addresses one moment when local and national broadcasting gains were made on the Left. Fones-Wolf, Promoting a Perspective in the American Mass-Media: Unions and Radio in the CIO Era, 1936-56, Media, Culture, and Society 22 (2000): 285-307. 6. Throughout the 1950s, when one-third of the electorate was composed of union members, the AFL-CIO News ran articles about the Fairness Doctrine in order to call attention to the union-busting media campaigns of the National Association of Manufacturers. These articles appeared particularly frequently around the time of the McLellan hearings. See, for example, Labor Protests Brushoff of Complaint against Biased Television, AFL-CIO News, November 7, 1959, 2, and FCC Lashes 2 TV Stations for Anti-Labor Broadcasts, AFL-CIO News, January 9, 1960, 11. 7. The Fairness Doctrine, which required stations to air controversial material and to give free airtime to opposing viewpoints, was a casualty of the Ronald Reagan administration. On the effects and implications of its demise, see Patricia Aufderheide, After the Fairness Doctrine: Controversial Broadcast Programming and the Public Interest, Journal of Communication 40 (summer 1990): 47-72. 8. John Hartley coined the term paedocracy to describe the regulatory regime in which broadcasting policy is based on the assumption that all audiences potentially contain children and thus all viewers must be seen as childlike. Hartley, Invisible Fictions: Television Audiences, Paedocracy, Pleasure, Textual Practice 1, no. 2 (1987): 121-38. 9. Sacvan Bercovitch, The American Jeremiad (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978). 10. I am admittedly reading this motivation in McNamara's decision to appear in Morris's documentary. For Richard Goodwin's use of the present, see his op-ed piece Making the Facts Fit the Case for War, New York Times, February 8, 2004, sec. 4. 11. Although he does not address the intertwined roles of sexism, sexual moralism, racism, and class hatred in the events of the 1970s, this is basically Noam Chomsky's approach in Toward a New Cold War: Essays on the Current Crisis and How We Cot There (New York: New Press, 2003). 12. Lisa Duggan, The Twilight of Equality: Neoliberalism, Cultural Politics, and the Attack on Democracy (Boston: Beacon Press, 2003). 13. Eric Lott, Boomer Liberalism: When the New Left Was Old, Transition 78 (spring 1999): 24-44, and After Identity, Politics: The Return of Universalism, New Literary History 31, no. 4 (2000): 665-80.