American Chief Research Articles

THIS IS ME! The Financial Impact of Ad Agency CEOs and CCOs Who Are Women and People of Color in the C-Suite

Abstract: Although there have been many advances for women and people of color in corporate America, their representation in the top management positions, such as chief executive officer (CEO) and chief operating officer (COO), is still scarce. Among the CEO positions in the 2020 S&P 500, there are only four African American chief executives leading the largest 500 companies in the US. The advertising industry parallels corporate America when it comes to race, gender, and diversity in the top echelons of firms. Can these dismal statistics ever change? If given the opportunity, can White women and people of color excel as CEOs in the advertising industry? This study seeks to understand the role of ownership on revenues when diverse c-suite leaders manage multicultural or general market agencies. This work first posits the predictive relationship of private and public (holding company) advertising agency ownership on revenue. Next, the work leverages the theories of economic detour and resource dependence theory to hypothesize that the race or ethnicity of the advertising agency's CEO and agency type (general market or multicultural) are boundary conditions of this relationship. Results demonstrated that publicly-owned advertising agencies predicted increased revenues. This positive relationship was strengthened by multicultural advertising agencies yet inconclusive for advertising agency CEOs of color. CEOs of color perform at relative parity, in terms of revenue, in privately-owned versus publicly-owned advertising agencies. These findings demonstrate a racial and ethnic separation in the advertising industry, where advertising agency CEOs of color are revenue-constrained. Yet, if given the opportunity to excel into the c-suite, CEOs of color and White women can be very successful and make their ad agencies profitable. In closing, the authors discuss policy implications for advertising agency executive hiring practices as well as Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) efforts and trends.

THE CINEMATIC OTHERING OF SITTING BULL IN THE ADAPTATION OF BURY MY HEART AT WOUNDED KNEE

The marginalization of particular groups or people as a result of the idea that one group or person is better than another is known as the "othering" process. This article discusses how a film adaptation of Dee Alexander Brown’s book on Native American history, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (BMHWK) performs this act of othering. First of all, it is done by negatively portraying the heroic figure in the book. Sitting Bull, a Teton Dakota Chief who united the Sioux tribes in North America, the Great Plains, in mid 19th century is reduced in the film into a weak figure. The Native American chief is overshadowed by White figures like Elaine Goodale and Senator Henry Dawes. In the film adaptation, the social hierarchy-building process, which put the Whites on top, educated natives in the middle, and the rest of Native American population in the bottom, serves as a vehicle for a further process of othering. The film represents Native Americans as people who need to be governed and who can only survive if they abide by White people's laws.

Utah History Textbooks and Utah History

Utah History Textbooks and Utah History

Arkema executives cleared in Crosby case

A Texas judge dismissed criminal charges against Arkema and several executives in a suit brought after containers of reactive chemicals at the firm’s site in Crosby, Texas, caught fire in 2017. The direct cause of the blaze was loss of power due to flooding from Hurricane Harvey. The resulting days-long fire injured 21 safety workers who were exposed to the smoke. County prosecutors alleged that the company acted recklessly in not preventing the fire. Arkema called the charges “astonishing,” saying that while the site was prepared for a 500-year flood, water from the hurricane rose 76 cm above that level. The company says its workers went to heroic lengths to protect the public and urged emergency workers who might be exposed to smoke to wear respirators. Judge Belinda Hill dismissed charges against Arkema, its North American chief executive Richard Rowe, and former plant manager Leslie Comardelle. In September, prosecutors dropped

Do american oral and maxillofacial surgery chief residents feel competent to practice the full scope of the specialty?

Do american oral and maxillofacial surgery chief residents feel competent to practice the full scope of the specialty?

Translating Climate Change. Anthropology and the Travelling Idea of Climate Change – Introduction

In the prairies of Alberta, Canada, winters are cold, wood is scarce. This place is home to Native Americans – many of them are highly educated nowadays. One summer, a young Native American Chief, college-educated and incapable of reading the signs of Mother Nature, was asked by his people how cold the next winter will be. Embarrassed of not mastering the traditional skills for predicting the weather, and to be on the safe side, he said to his people: ‘Well, I think this will be a pretty cold winter this year.’ He then sought help from his college friend, a meteorologist at the local Weather Channel station. ‘Tell me, Joshua, don’t you think we are facing a cold winter this year?’ Equally unable to predict the weather so far ahead, and also to be on the safe side, Joshua the meteorologist confirmed the Chief’s opinion: ‘Oh, I think this will be a really cold winter’, was his answer. So the Chief went back to his people and announced: ‘Folks, this year, I know, the winter will be particularly cold – let’s all join forces to collect as much wood as we can’. A few weeks later the Chief asked Joshua for a more accurate prediction of the winter. The meteorologist answered: ‘I am certain this will be an extremely cold winter!’ Back with his people, the Chief announced: ‘People – I have signs that this winter will be so cold that none of our ancestors, as long as our memory reaches, have encountered. Let’s collect all the wood we can find!’ Just before the winter, the Chief consulted his meteorologist friend again, and the meteorologist told him: ‘This is going to be a record-breaking winter!’ Curious about his certainty, the Chief asked: ‘Joshua, tell me, how can you be so certain about this?’ To which the meteorologist replied: ‘You know, my friend, I have never seen this before in my entire life: all the Native Americans have been collecting wood like crazy this year’ (adopted from Huang 2013, 415 – 416, in de Wit 2017, 151).

Understanding Aggression: Legal Status and Individual Criminal Responsibility Before the 2010 Kampala Conference

The Nuremberg Charter introduced the crime of aggression into international law. The American Chief Prosecutor Robert Jackson gave a famous promise that offenders who commit acts of aggression shal ...

How are C-suite executives different? A comparative empirical study of the survival of American chief information officers

This research employs non-parametric, semi-parametric, and parametric survival analysis methods to explore theory-based aspects of CIO and other C-suite executives' job tenures. We analyze a large data set of C-suite executives, including 400 CIOs, drawn from the public and private sectors, including federal, state, county and city agencies, and Fortune 500 firms. The data span 1994 to 2009, and include the job start and finish dates of the different executives, as well as relevant variables for the individual, organizational, market and technological environments that permit us to assess the patterns of their survivability. We report evidence to suggest that CIOs have more in common regarding survivability with other C-suite executives than is widely believed. We also report differences based on individual characteristics (gender, education, income, time in position), organization type (government versus Fortune 500), organization size, and reactions to changes in the stock market. In addition, CIO job tenures have grown longer from the early 1990s to the present day. Though there are few differences due to CIO gender, the relatively rare presence of female executives is associated with shorter job tenures for male executives.

Caring for Soils for a Sustainable World

Caring for Soils for a Sustainable World

Born under a lucky star? Latin American CEOs' perceptions about their own career development

This article explores Latin American Chief Executive Officers' (CEOs') perceptions about the influence of career self-management practices and chance events on their career pathways. Through an edited topical life story approach, we investigate the relationship between those variables throughout CEO's career trajectories in the Latin American context. Semi-structured in-depth interviews with 22 CEOs working for multinational companies were conducted. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed with the aid of QSR NVivo 7 software. The study showed that even in volatile macroeconomic environments, typical of Latin American countries, CEOs do plan their careers. Career planning constitutes the backbone of the career management process. To deal with low predictability chance events, CEOs relied on active development network as the main career self-management practice. However, choice of mobility was the key career self-management behavior when responding to high predictability chance events. These central strategies were frequently combined with other career self-management practices, taking into consideration the type of chance event being responded to. According to this study, if individuals want to develop their careers in unstable environments, they will need to be proficient in career self-management practices, with particular emphasis on network development and choice of job mobility, as well as in happenstance skills.

A survey on perceived professional benefits of contract nurses

Objective To investigate the perceived professional benefits of contract nurses and provide evidence for the stable de -velopment of their occupation.Methods Referring to Nurse Professional Benefits investigated by American Chief and Nurse Council and Per -ception of Benefits and Rewards （PPBR） developed by Dibert et al in 1994, anonymous questionnaires were distributed to contract nurses and staff nurses.Results The contract nurses＇perceived professional benefits were lower than those of formal staff nurses ＇（ P〈0.05 ） .Conclusions Nursing work determines the nature of the nurse＇s professional benefit , nurses＇professional sense of benefit source is varied , affecting factors are varied also .Nursing managers might deal with stable professional intervention to contract nurses . Key words: Contract nurses; Formal staff nurses; Perceived professional benefits

The influence of economic context on the relationship between chief executive officer facial appearance and company profits

Inferences of leadership ability and personality from faces have been associated with leaders' efficacy across multiple domains. One influential factor that has only been scarcely explored, however, is the context in which leadership occurs. The present studies examined the effect of two such contextual variables: economic conditions across time and economic conditions across nations. In Study 1, inferences of leadership ability from the faces of American Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) predicted their companies' financial performance prior to the Financial Crisis of 2008 but not after. In Study 2, traits previously found to predict the success of American CEOs before the Financial Crisis (i.e., Power) predicted the success of CEOs in Germany in the year following the crisis but not in the US, consistent with the differential impact of the international recession in the two nations. These results suggest that economic events may affect the relationship between facial appearance and business leaders' success.

Bargain Bosses: American Chief Executives Are Not Overpaid

Bargain Bosses: American Chief Executives Are Not Overpaid

Where Theres Smoke, You May Be Fired: The Smoking Habits Of American Chief Executive Officers

This paper looks at the subject of CEO smoking behavior, as related to family social background, education, and occupational status. The article was developed from a data bank of 243 chief executive officers who responded to a comprehensive questionnaire about their personal habits and traits. Chief executives as a group contain far fewer smokers than the national average, and tend to discriminate against smokers. Career implications for aspiring junior executives are drawn.

Cross-cultural impressions of leaders’ faces: Consensus and predictive validity

Across cultures, people tend to show high agreement in their impressions of others. But do these impressions predict external outcomes? Here we tested the predictive validity of trait judgments of the faces of Japanese and American targets, as rated by Japanese and American perceivers. Participants rated the faces of Japanese and American Chief Executive Officers of major companies. These judgments showed high agreement within and across cultures. In addition, judgments of power-related traits predicted the company profits of American CEOs, whereas judgments of warmth-related traits did not. However, neither power nor warmth predicted the company profits of Japanese CEOs, implicating longstanding cultural differences in company organization and business practices in the US versus Japan. Together, these data show both cross-cultural agreement between perceivers and targets but also cross-cultural differences in the relevance or application of particular trait information based on facial judgments.

The Case for Managed Judges: Learning from Japan after the Political Upheaval of 1993

The Chief Justice of the United States supervises a vast judicial bureaucracy. He is the titular head of the judicial branch: 1200 judges with life tenure, 850 magistrate and bankruptcy judges, and 30,000 administrative staff members. The careers he can affect most are those of his administrative employees. Even the life-tenured judges, however, he can appoint to specialized judicial bodies. In doing all this, he supervises the Federal Judicial Conference with a budget of $5.4 billion. If the Chief Justice of the United States does much, his counterpart in Japan does much more. Not only does the Japanese Chief Justice supervise administrative employees, he also supervises the judicial personnel office called the Secretariat. In turn, the judges in the Secretariat control the jobs of the 3000 other national judges who decide cases. The American Chief Justice does not tell lower-court judges where to sit. Through the Secretariat, however, the Japanese Chief Justice does. The American Chief Justice does not decide how much the lower-court judges earn. Through the Secretariat, the Japanese Chief Justice does. Effectively, the Japanese Chief Justice exercises power over the career of every lower-court judge. All this he does as an appointee of a distinctly political Prime Minister. This is not an institutional structure likely to foster judicial independence. Nor, over the four decades during which the Liberal De-

Beyond consent: the potential for atrocity

With disbelief the world received news of medical experiments performed on the inmates of concentration camps in Nazi Germany.1 The subsequent trial of 23 defendants, 20 of whom were medically qualified, in Nuremberg yielded 16 guilty verdicts and seven death sentences. What was perhaps so incredulous was not that such atrocities could be perpetrated by Nazis, but that they could have involved doctors. In his opening remarks at the trial Brigadier General Telford Taylor, the American Chief of Council, noted: `To kill, to maim, and to torture is criminal under all modern systems of law... yet these [physician] defendants, all of whom were fully able to comprehend the nature of their acts... are responsible for wholesale murder and unspeakably cruel tortures.'2 During the eight-month trial a detailed catalogue of medical experimentation was presented to the court. For example, at Dachau between 1942-1944 there was a series of experiments designed to examine aspects of aviation medicine, involving high-altitude experiments, the effects of freezing water baths and the enforced drinking of sea-water. In Buchenwald and Ravensbruck throughout the war, a series of studies examined the simulation and treatment of battlefield injuries, such as exposure to mustard gas, phosphorus burns, bone transplantation, and sulfanilimide treatments. In Dachau, Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen during 1941-1945 there were a variety of infectious disease studies involving the deliberate infection of inmates with malaria, epidemic jaundice and typhus. Finally, in Auschwitz, Buchenwald and Ravensbruck there were a number of eugenic and lethal experiments involving sterilization and poisoned bullets. Similar, though less widely acknowledged, were the medical experiments performed in Japanese facilities during the Second World War.3 Nuremberg may have been the first major public exposition of how doctors can become instruments in unethical medical experimentation, but it is tragically not the last, nor regrettably the most recent. During the Doctors' Trial in Nuremberg the defendants cited similar forms of human experimentation that had taken place in the USA.4 Names were named and details listed, but little note was taken by the American prosecutors. Indeed the medical representative of the American Medical Association present at the trial, Andrew C. Ivy, stated that no American prisoner had ever been experimented on against his will.5 However, despite their heinous crimes against humanity, on this point the defendants were correct—and Ivy was wrong. The USA before, during and after the war was the host to a series of medical experiments that bore some striking similarities. Furthermore, although the 10 principles of ethical research that became known as the Nuremberg Code were drafted by the American team in Germany, it is notable that the Code was never taken to heart by American physicians, who preferred to view the document as applying not to them, but to the barbaric physicians in Nazi Germany.5 Then, as now, a utilitarian approach to biomedical research was commonly upheld as justification. `This is done for the greater good' possibly thought the New York team that from 1963 deliberately infected the mentally retarded with hepatitis at Willowbrook, an institution on Staten Island, so that experimental vaccines could be tested.6 The `benefit to society' may have been the touchstone of the Tuskegee investigators who between 1932 and 1972 followed a group of poor black Alabama farm workers to learn about the natural history of syphilis.7 In the process, and to avoid disruption of their experiment, they denied the men the benefits of penicillin therapy and subjected them to various investigations including regular lumbar punctures, which they passed off as treatments for so-called `bad blood'. The `advance of science' may have been the vision of those at the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital in Brooklyn, who in the early 1960s injected live cancer cells into elderly debilitated cancer patients without their consent.8 These abuses of human research ethics were brought to light often not by our own colleagues, but by the media.9

Walter Reed and yellow fever: Reed W. J Hyg 1902; 2: 101-119.

For over two centuries yellow fever (YF) had terrorized those visiting and living close to endemic areas. Prompted by continued imports and its impact on US troops in the Spanish–American War of 1898, US Surgeon-General George Sternberg sent a small Commission to investigate the problem in US-occupied Cuba. It comprised James Carrol, Jesse Lazear and Aristide Agramonte; its leader was Surgeon-Major Walter Reed. Whilst in Cuba they collaborated with Cuban Juan Guitéras of Havana's Sanitary Department and Surgeon-Major William Gorgas, American chief of the island's Sanitary Department.

The Presidentialist Tradition in Latin America

The diffusion of presidentialism to Latin America has led to its distortion. The North American constitutional pattern, termed presidentialism under separation of powers and its most distinguishing feature, presidential leadership, while modeled in Latin America, has rarely led to democratic–constitutional government a la the United States. The institution of the presidency in Latin America is also typical for nondemocratic regimes in the region. One of the most widely accepted and widely professed facts in Latin American politics is the dominant role of the president but, curiously, most discussions of presidentialism are limited to the US and comparisons with Great Britain. Few studies of Latin American chief executives lend shape to the corpus of scholarly literature, despite the region's long experience and ejecutivismo. The gap, and this article, should be taken as a stimulus for more systematic explication, analysis, and research.

Corporate Political Strategy and Global Policy: A Case Study of the Transaltantic Business Dialogue

Transatlantic business Dialogue (TABD) set up in 1995 as joint initiative of the European Commission and US State Deptartment, has evolved into a business-government policy-making body. The TABD brings together 112 top American and European chiefs executives to co-ordinate business responses to international trade, standards and regulation questions. The TABD's ability to co-ordinate quick and focused policy responses and its removal of the need for potential intergovernmental bargening has been an appealing feature for CEOs and governemnt officials. However, for all of its policy- making advantages, question marks have been raised about the accountability, representativeness and legitimacy of big-business forums.