American Exports Research Articles

Poder de mercado das exportações de farelo de soja: uma análise via demanda residual

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o poder de mercado das exportações de farelo de soja argentinas, brasileiras e americanas para a União Europeia, de janeiro de 1999 a dezembro de 2007, que é o principal mercado consumidor dessa commodity. Para isso, foi utilizada a metodologia de demanda residual. Os resultados encontrados, usando-se os métodos sistemas de equações aparentemente não relacionadas (SUR), mínimo quadrado de dois estágios (2SLS) e mínimo quadrado de três estágios (3SLS), indicaram que, embora esse segmento seja oligopolizado pelas exportações argentinas, brasileiras e americanas, a Argentina e o Brasil possuem pequeno poder de mercado.

THE IMPACT ON THE BANANA MARKET OF THE ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS AND OF THE POSSIBLE CONCLUSION OF BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL WTO TRADE NEGOTIATIONS

ISHS IV International Symposium on Banana: International Conference on Banana and Plantain in Africa: Harnessing International Partnerships to Increase Research Impact THE IMPACT ON THE BANANA MARKET OF THE ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS AND OF THE POSSIBLE CONCLUSION OF BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL WTO TRADE NEGOTIATIONS

Mediation's Values: An Examination of the Values Behind Five Mediation Texts

This dissertation is a theoretical study of the values behind mediation, inspired by the author’s exposure to ethical dilemmas in practice and to different theoretical models in the literature. The methodology involves a form of discourse analysis in which five influential mediation texts were examined for values statements. Themes were identified and analysed in five chapters. Chapter One deals with the ‘mainstream’ of mediation, portrayed in the texts as an activity that brings expertise to conflict, yet limits its own authority. It also stresses autonomy and principles over connection and feelings. Chapter Two finds the philosophical foundation of this mediation model to be the Enlightenment values of liberal democracy, manifested in its espousal of neutrality, rationality and self-determination. Chapter Three examines one alternative to the mainstream, ‘Transformative Mediation.’ This model prioritises interaction over resolution and derives from an essentialist worldview which views human nature as operating on the twin poles of personal autonomy and relationship with others. It is contrasted in Chapter Four with a second alternative, ‘Narrative Mediation.’ This model sees stories as key to how we view the world, and deconstructs conflict using social constructionist and postmodern thinking. The study concludes by comparing the three models and reflecting on two possible frames for understanding such values diversity. One is to view mediation as a North American export, bringing that society’s values into the UK and Scottish social order. Another is to parallel mediation with religious faith, which purports to be a source rather than product of values. This is a useful explanatory framework in understanding the mediation profession’s strong sense of mission, its powerful identity and tendency to schism. The dissertation concludes that mediation is best understood as a laboratory of practical philosophy, in which mediators and clients are continually working out their values ‘in fear and trembling’.This dissertation was submitted in partial completion of the MSc in Conflict Resolution and Mediation Studies at Birkbeck College, University of London in association with the Institute of Family Therapy

The role of importers and exporters in the determination of the U.S. tariff preferences granted to Latin America

This paper investigates the role played by domestic importers and foreign exporters in improving preferential access to the domestic market. To this end, the framework used in this paper extends the protection for sale analysis to explicitly model the role of domestic importers and foreign exporters in the determination of preferential trade treatment. The predictions of the model are tested using data on preferential trade between the United States and Latin American countries. The results suggest that Latin American exporters and US importers' lobbying efforts have a significant and important role in determining the extent of preferential access granted by the United States. More interestingly, these findings also show that U.S. importers capture a very substantial share of the rents generated by tariff preferences. These results therefore shed a pessimistic view on preferential trade schemes as a reliable source of gains for developing countries.

Short-run effects of devaluation: a disaggregated analysis of Latin American exports

Conventional models examining the relationship between devaluation and exports are based on exchange rate pass through. These suggest that after devaluation exports become cheaper, relative to other exports, and the growing export market is posited to stimulate the economy. If devaluation has a differential effect across commodities, countries can expect different results depending on their portfolios. Therefore, any accurate analysis of the effects of devaluation must take into account the components of a country's export portfolio. The pooled time series estimation for Latin American countries reveals a negative short-run relationship between real devaluation and export growth for most exports at a disaggregated level. The results of this study are far reaching as they suggest that more targeted policies are better suited to stimulate exports.

Spillovers to Central America in Light of the Crisis: What a Difference a Year Makes

This paper investigates Central America's external linkages over the last fifteen years of increased integration in light of the 2008-09 global recession. Using structural VAR models, it is found that a one percent shock to U.S. growth shifts economic activity in Central America by 0.7 to 1 percent, on average. Spillovers from global shocks and the rest of the region also affect activity in some countries. Spillovers are mostly transmitted through advanced country financial conditions and fluctuations in external demand for Central American exports. Shocks to advanced economies associated with the 2008-09 financial crisis lowered economic activity in the region by 4 to 5 percent, on average, accounting for a majority of the observed slowdown. The impact was almost twice as large as elasticities estimated on pre-crisis data would have predicted. These results underscore the importance of operating credible policy frameworks that enable a countercyclical policy response to external shocks.

Spillovers to Central America in Light of the Crisis: What a Difference a Year Makes

This paper investigates Central America's external linkages over the last fifteen years of increased integration in light of the 2008-09 global recession. Using structural VAR models, it is found that a one percent shock to U.S. growth shifts economic activity in Central America by 0.7 to 1 percent, on average. Spillovers from global shocks and the rest of the region also affect activity in some countries. Spillovers are mostly transmitted through advanced country financial conditions and fluctuations in external demand for Central American exports. Shocks to advanced economies associated with the 2008-09 financial crisis lowered economic activity in the region by 4 to 5 percent, on average, accounting for a majority of the observed slowdown. The impact was almost twice as large as elasticities estimated on pre-crisis data would have predicted. These results underscore the importance of operating credible policy frameworks that enable a countercyclical policy response to external shocks.

The role of Latin America in the world sugar trade

This paper reviews the major changes and trends in the raw and white sugar trade flows involving Latin American exporters and their partners. The paper assesses the recent absolute and relative growth in the volume of sugar exports from Brazil (the region’s and the world’s dominant exporter) and other major regional exporters such as Guatemala, Cuba, Colombia, Mexico and Argentina. Latin America has emerged as the world’s largest net sugar exporting region. Significant volumes of raw sugar of Latin American origin are now used by a large number of new destination refineries which have been set up in the Middle East and Asia. Indeed, the share of Latin America in global raw sugar exports has increased from 62.8% on average between 2002 and 2004 to 67.3% on average between 2006 and 2008. This paper also evaluates the impact of preferential trade agreements, including the CAFTA and the EPA, for Central American and Caribbean sugar exporters, as well as the implications of NAFTA for Mexico’s sugar. Finally, the paper discusses the potential gains and benefits that diversification into ethanol and cogeneration have provided to the major Latin American sugarcane industries.

From corporatism to lawyocracy? On liberalization and juridification

AbstractIn 1997 Robert Kagan questioned whether European countries had to fear the coming of American style adversarial legalism. He answered this question with a qualified “no.” Today we are no longer so sure the answer is “no,” even in a country that Kagan considered the antipole of US adversarial legalism, the Netherlands, traditionally characterized by informal and consensual conflict resolution. In the present article we chart a trend of increasing juridification and legalism, that is, more formal and legal conflict resolution, in the Netherlands between 1970 and 2008. The trend is related to major changes in economic governance institutions, which generated a shift from corporatism toward lawyocracy; from power of the associations of civil society toward power of courts, lawyers, and judges. Yet the newly dominant system of governance is modified and merged with elements of the old system, producing a specific Dutch version, which one could call “corporatist lawyocracy.” We identify two types of liberalization as major driving forces: social liberalization in the 1970s and 1980s, followed by economic liberalization in the subsequent decades. If one considers economic liberalization a product of neoliberal “Reaganomics,” the legal changes are in a way an “American export product,” although a different one than the lawyering styles of large international American law firms mentioned by Kelemen and Sibbitt in 2004.

Relationship-Oriented Cultures, Corruption, and International Marketing Success.

This study explores the general problems associated with marketing across international markets and focuses specifically on the role of corruption in deterring international marketing success. The authors do this by introducing a broader conceptualization of corruption. The dimensions of corruption and their importance in explaining the exporters’ successes in international markets are developed empirically. Partial Least Squares formative indicators are used in a comprehensive model including consumer resources (wealth and information resources), physical distance (kilometers and time zones), and cultural distance (linguistic and values differences) as alternative explanatory variables. Finally, differences in the model’s performance across data from three exporting countries (France, Japan, and the US) are delineated and discussed. For example, the successes of French and Japanese exporters in international markets are in part determined by the levels of corruption in target countries. Alternatively, corruption in target countries does not appear to affect the successes of American exporters in global markets. The conceptualization of corruption in this study extends the more narrow view of corruption solely as bribery.

Andean cocaine: the making of a global drug

This is a new view of cocaine's expansive history.Illuminating a hidden and fascinating chapter in the history of globalization, Paul Gootenberg chronicles the rise of one of the most spectacular and now illegal Latin American exports: cocaine.Gootenberg traces cocaine's history from its origins as a medical commodity in the nineteenth century to its repression during the early twentieth century and its dramatic reemergence as an illicit good after World War II. Connecting the story of the drug's transformations is a host of people, products, and processes: Sigmund Freud, Coca-Cola, and Pablo Escobar all make appearances, exemplifying the global influences that have shaped the history of cocaine. But Gootenberg decenters the familiar story to uncover the roles played by hitherto obscure but vital Andean actors as well - for example, the Peruvian pharmacist who developed the techniques for refining cocaine on an industrial scale and the creators of the original drug-smuggling networks that decades later would be taken over by Colombian traffickers.Andean Cocaine proves indispensable to understanding one of the most vexing social dilemmas of the late twentieth-century Americas: the American cocaine epidemic of the 1980s and, in its wake, the seemingly endless U. S. drug war in the Andes.

Synoptic influences on springtime tropospheric O<sub>3</sub> and CO over the North American export region observed by TES

Abstract. The relationship between synoptic circulation patterns over the western North Atlantic Ocean in spring (March, April, and May) and tropospheric O3 and CO was investigated using retrievals from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) for 2005 and 2006. Seasonal composites of TES retrievals reprocessed to remove the artificial geographic structure added from the a priori revealed a channel of slightly elevated O3 (>55 ppbv) and CO (>115 ppbv) at the 681 hPa retrieval level between 30° N and 45° N extending from North America out over the Atlantic Ocean. Ozone and CO in this region were correlated at r=0.22 with a slope value of 0.13 mol mol−1 indicative of the overall impact of photochemical chemical processes in North American continental export. Composites of TES retrievals for the six predominant circulation patterns identified as map types from sea level pressure fields of the NCEP FNL analyses showed large variability in the distribution of tropospheric O3. Map types MAM2 and MAM3 featuring cyclones near the US east coast produced the greatest export to the lower free troposphere with O3>65 ppbv and a relatively well-defined O3-CO correlation (slope values near 0.20 mol mol−1). The ensembles of HYSPLIT backward trajectories indicated that the high O3 levels were possibly a result of pollutants lofted to the free troposphere by the warm conveyor belt (WCB) of a cyclone. An important finding was that pollutant export occurred in the main WCB branch to the east of the cyclone and in a secondary branch circling to the back of the cyclone center. Conversely, a map type featuring a large anticyclone dominating the flow over the US east coast (MAM6) restricted export with O3 levels generally <55 ppbv and CO levels generally <110 ppbv. There was also evidence of stratospheric intrusions particularly to the north of 45° N in the 316 hPa composites predominately for MAM1 which featured a large cyclone near Newfoundland. However, the concurrence of these intrusions with pollutant export, specifically in the southwestern North Atlantic Ocean, made it difficult to delineate their respective contributions to the 681 hPa O3 composites.

International Competitiveness of South American Exports of Soybean Products

International Competitiveness of South American Exports of Soybean Products

Globalization and Cultural Imperialism

When Tokyo Disneyland opened in 1983, the Japanese people welcomed this American cultural export with open arms and open wallets. The decade that followed saw continually rising profits and the highest spending-per-guest of any Disney theme park. In 1992, the Walt Disney Company attempted to emulate this success by opening Euro Disney, only to face financial disappointment and cultural backlash. While some basis for these divergent experiences might be found in the inherent differences between Japanese and European (specifically French) culture, this is by no means a full explanation. Instead, this article places more of the onus on organizations to approach globalization in a more responsive, rather than control-oriented, manner.

From unilateral liberalization to regional free trade agreements: a Latin America perspective

This paper provides an overview of changes in Latin American trade regime. The inward-looking import substitution industrialization (ISI) approach to development was replaced in the 1990s by an outward-looking strategy. The protectionist policies of the ISI strategy generated an anti-export bias, but unilateral trade liberalization (UTL) reduced this bias considerably. An issue discussed is why the pro-ISI consensus of the 1960s was replaced by the pro-export consensus of the 1990s? There has been a surprising proliferation of (bilateral) free trade agreements (FTAs) during the 1990s. In the paper it is argued that UTL and FTAs are complementary strategies. Latin America has comparative advantages in natural resources. A new debate over the development strategy has emerged. Information and communication technologies (ICT) are seen as crucial to a country’s growth in the twenty-first century. So, how can Latin American countries incorporate such technologies into their economies. Is it possible to make the leap from producing natural resources to producing ICT? In today’s globalized world, it is essential for Latin American countries to increase its exports. This paper reviews actions on different fronts; some that should be carried at the domestic level, and also, measures at the external level which require that the developed countries provide better market access to Latin American exports.

FOCUS

Oil and Energy TrendsVolume 33, Issue 8 p. 3-6 FOCUS US faces supply threat as Latin American exports look set to fall First published: 20 September 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7992.2008.330803.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume33, Issue8August 2008Pages 3-6 RelatedInformation

Gated Communities

AbstractThis article examines the notion of gated communities and, more generally, privately governed urban neighbourhoods. We do this by reviewing the idea that they are an innovative built‐environment genre that has spread globally from a diverse set of roots and influences. These include the mass growth of private urban government in the USA over the past 30 years; rising income inequalities and fear in big cities; the French condominium law of 1804; and many other locally and culturally specific features of urban history. We contrast the popular notion that gated communities are simply an American export with the idea that they have emerged in various forms for different reasons in different places. We contrast supply‐side and demand‐side explanations, focusing on the idea that much of their appeal comes from the club‐economy dynamics that underpin them. We examine the social and systemic costs – territorial outcomes – of cities made up of residential clubs, considering, in particular, the issue of segregation. We conclude with a reflection on the importance of local variations in the conditions that foster or inhibit the growth of a gated community market in particular countries.

TRADE AGENDA IMPERILED

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY LEADERS and other business officials are lamenting the demise of the U.S.-Colombia free-trade agreement. They say the decision by House Democrats to indefinitely delay consideration of the pact could undermine future efforts by the U.S. to open new markets for American companies that rely on exports for growth. The setback puts in doubt the Bush Administration’s ambitious trade agenda for its final months in office. That agenda includes reaching a successful conclusion to the long-running round of international talks aimed at lowering trade barriers around the world and getting Congress to finalize bilateral free-trade agreements with South Korea and Panama. U.S. corporations have pushed hard for approval of the Colombia deal, which they say would level the playing field for American exports in a fast-growing market. Although most Colombian products already enter the U.S. duty-free under an existing trade preference program, the new pact would eliminate tariffs on more than 80% of U.S. ...

Latest American Export: Pay for Performance

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Professional NewsFull AccessLatest American Export: Pay for PerformanceJoan Arehart-TreichelJoan Arehart-TreichelSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:1 Feb 2008https://doi.org/10.1176/pn.43.3.0014Although many physicians are less than enchanted with pay for performance—the concept of paying hospitals and physicians for adhering to practice guidelines and meeting standards of quality improvement—the concept has received the endorsement of many members of Congress.As a result, the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has received money to launch various pay-for-performance (P4P) demonstration projects.For example, CMS and Premier Inc. of San Diego joined forces in 2003 to launch a P4P demonstration project in some 250 American hospitals. The goal was to determine whether economic incentives could improve the quality of patient care in them. In 2006 CMS launched a three-year P4P program to encourage physicians who treat chronically ill patients to adhere to specific quality-control guidelines (Psychiatric News, November 17, 2006). The Tax Relief and Healthcare Act of 2006 authorizes CMS's Physician Quality Reporting Initiative, which is getting under way this year (Psychiatric News, December 21, 2007).P4P is getting a foothold in England as well. In 2004 England's National Health Service implemented a P4P contract with family practitioners (Psychiatric News, December 15, 2006). And now the North West Strategic Health Authority, which is part of England's National Health Service, has commissioned Premier Inc. of San Diego to implement a P4P demonstration project in hospitals and other health-care sites in northwest England.According to Mike Farrar, chief executive of the North West Strategic Health Authority, “We have carried out an extensive search to identify the most effective health services offered around the globe, and we have teamed up with a world leader that has already delivered dramatic results in the United States.”The P4P demonstration project in northwest England, called “Advancing Quality,” will first focus on improving the quality of care in the five areas targeted by the American project—heart attacks, heart bypass, heart failure, hip and knee replacements, and pneumonia. If those efforts prove successful, the project might then be expanded to other areas of hospital care.Premier will work with hospitals and the ambulance service in northwest England to set up data collection and processing systems. The structure of the financial-incentive scheme is currently being developed. There are no plans to penalize hospitals that do not meet quality-care standards.The northwest region of England includes some 7 million people, both in cities and in rural areas, and with a wide range of incomes. Some of the major health challenges in the region are cancer, excessive alcohol use, obesity, and teenage pregnancies.More information about the “Advancing Quality” demonstration project is posted at<www.northwest.nhs.uk/about_us/> and<www.premierinc.com>.▪ ISSUES NewArchived

The Costs and Benefits of Migration to Sending States: the More You Look, the Worse It Gets

The Costs and Benefits of Migration to Sending States: the More You Look, the Worse It Gets