American Basketball Research Articles

Un-Covering Stories You Never Heard Of: Kareem Abdul-Jabbar’s On the Shoulders of Giants and The History of (African-)American Basketball

Un-Covering Stories You Never Heard Of: Kareem Abdul-Jabbar’s On the Shoulders of Giants and The History of (African-)American Basketball

Student sports in the system of physical education in institutions of higher education

The purpose of the research is to study the peculiarities of the development of student sports in the system of physical education in institutions of higher education (using the example of basketball in institutions of higher education in the USA and Ukraine).
 The results. In the course of the study, a comparative characterization of the characteristics of student basketball in the USA and in Ukraine was carried out. The differences between student Ukrainian basketball and student American basketball are considered according to the following criteria: rules of the game, style, popularity among fans, the number of spectators involved each year, the importance of playing for the university team for a basketball player's career, the interest of brands in student basketball, a sports scholarship for basketball players in universities, transportation of students for competitions, qualification of judges at competitions, importance of competition for students, competition of teams, provision of equipment for students, qualification of coaches.
 It was determined that the high popularity of basketball among fans and the high level of significance of the competition for students are characteristic of student basketball in the USA, a significant number of spectators are involved in the competition, high interest of brands in student basketball, the presence of a sports scholarship for basketball players in a higher education institution, full provision of equipment and transport, high level of judging. On the other hand, the peculiarities of student basketball in Ukraine are low popularity among fans, low competition among student teams, competitions have a low level of importance for students, lack of sports scholarships for basketball players in institutions of higher education, refereeing of competitions mainly takes place with the participation of student judges.

Fab five: pioneering sociocultural influence within the culture of basketball and American society.

Dating back to when the inventor of the game, James Naismith, developed a mentoring relationship with John McClendon one of the African American pioneers in basketball (founder of the "fast-break"), there are countless examples of these intersections. Entering the college basketball culture as the most decorated recruiting class in National Collegiate Athletic Association basketball history, the University of Michigan Fab Five's legacy catalyzes a new era of American basketball culture. Gracefully talented, the Fab Five abruptly disrupted the institution of basketball, the National Collegiate Athletic Association, and the identity of basketball athletes globally. This paper presents a sociocultural exploration of the residual impact of the Fab Five's legacy. As authentic, confident, and culturally competent, the five young men intentionally resisted and acknowledged the intersections of race, culture, and class within the college basketball culture. We critically assess the evolution of basketball culture, grounded by the sociocultural experiences of the Fab Five, imprinting upon contemporary generations of college basketball programs and their player. Through these experiences, the Fab Five's success through conflict, during their short stint in college basketball and beyond their professional careers trailblazed a path for the modern-day basketball athlete. Known for their style of play, their expression of fashion on and off the court, and eagerness to talk smack, the Fab Five backed up their talk with performance. Their performance on and off the court, revolutionized the culture of basketball; Even more, American society. The Fab Five's legacy is the cultural catalyst for basketball culture on all levels.

Reconceptualising Intracareer Transitions as Coach-Becomings: A Rhizomatic Narrative Case Study of an American Basketball Coach

This paper offers a poststructuralist exploration of the career transitions of an American basketball coach into and within collegiate basketball. We draw on the theory of Deleuze and Guattari to reconceptualise coaching transitions as coach-becomings contrasted with humanist conceptions of outcome-centred, staged processes. Our nomadic analysis is based on longitudinal interviews and ethnographic data collected over a 4-year period. We adopt narrative rhizomatics and ventriloquism to examine the coaching and institutional assemblages engaged in the production of coaching beliefs and behaviours in specific transition contexts. We also attend to the dialogical and performative aspects of analysis in relation to the role of researchers. Our findings suggest that collegiate environments are conducive to disciplinary coaching practices framed within discourses of masculine militarism and dualist representationalism, thus adversely impacting learning, development, and adaptability in transition. We argue that an alternative conceptualisation of transitions as coach-becomings shifts the focus away from arborescent unitary logic to more creative, nonlinear pedagogies that embrace multiplicity and fluidity. Engaging with the Deleuzian ontology of difference also implies raising awareness of coaching as a social and political practice.

러시아 영화 <쓰리 세컨즈>에 나타난 냉전시기의 소련

The film Moving Up is one of the Russian blockbusters that succeeded at the box office in the 2020s, with a motif of nostalgia for the former Soviet Union. The story of this work is divided into two parts. The first part follows the style of a Hollywood blockbuster almost exactly. In other words, a heroic protagonist with deficiencies overcomes crises and conflicts and solves problems. In the film, a new coach of the Soviet Union's basketball team is appointed, and while he tries to unite with his players, he announces that he will defeat the United States and win the Olympics. His remarks were something no one could have predicted. The second part is the match footage, filmed with great detail, almost documentary-like. And this leads to victory at the 1972 Munich Olympics. Overall, these two narratives are organically intertwined, and the visual depiction is excellent. The game scenes were filmed with multiple cameras to create the excitement and tension in the actual stadium. In fact, the game scenes in the work convey to the audience the same feeling as an actual game broadcast. At the 1972 Munich Olympics, for the first time in 36 years, the American basketball team did not lose to anyone, even to the Soviet team. The most interesting thing is that the result of the match was added by the referee at the end. The thing is that it was decided by three seconds. On the one hand, the plot is very cinematic. On the other hand, it only lasts three seconds.

Comparative Analysis of Chinese and American Basketball Player Training Systems

Chinese basketball have not achieved satisfactory results in international play for a long time. Many researchers have tried to find the reasons for the weaknesses of Chinese basketball, but most of the researchers have not thought from the perspective of training system. As the birth place of basketball, America is in the lead in many aspects, such the achievements in international plays, the level of professional players. American basketball training system must be heuristic and progressive. So, the research topic of this text is the differences between Chinese basketball training system and American basketball training system. The research methods of this text are: case study method, literature survey method. Research findings: (1). the training systems for students players in China and America are similar. But Chinese major training system is youth academy, instead of campus basketball. (2). In China, youth academy untimely professionalize players. Players in youth academy are generally lack of education. (3). In China, youth academy hinders the development of campus basketball, because the youth academy holds most of the outstanding coaches and youth players. Research suggestion: (1). Youth academy should be canceled (2). Government should clarify what state sector should be responsible to promote the development of campus basketball, and invest more to improve the facility in public schools.

A sports medicine update to American basketball

A sports medicine update to American basketball

Hoops: A Cultural History of Basketball in America by Thomas Aiello (review)

Reviewed by: Hoops: A Cultural History of Basketball in America by Thomas Aiello Wade Davies Hoops: A Cultural History of Basketball in America. By Thomas Aiello. Lanham, MD: Rowan and Littlefield, 2022. ix + 271 pp. Bibliographic essay, index. $34.00 cloth. Sports historians have long hoped for a grand basketball narrative that appeals equally well to scholarly and popular audiences and centers the game at the heart of the American experience, alongside baseball and football—two sports that have elicited far more scholarly attention. Thomas Aiello has finally written that book. It comes in the form of a concise yet sweeping narrative that traces basketball's evolution, both at the college and professional levels, from its origin and early development in the 1890s, through its mid-twentieth-century maturation, and to its ascent as a premier professional sport, embodied by the post-1970s National Basketball Association (NBA). Aiello strikes an effective balance between in-depth scholarly analysis of basketball's evolving social significance, particularly relative to struggles for gender equality and racial justice, and inspirational stories about all-time great players and teams. Casual readers will particularly appreciate later chapters featuring Larry Bird, Magic Johnson, LeBron James, and, of course, Michael Jordan. The book serves almost as well as a survey of twentieth-century American history as it does a basketball history, in that extended sections are devoted to detail ing broader societal developments—including the Civil Rights Movement, AIDS epidemic, passage of Title IX, COVID-19 pandemic, and Black Lives Matter—before relating these topics back to the sport and its players. Basketball is presented as equally reflecting and influencing the society around it. Aiello so deftly weaves these varied and weighty discussions into his narrative that his book would be as equally well placed as a text for a United States history survey course as for a more focused sports history course. Aiello's otherwise comprehensive narrative does, however, fall a little short in fully capturing basketball's widespread significance to a diverse population. He devotes primary attention to basketball's significance to African Americans and to race relations affecting Black athletes and communities, and deservedly so, but rarely mentions how important this game has been for other athletes of color or of diverse ethnicities, apart from brief mentions of Native American boarding-school teams and longer sections featuring early twentieth-century Jewish teams. More could be said about the intense hoops passion many Indigenous, Asian American, and Latino/a athletes have demonstrated through the years; and there is more to say as well about the game's early importance to American Catholics and other religious communities. These criticisms aside, this is still the most comprehensive and all-around best historical overview yet written about American basketball and is a volume that no sports historian or basketball enthusiast should do without. Scholars will also appreciate the extensive bibliographic essays Aiello includes for each chapter subject. [End Page 110] Wade Davies Native American Studies University of Montana Copyright © 2023 Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska–Lincoln

An “ethnically unique” athlete: An analysis of media representations of Jeremy Lin during the 2010–2011 and 2016–2017 NBA seasons

Jeremy Lin, an Asian American basketball player, achieved his meteoric stardom by giving outstanding performances and leading the Knicks to constant wins. Intense media coverage and scholarly work about Lin had been done during this starring time, while this research focuses on media representations of Lin during regular seasons. This article employs textual analysis and examines 461 articles from the first and last NBA seasons Lin played. The thematic analysis shows media representations of Lin became more diverse while rarely using racialized narratives. However, untrust and low expectations of Asian American masculinity are discovered in the analysis. In addition, stereotypical narratives such as “see someone Asian, say something Asian,” and the model minority myth beautify stereotypical impressions of Asian Americans and exacerbate their “otherness.” Such flattering compliments embedded in media coverage obfuscate Asian American identity, making it more difficult for them to prove their personality and masculinity. Although the media create and maintain hegemonic masculinity and stereotypes, they are also powerful to break down prejudice and discrimination and reshape people’s impressions of Asian American athletes, and even their whole community.

Cultural Differences of Basketball between China and the United States and Its Concept in Basketball Teaching under the Background of Wireless Network Intelligence Technology

The increasingly extensive socialization trend has led to the comprehensive innovation of sports. The development of Chinese basketball should be based on the successful experience of the development of professional basketball in the United States. The development of China’s basketball has a solid cultural and mass foundation, but we should not be proud and arrogant. It is necessary to make full use of the critical and inherited attitude to learn and absorb the excellent and advanced knowledge of American basketball culture. At present, there are still some problems that need to be further explored. The purpose of this paper is to research and discuss the cultural differences of basketball between China and the United States and their concepts in basketball teaching based on the background of wireless network intelligence technology. This paper firstly analyzes and introduces the difference between the wireless network and wireless sensor network. The main design goal of traditional wireless networks is to improve service quality and efficiently use bandwidth and then consider energy saving, while the main design goal of sensor networks is to use energy efficiently, which is one of the most important differences between sensor networks and traditional networks, to analyze the differences between Chinese and American basketball cultures, to understand the impact of Chinese and American basketball cultural differences on basketball teaching concepts, and to compare and study the differences between Chinese and American basketball culture and their teaching philosophy in basketball. Using the method of this article, through the analysis of experimental data, we understand the impact of Chinese and American basketball cultural differences on basketball teaching concepts and find that Chinese and American basketball cultural differences play an important role in basketball teaching concepts, with a satisfaction rate of 66%. Through theory and experiments, based on the data, it is analyzed that the impact of the differences between Chinese and American basketball cultures on basketball teaching concepts reaches 50%. The research results show that the differences between Chinese and American basketball cultures play an important role in basketball teaching concepts and can be used to promote the development of basketball culture and skills.

Memphis Hoops: Race and Basketball in the Bluff City, 1968–1997

Modern college basketball fans can be forgiven if they associate the hoops history of the University of Memphis (formerly Memphis State) with Anfernee “Penny” Hardaway or Derrick Rose instead of Larry Finch. But in the early 1970s, as Keith Wood explains in Memphis Hoops, Memphians saw Finch, a star player for the Tigers, as a hometown hero able to unite a racially divided community. White and Black fans alike cheered on Finch and his teammates as they advanced to the 1973 NCAA title game, where they lost to the powerhouse UCLA Bruins squad. This biracial coalition, however, was short-lived and could not be replicated by other local basketball teams in the 1970s or 1980s as city leaders struggled with issues of race.Finch and the ’73 Tigers certainly merit their positions at the center of the story, but Memphis Hoops explores the city's basketball past through other avenues as well. While Finch propelled the Tigers through the NCAA tournament, the Memphis Tams, a professional team playing in the American Basketball Association (ABA), drew few fans after relocating in 1970 from New Orleans. One reason, Wood posits, is that Memphians perceived the ABA as a Black league and, as such, gave little attention to the squad, even when they added both Finch and Johnny Neumann (a local “great white hope”). In 1975, the Tams (by then renamed the Sounds) left town and tiny LeMoyne-Owen, a local Historically Black College, captured the Division III National Championship. Like the ABA squad, LeMoyne-Owen remained “hidden behind the veil of segregation” (71), unable to capture the heart of the city as Memphis State did two years earlier. Again, basketball was unable to live up to its billing as an avenue for “racial equality on the court and an opportunity to unite the city off the court” (1). Fittingly, in 1986, Finch became the first Black head basketball coach at Memphis State, where he remained until 1997, providing a strong chronological bookend for Wood's work.Perhaps the most important contribution of Wood's work is his understanding of how the seeming color-blindness brought about by the early ’70s Memphis State teams masked deep-seated racial unrest in the city. In fact, as Wood argues, Finch “became emblematic of the myth that basketball healed the wounds of the city” (30). For even while celebrating their star player's on-court accomplishments, the “white establishment used the team's success as a political tool to divert attention from the racially divided reality that existed outside the arena” (35). Finch and the Memphis State Tigers were powerful symbols but ultimately were not able to permanently transcend Memphis's battle against racism.In conducting research for Memphis Hoops, Wood interviewed nearly two dozen people to gain a first-hand perspective of the era while scouring scores of local newspapers and archives to bring this story to life. If anything, additional interviews—perhaps with white civic leaders—might have provided support to Wood's understandings of the motivations of those who created and perpetuated the use of Finch as a “new construct of blackness” (50). Likewise, the strengths of the book are certainly most revealing of the 1970s—six of the seven chapters are almost entirely about that decade—so readers seeking an in-depth dive into the 1980s or 1990s might be disappointed. These, though, are minor quibbles. Memphis Hoops is a must-read for anyone interested in Memphis basketball or those looking to better understand the city's racial divide in the wake of the 1968 assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

The Sports Revolution: How Texas Changed the Culture of American Athletics

Texas is usually at the center of United States history. Whether it was as one of the causes for the Mexican–American War or the setting for the landmark ruling of Roe vs. Wade, which legalized abortion, the state has played and continues to play a significant role in the shaping of the nation. As Perry Como's 1942 hit tune begins, “The stars at night are big and bright (fast clap 4 times) deep in the heart of Texas!” In Frank Andre Guridy's book, The Sports Revolution: How Texas Changed the Culture of American Athletics, the sports stars were indeed big and bright. Add the emergence of the commercialization of sport, the economic investments, and the pioneering visionaries in Texas in the 1960s and 1970s, and the result is the creation of today's modern sports industrial complex.Guridy's purpose is to explain the “consequences of [the] legal and political transformations vividly played out in sports” during the “Second Reconstruction” in Texas (4). The state was at the forefront of the convergence of social, political, and economic changes that manifested as the sports revolution of the 1960s and 1970s. The book begins with a snapshot of sports in Texas during the Jim Crow era, including the success of African American teams like the track team at Texas Southern University and the Mexican American basketball team at Lanier High School in San Antonio. He also notes, in 1969, the Texas Longhorns were the last all-white football team to win an NCAA championship in the sport. Guridy then transitions into the factors that led to the evolution of sports in Texas: wealthy businessmen looking to cash in, the booming energy sector, and the securing of state-of-the-art stadiums.Houston and Dallas are at the center of this volume. In the 1960s, the Black community in Houston threw its support behind a proposal for a domed stadium. The promise was that the seating, teams, and jobs would be desegregated. The AstroDome was the first indoor stadium in the nation, bragging a host of architectural firsts that others would copy, including the injury-prone astroturf. The “Phi Slama Jama” era of basketball at the University of Houston demonstrated that dunks drew TV ratings. In addition, Black players like Hakeem Olajuwon and Clyde Drexler had a significant impact on the college game and later the NBA.Inspiration (or envy) struck the Dallas Cowboys owner Clint Murchison Jr. after the opening of the AstroDome. Tired of the decaying Cotton Bowl, he built Texas Stadium in Irving. Guridy explains how the construction of these two pathbreaking sports venues changed the landscape not only in Texas but nationwide, as other cities carbon-copied the Texas blueprint for success and profitability.The next chapters deal with the integration of the Southwest Conference and the subsequent race to acquire the best African American football players, inevitably resulting in NCAA violations. Guridy also explains how the Texas Rangers moved from Washington, DC. The common thread was how “commercialized sport catalyzed social change by unhinging the historical hierarchies of the Jim Crow era” (79). The San Antonio Spurs and the impact of the Mexican American working-class fan base also has a dedicated chapter.Guridy's best chapters address how Texas served as the background for two significant events during the sexual revolution: the “Battle of the Sexes” tennis match and the formation of the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders. The tennis match between Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs, held in the Houston Astrodome, was a turning point for feminism. Millions of television viewers witnessed King's victory, resulting in the development of the women's pro tennis tour.The author's chapter on the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders (DCC) “exposed some of the contradictions of the sexual revolution,” including their woeful pay to the hypersexualized way they were used to sell tickets and garner television ratings (213). African American cheerleaders were members. Television producers and directors helped fuel the DCC's popularity by scanning the sidelines frequently during games.Since this is a book about Texas sports, there is no shortage of newspaper articles to choose from; however, most of the sources are secondary, taken from a wide array of sport history books. Guridy aptly shows, albeit grudgingly, how sports in Texas desegregated certain areas of the social and cultural scene. My one structural complaint is that there is no bibliography, only a notes section.The volume offers fans the genesis of big-time sports and how events in Texas fundamentally altered sports for the better. Guridy's book adds value to the historiography of sports history through the lens of civil rights, feminism, and the sexual revolution. Women's studies scholars and Texas historians would benefit greatly by adding this book to their list.

Oscar Robertson, Antitrust, and the Fight Against Monopsony Power in the NBA

Labor markets in sports have historically been dominated by the monopsony power enjoyed by owners. In the 1970s, Oscar Robertson argued in front of Congress that “…it’s terribly wrong for anyone to limit anyone’s ability to earn more money.” The data make it clear that Robertson’s wages—and the wages of other National Basketball Association (NBA) players—were indeed limited by the NBA’s reserve clause. Robertson, though, didn’t just make speeches. As the head of the NBA’s Player Association, he delayed a merger between the American Basketball Association and NBA and eventually created the NBA’s free agent market. His work dramatically increased the wages paid to NBA players. These victories, though, didn’t last forever. The many limits today on player wages in the NBA’s labor market suggest that Robertson’s fight has largely been forgotten by today’s NBA players.

Who is the best coach of all time? A network-based assessment of the career performance of professional sports coaches

Abstract We consider two large datasets consisting of all games played among top-tier European soccer clubs in the last $60$ years, and among professional American basketball teams in the past $70$ years. We leverage game data to build networks of pairwise interactions between the head coaches of the teams and measure their career performance in terms of PageRank centrality. We identify Arsène Wenger, Sir Alex Ferguson, Jupp Heynckes, Carlo Ancelotti and José Mourinho as the top $5$ European soccer coaches of all time. In American basketball, the first $5$ positions of the all-time ranking are occupied by Red Auerbach, Gregg Popovich, Phil Jackson, Don Nelson and Lenny Wilkens. We further establish rankings by decade and season. We develop a simple methodology to monitor performance throughout a coach’s career, and to dynamically compare the performance of two or more coaches at a given time. The manuscript is accompanied by the website coachscore.luddy.indiana.edu where complete results of our analysis are accessible to the interested readers.

The limits of representation activism: analyzing Black celebrity politics in LeBron James’ The Shop

This discussion centers on a critical textual analysis of 10 episodes of The Shop: Uninterrupted, an HBO television series produced by and starring iconic Black American basketball player LeBron James. The aim is to provide a considered explication of representation activism: the anti-racist strategy keying on collapsing racial hierarchies through accenting positive Black representation, and so advancing greater Black inclusion, within mainstream media (Andrews, 2018; Gilroy, 2000; Godsil and Goodale, 2013). The politics and constructions of Blackness within The Shop exemplify the logical flaws, superficiality, and insipid practical outcomes of representation activism. Though The Shop proclaims to demonstrate Black liberatory representation, this analysis elucidates how The Shop’s centering of the Black celebrity elite as the agents of change falsely universalizes the experiences of everyday Black people; its pursuit of a mythological Black authenticity essentializes and romanticizes Black vernacular and identities; and its mediation through the White racial frame prohibits the articulation of an effective liberatory politics. The discussion concludes by challenging the possibilities of “positive” representation in capitalist media as a credible and sincere tactic of collective Black liberation (Hooks, 1992; Marable, 2015; Spence, 2015; West, 1994); instead, suggesting a grassroots-oriented approach prefigured on targeting the structural roots of racism.

Professional migration from the United States to Europe: Composite vignettes of black male basketball players from underserved communities

ObjectiveTo explore how the intersectional perspective of being a Black male from an underserved community shaped the professional cultural transition of American basketball players to Europe. Designand Method: The seven Black male athletes, who met the criteria of playing at least one year in a professional European basketball league and spending their formative years in an underserved community in the USA, participated in this study. Life story interviews, lasting between one and 2 h, were analysed through the principles of narrative analysis. Creative non-fiction was used to represent the findings in the form of composite vignettes using the words of the participants to create an evocative and meaningful experiential reconstruction. FindingsThe analysis uncovered three primary themes; steppingstones to becoming a professional basketball migrant; from America to Europe: a whole new world once again; and “don't bother to unpack your bags:” from ups and downs to settlement plans. Within these themes, the intersectional identity of being a Black male from a poor community underpinned the storyline. ConclusionsAll seven participants left their underserved community at some point during their teenage years, and this transition into a more affluent, White dominated society proved beneficial for the move to Europe. Further, the shared intersectional identity of being an African American male from a low socioeconomic community had critical implications for how they experienced the cultural transition to Europe, and how they were received by the host environment.

Social Media and Convergence Culture: A Scoping Review of the Literature on North American Basketball

This systematic review was based on the work of Arksey and O’Malley and presents the current research on social media use in North American basketball. Thirty-five articles were reviewed to (a) identify authors, concepts, research methods, and the results that have provided greater insight into the role of social media in sports; and (b) describe both the strategies underlying social media use according to user profiles and the new relationship that is emerging between social media and the world of sports. The review reveals the multifaceted nature of the issues that have emerged with the increasing use of social media in sports, and this is discussed within the framework of the model proposed by Jenkins.

When Women Rule the Court: Gender, Race, and Japanese American Basketball

When Women Rule the Court: Gender, Race, and Japanese American Basketball

Sweating the connection of uniform colours and success in sport: No evidence for the red win effect in elite women’s NCAA basketball

Efforts to research the link between uniform colours and performance in sport have gained momentum in recent years demonstrating a red superiority effect. The current investigation identified a gender gap in participation between laboratory experimental studies of performance, which are dominated by women participants, and archival game analysis research, which is almost exclusively conducted in elite men’s sports. To address this disparity, we conducted the first dedicated exploration of uniform colours with women’s American collegiate basketball teams during the national annual tournament (NCAA) in a period spanning eight seasons (2012–19). In contrast to the evidence from experimental research, we failed to detect an effect and the results remained null when several colours were tested and ranking was considered. Based on the findings, we conclude with mounting confidence that uniform colours do not exert influence over winning in relatively long-duration, low aggression team sports with substantial physical contact. We discuss the results in relationship to the colour-in-context theory (Elliot, A. J., & Maier, M. A. (2012). Colour-in-context theory. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 45, pp. 61–125). Academic Press.) and highlight its shortcomings pertaining to sex as a moderator.

Bigger, faster, stronger: how racist and sexist ideologies persist in college sports

ABSTRACT US college sports are prime cultural sites of racist and sexist ideological production [Coakley, Jay. 2015. Sport in Society: Issues and Controversies. 11th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; Eitzen, Stanley D. 2016. Fair and Foul: Beyond the Myths and Paradoxes of Sport. 5th ed. Landham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield]. Much of the research into the ideological production in college athletics centres media coverage of two men’s commercialized sports (American football and basketball) as the producers of ideologies and one subject (fans) as the consumers of ideologies. Less is known about how ideologies are produced, circulated, and ultimately reproduced amongst college athletes. To address this gap, I use [Althusser, Louis. 1971. Lenin and Philosophy. New York, NY: Monthly Review] approach to ideology to analyse 47 interviews with Olympic (or non-commercialized) college athletes. Findings position college sport as an ISA with at least three mechanisms – time, behaviour, and language – that hail participants to racist and sexist ideologies rooted in ‘biological’ difference. Findings also explore how college athletes question how their own bodies are constructed by dominant ideologies.