American Entrepreneurs Research Articles

Comment on “Reviving American entrepreneurship? Tax reform and business dynamism” by Petr Sedláček and Vincent Sterk

Comment on “Reviving American entrepreneurship? Tax reform and business dynamism” by Petr Sedláček and Vincent Sterk

Reviving american entrepreneurship? tax reform and business dynamism

The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act slashed tax rates on business income and introduced immediate expensing of investments. Using a quantitative heterogeneous-firms model, we investigate the long-run effects of such tax reforms on firm dynamics. We find that they can substantially increase business dynamism, potentially offsetting the large decline in the U.S. startup rate observed over recent decades. This result is driven by indirect equilibrium forces: the tax reform stimulates firm entry, leading to an increase in labor demand and wages. Related to this is a large boost of the number of firms and of aggregate output, investment and employment.

Challenges for Soviet-American collaboration in the Cold War: the capitalisation of pianist Sviatoslav Richter for American musical markets

ABSTRACTThis article introduces a rarely covered topic in Cold War research – the superpower collaboration and competition to sell and distribute Soviet classical music recordings in America. While analysing the case of pianist Sviatoslav Richter’s ‘bootlegged’ recitals at Carnegie Hall in October 1960, this article discusses the challenges for Soviet-American collaboration in capitalising Richter’s intellectual property for American musical markets. The case of the unauthorised sale of Richter’s recordings shows how the American entrepreneurs used the Soviet government’s inexperience in the capitalist environment. It ultimately became necessary for the Soviet government to take part in capitalist speculation.

Don Quixote: The Re-accentuation of the World's Greatest Literary Hero ed. by Slav N. Gratchev and Howard Mancing

Reviewed by: Don Quixote: The Re-accentuation of the World's Greatest Literary Hero ed. by Slav N. Gratchev and Howard Mancing Jonathan O'Conner Gratchev, Slav N., and Howard Mancing, editors. Don Quixote: The Re-accentuation of the World's Greatest Literary Hero. Bucknell UP, 2017. Pp. 298. ISBN 978-1-61148-857-9. The scope of this project is ambitious as it aims to bring together a wide range of perspectives, both academic and non-academic, on the re-accentuations of Don Quixote in temporally and culturally diverse contexts. The editors of Don Quixote: The Re-accentuation of the World's Greatest Literary Hero attempt to tie the volume together through this concept as described by Mikhail Bakhtin, without imposing a rigid framework on contributors: "[we] have given them complete freedom to discuss the concept in their own terms, in their own style, in their [End Page 281] own voice" (2–3). Through this approach, the editors seek polyphony, "where … each voice, worldview, and consciousness received equal representation in its own terms" (2). While most scholars will find merit in a project that aims to represent the breadth of influence Cervantes and Don Quixote have had over the past 400 years, the execution in this case is quite uneven. Margarita Marinova and Scott Pollard offer a successful chapter on the academic end of the spectrum that provides fascinating insight into how Don Quixote was defended, rejected, and transformed for theater in Soviet Russia. The authors outline the novel's role in Soviet debates about the function of the Artist and, more specifically, literature in society and whether a Western classic like Don Quixote would serve "the process of raising the consciousness of the people" (222) or become "completely irrelevant to the new cultural realities" (223). Marinova and Pollard use ample documentation to demonstrate how such debates influenced early Soviet drama's re-accentuations of Don Quixote, resulting in a figure worthy of criticism, pity, or collective subjugation (232–33). The chapter is well-written, engaging, and detailed. On the non-academic end of the spectrum, Roy H. Williams presents in "The Visionary's Quixote" an overview of what Don Quixote represents for entrepreneurs in the business world in North America. While the essay does not rely on objective data, Williams describes a method to his approach that includes a broad survey of entrepreneurs (253) and includes salient excerpts from his results, as well as a summative assessment that suggests "many North American entrepreneurs find in Don Quixote an inspiring symbol of the irrational optimism essential to every visionary entrepreneur" (258). He is also careful to include outliers, such as a respondent who focuses on the harmful effects of Don Quixote's idealism (258–59). Yet, the book also contradicts itself. For example, Tatevik Gyulamiryan's theoretical introduction emphasizes the importance of distinguishing re-accentuation from processes like adaptation, defined as transposing a work to another genre (15). She explicitly qualifies Steven Ritz-Barr's Don Quixote puppet film as an adaptation and not a re-accentuation. Confusingly, Ritz-Barr's description of his film-making process comprises chapter 14 without further comment from the editors. The book often fails to engage and enlighten the reader. Ritz-Barr's essay, promisingly titled "Extracting the Essence of Don Quixote for a Puppet Film," focuses primarily on the author's film-making process, yet devotes scant attention to the essence of the character. Instead, the chapter centers on how decisions were dictated by logistical constraints and limitations: "We did no re-shoots of any sequence or inserts because the project was out of time and out of money, and I was out of energy" (217). While ostensibly academic, the chapter by Slav N. Gratchev, one of the volume's editors, is prone to hyperbole and overly subjective interpretations. On page 149, Gratchev presents a 42-word dream dialogue between Don Quixote and Dulcinea from the final scene of Grigori Kozintsev's film, Don Quixote. Without analyzing the discourse or setting, Gratchev concludes, "All of a sudden, both literary characters acquire more life and reality than they had in the book; we feel that we have known these two people all our...

Building the Black Metropolis: African American Entrepreneurship in Chicago

Building the Black Metropolis: African American Entrepreneurship in Chicago

Neither Here nor There? How the New Geography of Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurship Disadvantages African Americans

AbstractRecent research shows that the foreign born utilize both local and long-distance social relationships to become entrepreneurs, affecting immigrants’ chances at upward mobility and their contributions to economic development. Scholars have yet to assess how African American entrepreneurs take part in similar types of geographically dispersed business communities. Using multi-level social network analyses and OLS regressions to compare the geography of buyer-supplier ties originating from one immigrant neighborhood and one African American neighborhood in Chicago, this article highlights a unique mechanism that places African Americans at a disadvantage compared to immigrants: a lack of geographic diversity in African American social capital. Immigrant entrepreneurs’ social networks, unlike African Americans’ networks, connect the foreign born to more people in different places, enabling them to circumvent the limitations of their local communities and accrue more business assets. Contrary to existing research, many foreign-born business owners in this study relied on intra-national rather than local or transnational social ties. These findings challenge researchers to reevaluate the geographic foundations of immigrant and African American entrepreneurship and reexamine how ethnic minority entrepreneurship affects patterns of social stratification and economic development.

Immigrant Entrepreneurship: An Account of the Korean Experience

This research account reports conclusions from a small group of interviews done with Korean-American entrepreneurs located in three ethnic enclaves near Atlanta, GA. The purpose of this research is to further knowledge in immigrant entrepreneurship. Methodology comprised seven one-hour interviews conducted with first generation business owners (one male and six female) in three enclaves in Atlanta. The research used qualitative design and focused on answering three important questions: How do Korean entrepreneurs discover and exploit opportunities to develop business, how does this sample describe their experiences in the studied enclaves, and how might espoused cultural traits and business skills affect entrepreneurial success. It was found that these ethnic entrepreneurs started and operated their businesses in ways similar to what has been reported in prior research and similar to native-born American entrepreneurs. However, some important differences emerged. Korean electronic social media was employed in ways not previously reported. Churches provided support that may have been greater than secular enclave associations. Finally, the enclaves themselves evolved in ways different than has been reported about Korean enclaves in current literature. These findings engender the implication that the entrepreneurial experience for this population is self-contained. These topics deserve additional research.

North American entrepreneurs in Cuba: which entry mode and government affiliation strategy?

Purpose To have success in newly liberalized markets, firms must have a plan of action before resources are committed. What some companies do not realize is that their own entrepreneurial orientation (EO) will dictate their strategies, and performance outcomes, in both their home market and abroad. In order to maximize firm performance in newly liberalized markets (such as Cuba), firms must be able to objectively gauge their own EO. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Within this framework, the present paper will attempt to effectively measure the EO of decision-making managers from US companies that have an interest in entering the Cuban market. A final sample of 81 US managers accepted to collaborate. They were then split into two groups (high and low EO; with 41 and 35 managers in each group, respectively) and compared regarding three variables: entry mode strategy, government affiliation strategy, and performance outcomes. Findings The results show that EO is related with performance, but not with the two proposed variables of entry mode and government affiliation. Originality/value In sum, the added value of the paper is to link US managers’ strategies and performance in a newly liberalized market which has been seldom studied: Cuba. The fields of entry mode strategies and government affiliation decisions in this newly liberalized market remain poorly investigated. Not all firms managed by highly entrepreneurial-orientated managers will decide to enter foreign markets and, on the contrary, domestic firms which are not interested in international markets can be run by highly entrepreneurial managers. This is due, in part, to the fact that internationalization can be driven by other factors. Therefore, this paper will attempt to demonstrate if certain entry modes will perform better than others when the foreign market is a newly liberalized economy. Additionally, the importance, and effect, of governmental relationships on performance outcomes will be tested within the research.

Is regulation to blame for the decline in American entrepreneurship?

Mounting evidence suggests that economic dynamism and entrepreneurial activity are declining in the United States. Over the past 30 years, the annual number of new business startups and the pace of job reallocation have declined significantly. We ask whether this decline in dynamism can be explained by federal regulation. We combine measures of dynamism with RegData, a novel dataset leveraging the text of the Code of Federal Regulations to create annual measures of the total quantity of regulation by industry. We find that rising federal regulation cannot explain secular trends in economic dynamism.

Chicago and the Riddle of Race

Chicago and the Riddle of Race Amy Absher Rashad Shabazz, Spatializing Blackness: Architecture of Confinement and Black Masculinity in Chicago. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015. 184 pp. $85, cloth. $25, paper. Christopher Robert Reed, The Rise of Chicago’s Black Metropolis, 1920–1929. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015. 288 pp. $95, cloth. $32, paper. Christopher Robert Reed, Knock at the Door of Opportunity: Black Migration to Chicago, 1900–1919. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2014. 390 pp. $52. Lionel Kimble Jr., A New Deal for Bronzeville: Housing, Employment and Civil Rights in Black Chicago, 1935–1955. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2015. 200 pp. $35. Robert E. Weems Jr. and Jason P. Chambers, ed., Building the Black Metropolis: African American Entrepreneurship in Chicago. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2017. 276 pp. $95, cloth. $30, paper. Joseph Gustaitis, Chicago Transformed: World War I and the Windy City. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2016. 368 pp. $25.89, paper. Mary Lou Finley, ed., The Chicago Freedom Movement: Martin Luther King Jr. and Civil Rights Activism in the North. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2015. 495 pp. $45. Natalie Y. Moore, The South Side: A Portrait of Chicago and American Segregation. New York: St. Martin’s, 2016. 272 pp. $28.99, cloth. $17, paper. The recent publications concerning the history of Chicago’s South Side all begin in much the same way. They note that Chicago is a city of neighborhoods; therefore, segregation became the defining historical [End Page 135] experience for the city’s inhabitants. Though segregation is not unique to Chicago, Chicago’s segregation is emblematic of the larger American history with race and urbanization. Why? Because segregation in Chicago has always been about more than housing. It haunts joblessness rates, shortened life spans, violence, policing, education, and gender. Segregation in Chicago did not end with the housing voucher programs or the election of Harold Washington. Likewise, segregation did not end in the nation at large with the integration of public schools or the election of President Obama. Currently, at the center of recent publications on Chicago history, is Christopher Robert Reed who demands we ask better questions. He wants readers and scholars to think carefully about segregation and how we book-end history. In The Rise of Chicago’s Black Metropolis: 1920–1929, Reed begins by challenging Drake and Cayton’s seminal work, Black Metropolis. What if, Reed asks, this foundational text had focused on the 1920s rather than beginning in the 1930s? Questioning the canon and origin myths of Chicago history is essential to Reed’s work. Indeed, in Knock at the Door of Opportunity: Black Migration to Chicago, 1900–1919, Reed challenges the work of Allan H. Spear and Rayford W. Logan by suggesting that “voluntary clustering” was the first step toward segregation and that Black Chicago’s history is not the history of urban blight. His approach is purposeful. Reed must dislodge the established segregation narrative so he might free the history from its stultifying focus on resistance movements. Ultimately, Reed wants readers to go beyond understanding history as statistics and conflict so as to move toward appreciating the community’s humanity. Reed intends his recent work to be a synthesis and an introspective reinterpretation of the canonical sources. A comparison of Reed’s style of synthesis with Joseph Gustaitis’s Chicago Transformed: World War I and the Windy City demonstrates just how varied the historical synthesis can be. With Reed there is a focus on argument. With Gustaitis there is a focus on details. Reed is able to remake and deepen our understanding of a well-traveled history. Gustaitis teaches his readers, but doesn’t challenge them to interpret. Furthermore, many new histories of Chicago are either imitating or inspired by the work of Christopher Reed. For instance, Robert E. Weems Jr. and Jason P. Chambers, editors of Building the Black Metropolis: African American Entrepreneurship in Chicago, focus on upending E. Franklin Frazier’s 1957 book Black Bourgeoisie, which refused to acknowledge the impact of slavery, Jim Crow segregation as well as mocked Black business [End Page 136] as a “myth,” and blamed business failure on the owners’ lack of acumen. By doing so...

Social determinants and their influence on entrepreneurship in the light of experiences of the United States

The purpose of this paper is to study the role and the influence of social determinants on development of entrepreneurship in the light of experiences of the United States - a cradle of entrepreneurship and innovation. Both sociology and culture play an important role and highly influence the stimulation of development of American entrepreneurship. The paper puts special emphasis on the key variables in traditional entrepreneurial studies such as: gender, race, age, and education (social measures), their influence on entrepreneurship and role in enterprise development. It is also concerned with the influence of culture on entre-preneurial landscape.

Advancing Network Analysis of Chinese Businesses: Commentary on Burt and Burzynska

Burt and Burzynska (2017) have produced a very significant and innovative study on social networks among Chinese entrepreneurs. As the authors claim, this may be an exceptional dataset with certain unique features. It is a comparative study between Chinese and American entrepreneurs. While the American data is rather limited in scope, it does provide valuable theoretical and measurement information by which to examine possible similarities and differences of the private enterprises and entrepreneurs in these two societies. Second, it examines two general network principles, namely the association between brokerage and success, and between closure and trust. In general, the study affirms comparable results in the two societies, though somewhat different measurements require cautious interpretation. Third, the authors explore two innovative notions worthy of our attention. They employ events as the frames on which social ties (contacts) were generated (Table A1). This turns out to be very fruitful. For example, the founding event provided interesting social network information, more so than current and other events. The event-name generators reveal the time-related dynamics of network stability and changes, and alert us to possible underestimation of network effects if only the current event or the present time is examined. Finally, the authors attempt possible network measures for the notion of guanxi. This exploration sets the initial stage for more rigorous measures of guanxi in future studies of entrepreneurs in China and other societies.

Zero Barriers: Three Mega Trends Shaping the Future of Entrepreneurship

After a long Great Recession hangover, entrepreneurship is finally rebounding in the United States. Entrepreneurs are driving a resurgence of business activity in America—in new business creation, local small business activity, and the growth of small firms into larger businesses. But underneath this reassuring surface, turbulent shifts are shaping the future of entrepreneurship to be dramatically different than what it is today, or was in the past. We posit that three mega trends will be defining forces shaping the future of entrepreneurship for decades to come. These three trends reflect the changing demographics, map, and nature of American entrepreneurship.

Latin American contraflow in global entertainment media: Kingdom Rush series and Zambo Dende as de-localised media products

In order to shed some light on how Latin American entrepreneurs are developing products for a globalised market and attempting to overcome cultural discount by making their products more universal in their appeal, we analyse the cases of the video game Kingdom Rush from Uruguay and the Zambo Dende audio-visual project from Colombia. To provide context, the flow of entertainment media products from Latin America is first considered, with two cases then presented in order to provide insight into the processes of economic contra-flow and cultural transduction. Based on an examination of the products and in-depth interviews with the creators (and also survey responses in the case of Kingdom Rush), the findings reveal the various challenges faced by and the achievements of these small-scale entrepreneurs to reach a global market. We pay particular attention to the way in which the products achieve global appeal to mitigate negative effects associated with the geographical and cultural origin of a product.

An understanding of Native American entrepreneurship

ABSTRACTNative American entrepreneurship is not just about money, it is about history, tradition, culture and language embedded in time and traditional territory. It is the creation, management and development of entrepreneurial ventures by Native American peoples for the benefit of Native American peoples. With increased recognition of rights come increased opportunities for Native American entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial ventures that focus on social, economic and environment value creation for and by Native American peoples. Native American ventures are more successful when the rights of Native American peoples are addressed and when these initiatives utilize nation-building approaches led by Native American communities. It is a means by which they can assert their rights to design, develop and maintain Native American-centric political, economic and social systems and institutions.

The Early Midwest in the Atlantic World

The Early Midwest in the Atlantic World Robert Michael Morrissey Catherine Cangany, Frontier Seaport: Detroit’s Transformation into an Atlantic Entrepôt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014. 272pp. $45.00. Christian Ayne Crouch, Nobility Lost: French and Canadian Martial Cultures, Indians, and the End of New France. Ithaca, ny: Cornell University Press, 2014. 250pp. $35.00. David MacDonald, Lives of Fort de Chartres: Commandants, Soldiers, and Civilians in French Illinois, 1720–1770. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2016. 262pp. $28.50. Histories of early America used to presume that the most important aspects of the process of early American development were the things that happened in the New World and that separated the American experience [End Page 142] from the Old World. Over the past two generations, an “Atlantic world turn” in early American studies has challenged this basic understanding in two ways. First, by contextualizing local early American histories in a wider frame, historians have called into question how unique New World experiences actually were, challenging the previously exceptionalist narratives of colonial American history. Secondly, by exploring the important connections and entanglements between early American places and events and their counterparts in the Atlantic basin, historians have demonstrated that certain aspects of early American history simply cannot be understood as local stories but demand to be understood as part of larger processes. As these insights have gained acceptance, historians have revised the basic narrative of early America, tying it to a larger transnational story organized around themes of economy, culture, migration and exchange. Three new books add to our understanding of the Atlantic dimensions of the early American Midwest. In Frontier Seaport, Catherine Cangany explores the tension between early Detroit’s status as a frontier colony and Atlantic outpost, elucidating the fascinating contours of this distinctive city along the way. In Nobility Lost, Christian Ayne Crouch vividly reconsiders the Seven Years War not simply as a colonial fight, but as a moment when French colonial and metropolitan military cultures came into contact and disagreement, with important results for the future of the French empire. Finally, in Lives of Fort de Chartres, David MacDonald expands the local history of Fort de Chartres in colonial Illinois Country by considering the transnational and cosmopolitan experiences of many of its important personages during the French regime, especially through the institution of the French Navy. Together, these studies shed valuable new light on the early Midwest, even as they remind us that, like early America generally, the Midwest was never just an isolated frontier divorced from the larger story of empires and global processes. In Frontier Seaport, Catherine Cangany defines an explicitly Atlantic research problem: how was the frontier city of Detroit simultaneously a frontier zone as well as an Atlantic entrepot? Founded in the early 1700s, Detroit began as a fur trade center, a place that was utterly remote from the colonial metropole, but also critically attached to it by its economic purpose. Picking up her history at the end of the fur trade phase and at the beginning of Detroit’s colonization by British and later American entrepreneurs, Cangany investigates how Detroit’s history continued to be defined by its remote situation as well as by its relentless cultural, political, and economic connections [End Page 143] to the wider Atlantic world. Detroit was, Cangany writes, “poised at the intersection of East and West, empire and frontier, core and periphery,” and this defined its history (3). For Cangany, Detroit was defined by important local idiosyncracies—“localisms”—that made it distinctive economically, politically, and culturally. This makes sense, given Detroit’s roots as a refuge for often defiant and self-interested traders, Indians, and later settlers. The dictates and preferences of central authority and empire often meant little to pragmatists on the ground in a place like Detroit, where Europeans with diverse agendas came together with Native people to fashion a hybrid world. At the same time, however, the frontier colony was not independent and its inhabitants wanted many of the economic, political, and cultural benefits that connection to the Atlantic offered. Thus was Detroit’s history centrally shaped by the tension between localisms and the standardizing tendencies of Atlantic world connections. Cangany...

The Wired Northwest: The History of Electric Power, 1870s–1970s by Paul W. Hirt

Reviewed by: The Wired Northwest: The History of Electric Power, 1870s–1970s by Paul W. Hirt Richard Hirsh (bio) The Wired Northwest: The History of Electric Power, 1870s–1970s. By Paul W. Hirt. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2012. Pp. x+ 461. $49.95. Having a significant social impact in the last 125 years, the electric power system has attracted much scholarly attention. While The Wired Northwest (1983) does not offer novel insights into the process of electrification, as did groundbreaking works such as Thomas Hughes's Networks of Power and David Nye's Electrifying America (1990), it adds clarity to the complex nature of that process as it occurred in America's Pacific Northwest and in Canada's British Columbia. Early chapters describe trends in electrification since the 1870s that others have described elsewhere. Indeed, Hirt graciously demonstrates his appreciation to Hughes, Nye, and other scholars such as Ronald Tobey, Ruth Schwartz Cowan, and Craig Wollner. The author makes original contributions by contrasting events occurring in the Pacific Northwest with those occurring elsewhere. For example, unlike regions that drew on fossil fuels to power electrical generators, the Pacific Northwest benefited greatly by exploiting hydroelectric resources. Though building dams to harness the water's energy incurred large initial costs, it enabled the region to enjoy low electricity prices by relying on a free, natural resource. But cheap power also fostered a culture of abundance—one that inhibited adoption of a more sustainable mindset, especially after the 1973 energy crisis. Thomas Hughes asserted that cross-national studies constitute the equivalent of controlled experiments to social scientists. If that assertion is true, then Hirt has run some insightful experiments with comparative histories of electrification in northwestern American states and in British [End Page 1090] Columbia. For example, in his analyses of the financially solvent Canadian companies of the 1920s, he implicitly challenges claims (made by contemporary American entrepreneurs) that utility firms needed to employ highly leveraged holding companies to enable expansion and good service. On the other hand, America seemed more committed to rural electrification starting in the 1930s. Viewed as an effort to bring equity, progress, and modernity to millions of non-urban residents, New Dealers in Washington, D.C. invested heavily to create public-power resources (such as the Bonneville Power Authority). To be sure, electricity from the newly constructed dams and transmission wires served citizens in cities. But the power also went through newly installed distribution lines operated by Rural Electrification Administration–funded cooperatives and pre-Depression-era public utility districts to energize an increasing number of farms. By contrast, Canada's federal lawmakers did not share America's zeal for public funding or farm electrification. British Columbia's rural residents therefore lagged behind America's until the 1950s, demonstrating the importance of federal policy in the pace and extent of regional electrification efforts. Hirt also spotlights important trends that changed the flavor of the region's electrical system. For example, as in another federally touched region of the United States—the Tennessee Valley—the initial and widespread exploitation of water resources eventually ran up against limits. To deal with the continually increasing demand for power, several utilities created the Washington Public Power Supply System, which sought to finance a series of nuclear power plants. Management, technological, and macroeconomic problems stressed the WPPSS, causing it to default on its bonds in 1982 and to seriously curtail construction plans. Partly as a result, the region began altering its culture of abundance to one that favored conservation and energy efficiency—a culture that thrived especially in Oregon and Washington. Though written as a historical monograph in a constructivist mode, The Wired Northwest also serves as a useful resource for policymakers. Hirt appropriately focuses on the activities of a large number of stakeholders and how some have been disadvantaged throughout the region's history (such as fishery owners and others affected by the poorly managed dammed rivers). He also suggests that the complexity of the region's socio-technical system requires the careful use of government regulatory bodies to negotiate the claims of stakeholders. While one may quibble with Hirt's relatively uncritical characterization of regulatory commissions, arguing that they may have...

INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF STATE REGULATION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESPONSIBILITY OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP: EXPERIENCE FOR UKRAINE

The subject of the study is the socio-economic aspects of the social responsibility of business (CSR) in 4 countries. The purpose of the article is to study the experience in regulating the socio-economic responsibility of entrepreneurship in the United States, Sweden, India, and China to determine the direction of formation of the state mechanism of socio-economic responsibility of entrepreneurship (SERE) in Ukraine. The methodology of the article became theoretical researches of foreign scientists, their synthesis, systematization, and analysis for the development of the application of experience in Ukrainian realities. The analysis showed how different states of CSR policy differ in each of these countries and made it possible to draw conclusions about the application in Ukraine. So, the experience of Sweden is useful in reviewing the social reporting obligation, as well as the experience of China. In the case of the USA, the role of the state in regulating CSRs in enterprises should be noted but, at the same time, the significant social consciousness of American entrepreneurs as recognized philanthropists, who are actively introducing ethical codes and key stewards from the implementation of CSR, are seen by society and aimed at improving the well-being of society. In China, the government plays an important role in the implementation of CSR for state-owned enterprises. In addition, laws are adopted to improve the rights of employees, to equalize gender differences, to increase the level of production, quality of products, which leads to an improvement in the quality of life of the country’s population. All this becomes relevant for Ukraine and can be used in our country as well. Indian experience draws attention through the adoption of a unique decision on the indifference of charity activities by Indian companies with a certain level of profit and the adoption of them by the rules of corporate social responsibility. In entrepreneurship, these measures have not received support and a large number of enterprises artificially lower their profits. Also, the problem of effective reform of Indian social responsibility is the high level of corruption in the state, as well as the ineffectiveness of the current legislation. Taking into account all these disadvantages when developing its own policy of developing social and corporate responsibility of business, Ukraine is able to build a strong and effective mechanism of a socially responsible society. For the Ukrainian realities, the following areas are emphasized: the approval of the obligation of social reporting for large enterprises of all forms of ownership and state enterprises in general, the improvement of Ukrainian legislation in the field of social responsibility of business, the study of the possibility of introducing the obligation of charity for large enterprises from different sides (that is, how this will affect society, how it will affect the work of enterprises, how can it be regulated by law, what kind of reaction this will cause in society); conducting of informational and consulting measures by the Government of Ukraine for the dissemination of knowledge, skills, competences for the implementation and implementation of socio-economic responsibility at Ukrainian enterprises.

A Note on Entrepreneurship within Korean Enclaves in Atlanta

This research note reports conclusions from a small group of interviews done with Korean- American entrepreneurs located in three ethnic enclaves near Atlanta, GA. We found that these ethnic entrepreneurs started and operated their businesses in ways similar to what has been reported in prior research and similar to native-born American entrepreneurs. However, we found some important differences. Korean electronic social media was employed in ways not previously reported. Churches provided support that may have been greater than secular enclave associations. And the enclaves themselves evolved in ways different than has been reported about Korean enclaves elsewhere. All of these topics deserve additional research.

Startup Financing Trends by Race: How Access to Capital Impacts Profitability

This briefing explores startup financing trends and how access and cost of capital impact profitability. To do so, we use data from the Annual Survey of Entrepreneurs (ASE). The ASE, conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau, is the largest annual survey of American entrepreneurs ever done, and exists thanks to a public-private partnership between the Census Bureau, the Kauffman Foundation, and the Minority Business Development Agency.