American Association Of University Women Research Articles

About the Contributors

About the Contributors

In Memoriam - BrJAC mourns the death of Prof. Dr. Carol Hollingworth Collins and recognizes her great contribution to the Analytical Chemistry in Brazil

Professor Carol Collins graduated in Chemistry from Bates College (1952) and obtained her PhD in Organic Physical Chemistry from Iowa State University of Science and Technology (1958), when she was introduced to the recently developed gas–liquid chromatography. She conducted postdoctoral research at the University of Wisconsin and later worked on radiochemistry and nuclear medicine at the Brookhaven National Laboratory and the Western New York Nuclear Research Center in Louvain (Belgium) and Southwest Asia. Professor Collins came to the State University of Campinas (Unicamp) with her husband, Kenneth Collins, in July 1974, during the university’s first decade, and played a leading role in consolidation of the Institute of Chemistry at Unicamp and in the growth of chemistry and analytical chemistry in Brazil. Her first line of research in Brazil was radioanalytical chemistry, later focusing on chromatographic techniques, initially applied to the products of radiochemical reactions and radiation chemistry. Subsequently, her attention was directed to the preparation of stationary phases for liquid chromatography. She gained remarkable achievement in the area of chromatography that allowed her to publish two books that are very popular in Brazil: "Introduction to Chromatographic Methods" (1987) and "Fundamentals of Chromatography" (2006). Her scientific and technological contributions have been recognized through several awards, including the “Marie Curie Award” from the American Association of University Women and the “Simão Mathias Medal” from the Brazilian Chemical Society (SBQ). She also received honors in recognition of the contributions of Unicamp's 40th anniversary, SBQ's 30th anniversary, a tribute from the Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, the National Meeting of Analytical Chemistry, the School of Separations and the Brazilian Symposium on Chromatography and Related Techniques (SIMCRO) Medal. For her outstanding performance and leadership in the creation and consolidation of the Analytical Chemistry Division of the Brazilian Chemical Society, her name was recognized in the Carol Collins Medal given to each National Meeting of Analytical Chemistry since the 2018 edition. Professor Collins was also a full member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Sciences of São Paulo, and received the title of Professor Emerita of Unicamp on 14 May 2012, in addition to being Emeritus Researcher at the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). Apart from her scientific competence, some characteristics shaped her personality and made her very popular among her colleagues and students: her vast gourmet knowledge, keen taste for caipirinha and coffee, infallible memory, great love for her work and for Brazil, dedication to science, analytical chemistry/chromatography, kindness as a person and her incessant search for justice. She was always receptive to clarifying the doubts of students, teachers and interested parties, which she did with great pleasure, characteristic of those who like to teach and transmit knowledge. The contributions of Professor Collins to the training of human resources, the consolidation and development of the Institute of Chemistry at Unicamp and the analytical chemistry/chromatography sector in Brazil and abroad are immeasurable. Her brilliant trajectory will leave a huge legacy that is difficult to measure and she will remain forever in the memory of those who were fortunate enough to live with her.

The Paradox of Door-Keeping: Access and Absurdity, Then and Now

April 01 2022 The Paradox of Door-Keeping: Access and Absurdity, Then and Now Amy A. Foley Amy A. Foley Amy A. Foley is a postdoctoral research fellow with the American Association of University Women and teaches modern literature and philosophy at Providence College in Rhode Island. She writes about fiction, modernism, architecture, and phenomenology. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Author and Article Information Amy A. Foley Amy A. Foley is a postdoctoral research fellow with the American Association of University Women and teaches modern literature and philosophy at Providence College in Rhode Island. She writes about fiction, modernism, architecture, and phenomenology. Online Issn: 2572-7338 Print Issn: 1091-711X © 2022 Amy A. Foley2022Amy A. Foley Thresholds (2022) (50): 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1162/thld_a_00766 Cite Icon Cite Permissions Share Icon Share MailTo Twitter LinkedIn Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Search Site Citation Amy A. Foley; The Paradox of Door-Keeping: Access and Absurdity, Then and Now. Thresholds 2022; (50): 195–207. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/thld_a_00766 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsThresholds Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 2022 Amy A. Foley2022Amy A. Foley Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Contributors’ Notes

Contributors’ Notes

The Gender Wage Gap as it Relates to State Partisan Control and Pay Equity Policy

This study offers an explanation to the interstate variation of the gender wage gap in the United States. Looking at political explanations as an answer for the wage gap’s persistence, I hypothesize that Democratically controlled state government positively impacts the state having pay equity policies, and that having these pay equity policies positively impacts the state’s gender wage gap. Using U.S. Census Bureau, National Conference of State Legislatures, and American Association of University Women with U.S. Department of Labor Women’s Bureau data, I find that while there is a correlation between Democratically controlled state legislatures and pay equity policy and a correlation between Democratic majority legislatures and a narrower gender wage gap, there does not appear to be a direct association between pay equity policy and the state’s gender wage gap. The findings suggest that partisanship of the state legislature plays a key role in the wage equity policy of a state, as well as the reasoning that longstanding Democratic majorities have already passed policy to combat the apparent causes of the gap, and that more in depth policy is thus necessary to completely close it.

Celebrating Women in Paleobotany: A Tribute to Edith L. Taylor—Introduction and Dedication

Celebrating Women in Paleobotany: A Tribute to Edith L. Taylor—Introduction and Dedication

Scenes from Everyday Life in the Northern Mariana Islands during the COVID‐19 Pandemic

The Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), located in the Western Pacific, has managed to keep COVID-19 cases down to a minimum despite the neighbouring island of Guåhan's (Guam) struggle to contain the virus. The CNMI is home to the native Chamorro and Refaluwasch peoples, as well as a diverse array of other cultural groups including many from throughout the Micronesian region, the Philippines, Korea, China, Japan, Bangladesh, Thailand and more. While the islands are relatively unknown to most Americans in the continental United States, the archipelago is critical for United States Military training and testing, which has increased the islands' vulnerability to COVID-19 exposure as military personnel continue to train and test throughout the area. As a United States Commonwealth, COVID-19 relief funds have been distributed throughout the community as people struggle to regain a sense of normalcy in their everyday lives. In the last 5 years, the CNMI community has endured great hardship as a number of record breaking natural disasters have devastated the islands, including Super Typhoon Soudelor (2015) and the Category 5 Super Typhoon Yutu (2018), followed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The photographs presented here were taken by the author in June 2020; they depict scenes from the island of Saipan as COVID-19 precautions have become part of the fabric of everyday life. While face-to-face interactions and large family gatherings are treasured in this island community, individuals continue to search for ways to encourage one another through art and community care—all of which showcase the island spirit of cooperation and respect in the midst of crisis. Increasingly, community members have begun to express their solidarity through the show of community testing initiatives, cultural pride and togetherness such as wearing masks with the CNMI flag prominently displayed and creating culturally significant art for the community to enjoy alongside the island's main roads. Theresa (Isa) Arriola is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Anthropology at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). Isa's research focuses on the intersections of militarism, indigeneity, and the environment among indigenous Chamorro and Refaluwasch peoples in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), where she was born and raised. Isa is currently completing her PhD as an American Association of University Women (AAUW) Dissertation Fellowship awardee.

Women Physicians and Promotion in Academic Medicine

BackgroundIn 2000, a landmark study showed that women who graduated from U.S. medical schools from 1979 through 1997 were less likely than their male counterparts to be promoted to upper faculty ranks in academic medical centers. It is unclear whether these differences persist.MethodsWe merged data from the Association of American Medical Colleges on all medical school graduates from 1979 through 2013 with faculty data through 2018, and we compared the percentages of women who would be expected to be promoted on the basis of the proportion of women in the graduating class with the actual percentages of women who were promoted. We calculated Kaplan–Meier curves and used adjusted Cox proportional-hazards models to examine the differences between the early cohorts (1979–1997) and the late cohorts (1998–2013).ResultsThe sample included 559,098 graduates from 134 U.S. medical schools. In most of the cohorts, fewer women than expected were promoted to the rank of associate or full professor or appointed to the post of department chair. Findings were similar across basic science and clinical departments. In analyses that included all the cohorts, after adjustment for graduation year, race or ethnic group, and department type, women assistant professors were less likely than their male counterparts to be promoted to associate professor (hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74 to 0.78). Similar sex disparities existed in promotions to full professor (hazard ratio, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.74 to 0.81) and appointments to department chair (hazard ratio, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.54). These sex differences in promotions and appointments did not diminish over time and were not smaller in the later cohorts than in the earlier cohorts. The sex differences were even larger in the later cohorts with respect to promotion to full professor.ConclusionsOver a 35-year period, women physicians in academic medical centers were less likely than men to be promoted to the rank of associate or full professor or to be appointed to department chair, and there was no apparent narrowing in the gap over time. (Funded by the University of Kansas Medical Center Joy McCann Professorship for Women in Medicine and the American Association of University Women.)

Girls in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math: From Camps to Careers

Science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) careers are among the fastest growing and highest paying, yet women are largely underrepresented in these fields, and many girls lack access to STEM opportunities in school. Oregon State University's Open Campus partners with the American Association of University Women to bring an experiential STEM camp, Tech Trek, to middle school girls in rural Oregon with the ultimate goal of increasing the number of women in STEM. Tech Trek serves as a model for intentionally engaging youths to expand access to career opportunities that can be adapted for other Extension programming.

Is Iron Status Related to Psychosocial Wellbeing During Pregnancy? (P10-112-19)

ObjectivesTo examine the associations between iron status, depressive symptoms, anxiety and quality of life (QoL) in 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters (TT) of pregnancy MethodsA longitudinal study was conducted among pregnant women in Central Region of Ghana. Women were recruited in their 1st TT (<13 weeks; n = 118) and followed at their 2nd (n = 73) and 3rd (n = 72) TTs. Sociodemographic variables, food security (8-item version of US Household Food Security Survey Module), anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory; BAI), depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Inventory; CESD) and QoL (RAND SF-36), were collected. We determine hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations via Hemocue; ferritin (Ft) via ELISA; serum iron and total iron binding capacity via colorimetric methods and calculated transferrin saturation (TSAT). Stepwise regressions were run to determine predictors of psychosocial wellbeing and ANCOVA’s for differences between iron status (ID = iron deficient; IS = iron sufficient) groups at each time point. ResultsParticipants were 27.1 ± 5.2 years old. Prevalence of anemia (Hb < 11.0 g/dL) was 36%, 66%, 55%; ID (Ft < 12 mg/L) 12%, 18%, 28%; ID anemia 5%, 12%, 20%; depressive symptoms (CESD ≥16) 49%, 36%, 28%; anxiety symptoms (BAI ≥16) 35%, 11%, 2% and low QoL (SF-36 < 50) 31%, 14%, 35% for 1st, 2nd and 3rd TTs, respectively. In the 1st TT, an association between Ft and BAI scores (b = 3.38) and between Hb and CESD scores (b = -0.98) was found but no iron biomarkers were related to SF-36 scores. ID women (by Ft) had lower anxiety scores (P < 0.01) but higher depressive symptom scores (P = 0.05) than IS women; anemic women had higher depressive symptom scores than non anemic women (P = 0.06). At the 2nd TT, no iron biomarkers were related to BAI or CESD scores. Those who were ID (TSAT < 16%) had higher QoL scores than those who were IS (P = 0.01) although the n in the ID group was very small (n = 6). ConclusionsID is related to higher depressive symptoms but lower anxiety symptoms during the 1st TT. It may also be related to higher QoL during the 2nd TT although this finding should be interpreted with caution. Iron biomarkers did not relate to psychosocial wellbeing during the 3rd TT. Funding SourcesCollege of Health and Human Development & Africana Research Center, Penn State; American Association of University Women.

Evaluation of the UF/NCI hybrid computational phantoms for use in organ dosimetry of pediatric patients undergoing fluoroscopically guided cardiac procedures**This work was supported by Advanced Laboratory for Radiation Dosimetry Studies, University of Florida, American Association of University Women, National Cancer Institute Grant 1F31 CA159464.

Epidemiologic data demonstrate that pediatric patients face a higher relative risk of radiation induced cancers than their adult counterparts at equivalent exposures. Infants and children with congenital heart defects are a critical patient population exposed to ionizing radiation during life-saving procedures. These patients will likely incur numerous procedures throughout their lifespan, each time increasing their cumulative radiation absorbed dose. As continued improvements in long-term prognosis of congenital heart defect patients is achieved, a better understanding of organ radiation dose following treatment becomes increasingly vital. Dosimetry of these patients can be accomplished using Monte Carlo radiation transport simulations, coupled with modern anatomical patient models. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the University of Florida/National Cancer Institute (UF/NCI) pediatric hybrid computational phantom library for organ dose assessment of patients that have undergone fluoroscopically guided cardiac catheterizations. In this study, two types of simulations were modeled. A dose assessment was performed on 29 patient-specific voxel phantoms (taken as representing the patient’s true anatomy), height/weight-matched hybrid library phantoms, and age-matched reference phantoms. Two exposure studies were conducted for each phantom type. First, a parametric study was constructed by the attending pediatric interventional cardiologist at the University of Florida to model the range of parameters seen clinically. Second, four clinical cardiac procedures were simulated based upon internal logfiles captured by a Toshiba Infinix-i Cardiac Bi-Plane fluoroscopic unit. Performance of the phantom library was quantified by computing both the percent difference in individual organ doses, as well as the organ dose root mean square values for overall phantom assessment between the matched phantoms (UF/NCI library or reference) and the patient-specific phantoms. The UF/NCI hybrid phantoms performed at percent differences of between 15% and 30% for the parametric set of irradiation events. Among internal logfile reconstructed procedures, the UF/NCI hybrid phantoms performed with RMS organ dose values between 7% and 29%. Percent improvement in organ dosimetry via the use of hybrid library phantoms over the reference phantoms ranged from 6.6% to 93%. The use of a hybrid phantom library, Monte Carlo radiation transport methods, and clinical information on irradiation events provide a means for tracking organ dose in these radiosensitive patients undergoing fluoroscopically guided cardiac procedures.

Hearing across Party Lines: Music in U.S. Presidential Commercials

Research Article| December 01 2017 Hearing across Party Lines: Music in U.S. Presidential Commercials Joanna Love Joanna Love Joanna Love (assistant professor of music at the University of Richmond) examines twentieth- and twenty-first-century American and popular musics and their intersecting roles in multimedia, especially television commercials, music videos, and films. She has published articles in the Journal of the Society for American Music, Music and Politics, Journal of Music History Pedagogy, and Trax on the Trail and has presented at conferences, including the American Musicological Society, the Society for American Music, and the International Association for the Study of Popular Music—U.S. She is currently working on a book project supported by a grant from the American Association of University Women titled Soda Goes Pop: Pepsi-Cola Advertising and Popular Music 1939–2012. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google American Music (2017) 35 (4): 517–523. https://doi.org/10.5406/americanmusic.35.4.0517 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Joanna Love; Hearing across Party Lines: Music in U.S. Presidential Commercials. American Music 1 January 2017; 35 (4): 517–523. doi: https://doi.org/10.5406/americanmusic.35.4.0517 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectiveUniversity of Illinois PressAmerican Music Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright 2018 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois2018 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Effect of Dietary Intake on Bone Mineral Density among Non‐Obese and Obese Women

ObjectiveAnalysis of dietary intake among non‐obese and obese women was conducted to examine the effects of dietary intakes on bone mineral density (BMD) and obesity.MethodologyThis study was based on a sample of 29 women (15 non‐obese and 14 obese/overweight), 20 to 60 years of age. Dietary intakes were measured by Automated Self‐Administered (ASA) 24‐hour dietary recalls. Body weight and height were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI). Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure total body BMD (TBBMD), lumbar spine BMD (L1 to L4), and dual femur BMD, as well as percent body fat.ResultsThe non‐obese group had a body mass index (BMI) between 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2, while the obese/overweight group had a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (P &lt; 0.001). There was no significant difference between the non‐obese group and obese/overweight group with respect to age and ethnicity (P &gt; 0.05). Average energy intake was 1864 ± 717 kilocalories (kcal) per day for the non‐obese women, and 2080 ± 775 kcal/day for the obese/overweight women (P = 0.44). Similarly, daily intake of protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins (A, B12, D, E, K), and minerals (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium) were similar between the non‐obese and obese/overweight groups (P &gt; 0.05). Dietary intake could not explain the difference in BMI between groups. Both groups met the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), except for vitamin D and potassium; both groups consumed about 30% to 50% less than the RDA. However, there was a significant correlation (R = 0.68, P = 0.0076) between vitamin K intake and BMD in the obese/overweight group, but not in the non‐obese group (R = 0.18, P = 0.52). The non‐obese group had a significantly lower TBBMD compared to the obese/overweight group (BMD = 1.15 ± 0.08 g/cm2 and 1.26 ± 0.12 g/cm2, respectively) (P &lt; 0.05). Similarly, the non‐obese group had a significantly lower dual femur BMD and percent body fat (0.94 ± 0.27 g/cm2 and 29.18 ± 6.29%, respectively) compared to the obese/overweight (1.12 ± 0.12 g/cm2 and 42.16 ± 6.17%, respectively) (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, BMI was significantly correlated with BMD (R = 0.79, P = 0.007) in the obese/overweight group, but not in the non‐obese group (R = 0.32, P = 0.23).ConclusionsWe found that the non‐obese group had a lower BMD than the obese/overweight group. In addition, BMD was significantly correlated (P &lt; 0.05) with BMI and vitamin K intake in the obese/overweight group, but not in the non‐obese group. More research needs to be conducted to assess the effect of dietary intake and obesity on BMD in women.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by the American Association of University Women (www.aauw.org)'s International Post‐Doc Award to Dr. Prekshi Aggarwal.

The Seeding Your Future Initiative: STEM outreach for grades 5-12.

The Seeding Your Future Initiative started in Fall 2014 with the goal of providing STEM outreach in theEastern Panhandle of WV and the surrounding tri-state area. The Initiative began with the Seeding Your Future Conference, which will be in its third year next October. This conference targets middle school age girls, with the goal of the girls gaining or maintaining an appreciation for STEM fields and their abilities within them. The conference features a plenary by a woman in STEM, a speed-dating style panel, and a series of ~1hr hands-on STEM workshops. In September 2015, the Seeding Your Future Workshop Series began for high school students. Workshop Series events are held monthly during the academic year and feature a two-hour hands-on STEM activity. This talk will include details of the Seeding Your Future Initiative, discuss the novel aspects of it, and showcase data from the past few years highlighting the program’s successes. All program activities are free of charge thanks to generous funding from Women Investing in Shepherd (WISH), NASA West Virginia Space Grant Consortium, Eastern West Virginia Community Foundation, American Association of University Women (AAUW), and Shepherd University.

Solute sources and geochemical processes in Subglacial Lake Whillans, West Antarctica

National Science Foundation (NSF, grants OPP-0838933, 1346250, and 1439774); Italian National Antarctic Program (Barbante); graduate fellowships from the NSF Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship program (0654336) and NSF Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations; dissertation grant from the American Association of University Women

Sandra Lipsitz Bem (1944-2014).

This article memorializes Sandra Lipsitz Bem (1944-2014). Bem was a feminism psychologist whose incisive writing and research transformed the psychology of gender and contributed significantly to our understanding of sex-typing, psychological androgyny, gender schema theory, and sexual inequality. Bem and her husband, Daryl Bem, were active in the feminist community in Pittsburgh, and worked with the National Organization for Women to challenge gender-segregated job advertisements in a lawsuit against the Pittsburgh Press in 1969. The Bems co-wrote an influential article, "Case Study of a Nonconscious Ideology: Training the Woman to Know Her Place" (1970) using the word "sexism" when it was not widely known. She created the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) and conducted research showing that conventional gender typing was not necessarily correlated with psychological adjustment. Her publications won her enduring recognition and awards, including the American Psychological Association Distinguished Scientific Award for Early Career Contribution (1976), Distinguished Publication Awards from the Association for Women in Psychology (AWP; 1977, 1994), the Young Scholar Award from the American Association of University Women (1980), and, posthumously, the Distinguished Career Award (AWP, 2014).

Resource Review: Why So Few? Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

“Why So Few? Women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics” (Hill, C., Corbett, C., Rose, A., 2010) reports on an extensive study of women’s underrepresentation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics professions. Funded by the National Science Foundation, the project was conducted by American Association of University Women. The resource includes findings from eight research studies which examined social and environmental factors which contribute to women’s underrepresentation in STEM fields as well as helpful tables, charts and bibliography resources. The 110 page resource will be particularly helpful for scholars working in program design to advance STEM opportunities for women.

Gateway to Equality: desegregation and the American Association of University Women in St Louis, Missouri

In 1946 the National Board of the American Association of University Women (AAUW) adopted a policy of racial non-discrimination, and in 1949 amended its bylaws to allow any woman with a degree from an approved institution admission into local branches, regardless of the local branch members’ approval. Many local branches resisted this move, which had the effect of allowing African American women admission. In St Louis, Missouri, the move caused a rift within the local branch. The St Louis group divided into the St Louis Branch of the American Association of University Women and The College Club of St Louis, and the split prompted a lawsuit over the groups’ property (Graham v Kirchner 1956, Missouri Supreme Court). This research explores the historical process of racial desegregation in St Louis in the context of a voluntary, progressive women's organization and reflects on the power of women's organizations to promote social change. This case study sheds light on the strength of social norms regarding racial segregation in a city in a ‘border state’ without the legally entrenched segregation found in many other southern cities during this time.

Gender Equity in Dental Academics

Gender Equity in Dental Academics

Science: it's a role model thing

Science: it's a role model thing