a “hub” around which additional analytical techniques can be integrated, providing for new insights emerging from multiple levels of organization. This presentation discusses the rise and growing popularity of diceCT and related contrast-enhanced imaging techniques, how a culture of collaboration catapulted its success, and what potential new horizons lay in store with the network effects of its further adoption. Support or Funding Information Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, the American Museum of Natural History, and the National Science Foundation (NSF EAGER 1450850, NSF DEB 1457180, NSF MRI 1725925, and NSF DEB 1754659 to PMG and colleagues) 3D diceCT snake head at 20 microns resolution, sectioned in frontal view and illustrating soft-tissue details in 2D (top left), with isolated brain adjacent in 3D (gray matter semi-transparent, white matter opaque) (top right). The intricate details and broad utility of diceCT are exemplified here with a diversity of 3D vertebrate brain models from lower left to lower right: fish, amphibian, squamate reptile, bird, and mammal (not to scale). Staining and imaging by N.J. Kley and P. M. Gignac. This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Commentary: Making my way in physics

Commentary: Making my way in physics

Evolution of the proboscis in the moose, Alces alces: Evidence from Morphology and Ecology

Among living cervids, the moose or elk (Alces alces) is among the most distinctive for its enlarged proboscis. Despite over a century of scientific inquiry into the ecology and evolution of this species, the origin and function of its proboscis remain unclear. An ability conferred by the proboscis is closure of its nares, which the North American moose performs while diving for sodium‐rich aquatic vegetation. This is found in combination with elongated metapodials and long, splayed phalanges for walking on soft, marshy ground and cylindrical shape of the femoral head for greater mobility of the hip joint when walking over uneven surfaces as in closed swampland habitats. We investigated the anatomical basis and evolutionary history of the proboscis among moose by examining the soft‐ and hard‐tissue morphology of extant (i.e., dissected head and dry skulls) and extinct material (fossil Cervalces crania). The moose head was provided as a result of a vehicular accident while dry and fossil crania were studied from osteological collections from the Division of Vertebrate Paleontology and Mammalogy of the American Museum of Natural History. Results suggest that, rather than being a direct adaptation to aquatic foraging, the proboscis likely arose in a multi‐step process initiated when ancestral moose populations lost their rhinarium as an adaptation to selective browsing, freeing the external nose from the now mobile upper lip. Further selective pressures influencing ancestral moose populations in closed, marshy environments with poor visibility may have favored enhanced olfactory acuity provided by the proboscis, which appears to separate inspiratory airflow into superior olfactory and inferior respiratory columns via an elongated cartilaginous ridge emerging from the lateral wall of the anterior nasal cavity and meeting the inferior concha. Enhanced olfaction would be adaptive for predator avoidance among calving females and perceiving sociosexual signals during rutting season. Further analysis of the nasal cavity morphology and airflow dynamics of the moose is warranted.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

John Clarkson Jay (1808–1891): His Life and Malacological Contributions

This paper provides a biography, bibliography and taxonomic catalog for John Clarkson Jay (1808–1891), emphasizing his malacological research based upon his sizable collection and his contributions to the growth and expansion of the New York Lyceum of Natural History, the predecessor to the American Museum of Natural History. Jay described one new genus and 49 new species of molluscs; type specimens are known for 34 of them. He also published but did not describe 76 manuscript names mostly from material collected by Nuttall, of which 28 were made available by later authors (mostly by either Reeve or Carpenter). His collection and sizable library of rare books formed the nucleus of the malacological collection and the rare book library of the American Museum of Natural History. This paper summarizes his life, the growth of his collection, his publications, his new taxa, and his broader role in 19th-century New York professional life.

Profile of Paul E. Olsen

Geologist Paul E. Olsen follows a simple guiding principle: obtain information from the geological record that is not available from other sources. Doing so has enabled Olsen, a professor of earth and environmental sciences at the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University (LDEO), to illuminate the history of the Solar System and evolution of continental ecosystems. Olsen, who was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2008, recovered a climate cyclicity record spanning 30 million years and discovered the largest North American vertebrate fossil assemblage at the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. His latest project is The Geological Orrery, a network of early Mesozoic geological records of orbitally paced climate that could lead to fundamental insights into physical processes of the Solar System. Paul E. Olsen. Image courtesy of Kevin Krajick (Columbia University, New York). Olsen was born in New York City in 1953, but after a series of moves he and his family settled in Livingston, New Jersey. Olsen says, “I was one of those awkward kids who knew all the names of the dinosaurs described in children’s and young readers’ books of the 1950s and was happy to tell anyone all about them.” When he learned that another Livingston resident, Silvio Crespo, Jr., found dinosaur footprints in the summer of 1968 at nearby Riker Hill on what was then the Roseland Quarry, he and friend Anthony Lessa hiked 1.5 miles to the site. There, they met amateur paleontologist Robert Salkin, who introduced them to vertebrate paleontologist Donald Baird, then at Princeton University, and Bobb Schaeffer, a curator and Triassic fish expert at the American Museum of Natural History. Baird facilitated a meeting with Princeton sedimentologist Franklyn Van Houten, who had interpreted the alternating gray and red layers of older strata in the Newark Basin as being paced by variations in …

Island Girl in a Rock-and-Roll World

The following text collects edited excerpts from a 30 July 2018 interview with musician June Millington (b. 1948, Manila, the Philippines) conducted by Theo Gonzalves, curator in the Division of Culture and the Arts at the National Museum of American History, and Gayle Wald, Professor of English and