Ambivalent Behaviour Research Articles

Game at School? Italian Teachers' Perceptions of the Introduction of Games in the Classroom

The growing awareness that games can be a very valuable training support, both as a resource to engage and motivate and to promote acquisition of disciplinary knowledge and skills, has not been accompanied by an effective diffusion of games in Italian schools. From primary school to university, an ambivalent behaviour is manifested: a widespread appreciation of games as a learning environment is contrasted with a limited application, often reduced to the use of games or online software of a behavioural matrix. An analysis of research on the use and diffusion of games in Italian schools and universities highlights the lack of recent studies on the basic didactic-pedagogical knowledge, level of acceptance and confidence of teachers regarding the introduction of games in the classroom. The goal of this contribution is to provide an updated understanding of Italian teachers' competencies related to the formative use of games. To this aim, we developed a survey adapting to the Italian context one of the most established competence frameworks for game-based learning (GBL): the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge-Games (TPACK-G), a variant of TPACK specifically modified for the analysis of games. This new tool extends to non-digital games and integrates the sections on aspects related to game-based instructional design, game scenarios, and the role of the teacher in the instructional activity. This research will not only provide an updated look at how the prevalence of play in the classroom is changing, beyond simple manifestations of interest and trends, but also reveal how the approach to games is changing in the design of educational activities and what is the degree of awareness of the game pedagogical-educational skills necessary for the introduction of games in education. This, in turn, is instrumental for the development of new and more focused teacher training programs to promote the use of games in classrooms.

Preplitanja zatvorenih i otvorenih prostora u romanima Džeka Keruaka

Jack Kerouac (1922 – 1969) is one of many American writers whose conspicuously mythologized and romanticized life story/biography on the one hand, and the fame of one work of art on the other, have succeeded in overwhelming his reputation to such an extent that his wider readership recognize him, almost exclusively, as the most prominent representative of the so-called Beat Generation, the author of On the Road (1957), and the man whose life ended too soon due to alcohol-induced health complications. Thus, from the very onset, Kerouac seems to be enclosed within the space of a few labels, narrowed down to a couple of bullet points, which can by no means be considered a slight contribution to the field of American literature at large. Kerouac’s travel map greatly contributed to the formation of 1960s American cultural mythologies. The Beat generation chooses to focus on what is spontaneous, open, organic, a process, a moment, paradox, improvisation, and alternative states of mind, as opposed to anything rigid, closed, pre-planned, linear or traditional. The highway is, in fact, a double metaphor: a sign which unites the American continent, but which simultaneously decentralizes its subjects, as Roy Kozlovsky asserts. To drive fast means to opt for the spatial over the social/societal, the car as a means of self-expression, and a particular kind of masculinity, rather than a status symbol. The highway and the city are kindred open spaces, antipodes to a family closed life. Traditionally, home is a feminine space, while the car embodies a space of male bonding disentangled from family shackles and norms. Kerouac’s fictionalized male outsiders, exiled and mobile, enchanted by movement itself as well as goallessness with no promises and commitment, support the American mythology of deviant and ambivalent behaviour. All in all, Kerouac’s nomadic lifestyle epitomizes placelessness and existence with no limits, where one road never ends, where there is a Whitmanian understanding of the West as one giant space with multiple possibilities. Jack Kerouac remains a lonesome traveler, for the most part enclosed within his own mind, a writer of a particular lyric responsiveness to soul and language matters.

Orthoamide und Iminiumsalze, IIICa. Weitere Ergebnisse bei der Umsetzung von Orthoamiden der Alkincarbonsäuren mit CH2- und CH2/NH-aciden Verbindungen

Abstract The 1,1-bis(dimethylamino)-1,3-butadienes (keten aminals) 11a–l are prepared from orthoamide derivatives of alkyne carbonxylic acids 9b, d, e, i and CH2-acidic compounds 10a–c, f–h, k, o. The C-silylated orthoamide derivative 9c shows an ambivalent behaviour towards CH-acidic compounds. Reactions of 9c with strong CH2-acidic compounds like the nitro alkanes 10m, n and strongly enolized carbonyl compounds as methyl acetoacetate, cyanoacetamide, dibenzoylmethane, 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid proceed under desilylation to give the ketene aminals 11u–z. In contrast to these reactions, the C-silylated ketene aminals 11o–t are obtained from 9c and weaker CH2-acidic compounds as dimethyl malonate, cyanoacetic acid derivatives and benzylcyanides. CH2/NH2-acidic compounds [cyanoacetamide (10d) and N-ethyl-cyanoacetamide (10f)] react with the orthoamide derivatives 9b, e–g at the acidic carbon-hydrogen bond to give the ketene aminals 11ac, ad, af, ag, ai, which cyclize to the pyridones 14a–d, d–g on heating. From the reaction of the orthoamide 9d with cyanoacetamide the pyridone 14c results directly. The persubstituted pyridone derivative 19 is formed by the reaction of cyanoacetamide with a mixture of the isomeric orthoamides 15 and 16. The 5,5-diamino-2,4-pentadienamide 11v attacks the orthoamide 9a at C3/C1. In the product 20 a cross conjugated multiple bond system is formed which contains an 1-aza-2,3-diamino function and a further ketene aminal function.

Which psychological and socio-demographic dimensions predict amphetamine abuse?

IntroductionAmphetamine abuse has become a serious health concern worldwide, and this holds also true for Iran.AimsInvestigating psychological and socio-demographic dimensions to predict amphetamine-abuse.MethodsHundred amphetamine abusers and 100 healthy controls took part in this cross-sectional study. Participants completed questionnaires covering socio-demographic and psychological dimensions.ResultsCompared to healthy controls, amphetamine abusers reported more insecure and ambivalent attachment styles, higher novelty-seeking and risky behaviour, less current social support and stable relationships, and lower emotional competencies. No differences were found for socio-demographic dimensions.ConclusionsResults from this cross-sectional study underscore that amphetamine abuse was related to poor social relationships, poor emotional competencies and higher risky behaviour. The cross-sectional nature of the study, however, does preclude any conclusions about the causal direction of amphetamine abuse and poor interactional behavior.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Ripping off Hollywood celebrities: Sofia Coppola’s The Bling Ring, luxury fashion and self-branding in California

Abstract My article takes The Bling Ring, directed by Sofia Coppola (2013) – and the post-Fordist, promotional, consumerist constellation it is consciously set in – as a case study of the metamorphosis of the agency, value and meaning of celebrity in contemporary California. I discuss how, in the era of social networking, the construction of celebrity has undergone a process of transformation that entails two conflicting, although strictly interlaced, tendencies. On the one hand is the Hollywood star, supported by a persisting industrial policy and holding a monopoly of attention. On the other is the multiplication of platforms for distributing visibility, including the spectacle of fashion-bloggers, trend-setters and ‘celetoids’ and forms of self-publicity, self-broadcast and life-casting of ‘ordinary individuals’ through the web. Especially, thanks to the diffusion of luxury fashion brands (and a precise marketing policy), a new liaison is taking place between the accredited star and a type of fans increasingly transforming themselves into would-be celebrities. I suggest here that the ‘Bling Ring’ story can be better understood when set against the background of LA’s culture of branding and self-branding, a culture of self-commodification marked by the idea of empowerment through ever-renewing skills of self-presentation and artificially framed styles of life. At the same time, I hint at the social disparity embedded in LA, with its elites’ ambivalent behaviour, including the nostalgic glance of a Hollywood insider (Coppola), to contest a notion of ‘democratization’ of fame. I wish to demonstrate how new-media-conveyed developments in American youth’s behaviour – based on the skills of networking, on the auto-didactic, entrepreneurial activity of web participation, on open access and unrestricted appropriation – are challenging the privilege of fame aristocracy (the Hollywood stars), but not its vertical concentration of wealth and its individualized mode of power.

Plasma-Sprayed Apatite Coatings: Review of Physical-Chemical Characteristics and Their Biological Consequences

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is widely used as a coating on orthopedic medical implants to improve anchoring to bone tissue and facilitate bone repair. The use of plasma-sprayed HA coatings on metal implants has raised as much controversy as interest over the last decade. Although faster and stronger fixation and enhanced bone growth have been reported, the long-term performance of HA-coated implants has been questionned This ambivalent behaviour is related to the thermal decomposition of HA during the plasma spraying of HA powder, which has several observable consequences for the physical-chemical and biological properties of the coatings. This review presents the current knowledge on the characteristics of plasma-sprayed HA coatings and their biological consequences. Various schemes of chemical reactions and physical-chemical processes that can occur during HA-particle plasma spraying, HA-coating formation, or after implantation of HA coatings are presented. Standard and emerging methods developed for the characterization of HA coatings are reviewed, with a focus on Raman spectroscopy, which allows high-quality imaging. Finally, several promising trends that have been explored in recent years to improve the mechanical resistance of coatings and their adhesion on the substrate, to improve the coating microstructure and crystallinity, or to confer a therapeutic activity (e.g., antibacterial activity) on plasma-sprayed HA coatings are reviewed.

Regional Powers as Leaders or Rambos? The Ambivalent Behaviour of Brazil and South Africa in Regional Economic Integration

AbstractThe behaviour of regional powers towards their own regions is often volatile in the developing world, which leads to unstable integration processes. This article argues that this volatility is due to limited intra‐regional gains from regional integration in developing regions, which implies that the behaviour of regional powers is constrained by extra‐regional economic interests. When regional integration is not in conflict with extra‐regional interests, regional powers provide regional leadership. However, when extra‐regional interests are in conflict with regional integration, regional powers become regional Rambos. This argument is illustrated with the two examples of Brazil's behaviour in Mercosur and South Africa's behaviour in SADC. Both regional powers provided leadership during some periods of the regional integration processes, but became Rambos when important extra‐regional interests were at stake. This damaged regional integration processes in South America and Southern Africa considerably.

Serine-71 Phosphorylation of Rac1 Modulates Downstream Signaling

The Rho GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42 regulate a variety of cellular functions by signaling to different signal pathways. It is believed that the presence of a specific effector at the location of GTPase activation determines the route of downstream signaling. We previously reported about EGF-induced Ser-71 phosphorylation of Rac1/Cdc42. By using the phosphomimetic S71E-mutants of Rac1 and Cdc42 we investigated the impact of Ser-71 phosphorylation on binding to selected effector proteins. Binding of the constitutively active (Q61L) variants of Rac1 and Cdc42 to their specific interaction partners Sra-1 and N-WASP, respectively, as well as to their common effector protein PAK was abrogated when Ser-71 was exchanged to glutamate as phosphomimetic substitution. Interaction with their common effector proteins IQGAP1/2/3 or MRCK alpha was, however, hardly affected. This ambivalent behaviour was obvious in functional assays. In contrast to Rac1 Q61L, phosphomimetic Rac1 Q61L/S71E was not able to induce increased membrane ruffling. Instead, Rac1 Q61L/S71E allowed filopodia formation, which is in accordance with abrogation of the dominant Sra-1/Wave signalling pathway. In addition, in contrast to Rac1 transfected cells Rac1 S71E failed to activate PAK1/2. On the other hand, Rac1 Q61L/S71E was as effective in activation of NF-kappaB as Rac1 Q61L, illustrating positive signal transduction of phosphorylated Rac1. Together, these data suggest that phosphorylation of Rac1 and Cdc42 at serine-71 represents a reversible mechanism to shift specificity of GTPase/effector coupling, and to preferentially address selected downstream pathways.

Does Anybody Read SMS-Advertising?

This study explores mobile users’ perceptions about SMS advertising. The empirical study uses a double methodology. First, a qualitative study using the Q-method is conducted. Qualitative analysis reveals that negative attitudes are commonly shared, and that ad-clutter is perceived critically. Therefore, in a second step, a quantitative study is adopted to assess the impact of attitudes towards SMS advertising and perceived ad-clutter on reading behaviour. The main test is conducted over a representative sample of 302 mobile owners. From a behavioural standpoint, the results show ambivalent behaviour in most cases. In particular, the role of perceived ad-clutter is ascertained. Implications for practice and directions for future research are discussed.

Democratization in Israel, politicized religion and the failure of the Oslo peace process

While the positive relationship between democracies and peace is by now a commonplace of international relations (IR) literature, the possible dangers of democratization processes for international peace and security have only recently become a focus of IR research. This article argues that some of the mechanisms prevalent in democratizing states' ambivalent conflict behaviour help to explain why the state of Israel initially entered into the peace process with the Palestinians, but soon reverted to former hostile policies. In the initial stages of the peace process in the early 1990s, the Labour-led government based its efforts towards peace on the typical norms of democratic peace and thus explicitly stated the need to improve Israel's defective democratic regime. This involved amending the electoral system by ending the de facto control of the Palestinians in the territories, who did not participate in Israeli democratic politics. However, the prospect of ‘land for peace’ threatened the politicized religious Jewish settler-elite in the territories who feared not only the destruction of the basic tenets of their religious identity, but also the loss of both power and resources in Israeli politics. As a consequence, this threatened elite engaged in fierce religious-nationalist mobilization in order to derail the peace negotiations and at the same time subvert the process of improving Israel's democratic regime.

Organo-colloidal control on major- and trace-element partitioning in shallow groundwaters: Confronting ultrafiltration and modelling

Ultrafiltration experiments using new small ultracentifugal filter devices were performed at different pore size cut-offs to allow the study of organo-colloidal control on metal partitioning in water samples. Two shallow, circumneutral pH waters from the Mercy site wetland (western France) were sampled: one dissolved organic carbon (DOC)- and Fe-rich and a second DOC-rich and Fe-poor. Major- and trace-element cations and DOC concentrations were analysed and data treated using an ascendant hierarchical classification method. This reveals the presence of three groups: (i) a “truly” dissolved group (Na, K, Rb, Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr, Si and Ni); (ii) an inorganic colloidal group carrying Fe, Al and Th; and (iii) an organic colloidal group enriched in Cr, Mn, Co, Cu and U. However, REE and V have an ambivalent behaviour, being alternatively in the organic pool and in the inorganic pool depending on sample. Moreover, organic speciation calculation using Model VI were performed on both samples for elements for which binding constants were available (Ca, Mg, Ni, Fe, Al, Th, Cr, Cu, Dy, Eu). Calculation shows relatively the same partitioning of these elements as ultrafiltration does. However, some limitations appear such as (i) a direct use of ultrafiltration results which tends to overestimate the fraction of elements bound to humic material in the inorganic pool as regards to model calculations as well as, (ii) a direct use of speciation calculation results which tends to overestimate the fraction of elements bound to humic material in the organic pool with regard to ultrafiltration results. Beside these limitations, one can consider that both techniques, ultrafiltration and speciation calculation, give complementary information, especially for more complex samples where inorganic and organic colloids compete.

Structures, dynamic behaviour, and reactivity of P-cyclopentadienyl-substituted 1,3,2-diazaphospholenes

P-Cyclopentadienyl-substituted 1,3,2-diazaphospholenes were prepared by salt metathesis from NaCp or LiCp* and 2-chloro-1,3,2-diazaphospholenes. Comprehensive spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction studies revealed a significant lengthening of the phosphorus-carbon bonds as compared with typical P-C bond distances, and the presence of fluxional molecular structures in solution and solid state as a consequence of circumambulatory migration of the diazaphospholene moiety around the Cp-ring. The P-C bond lengthening is accompanied by the capability to react with transition metal complexes under P-C bond activation and cyclopentadienyl transfer. At the same time, 2-Cp-diazaphospholenes react with strong bases under deprotonation to afford a phosphinyl-cyclopentadienide anion that reacts further with FeCl2 to a 1,1'-bisphosphinyl-ferrocene. The ambivalent behaviour of the diazaphospholenes offers interesting prospects to develop new synthetic methods for functional cyclopentadienyl complexes.

Ambivalent signals during agonistic interactions in a captive wolf pack

A study was designed to quantify ambivalent behaviour during social aggressive interactions in wolves. Agonistic interactions in a group of six European captive wolves, consisting of three males and three females, were analyzed for bared teeth, body posture and the position of ears, tongue, lips, legs and tail. The behavioural elements in each of these categories were assumed to be neutral or to signal dominance or submission. Wolves were considered to show ambivalence when dominant and submissive signs were observed simultaneously. More than 200 aggressive interactions were videotaped and parts of them were analyzed frame by frame. Results indicated that male wolves showed high levels of ambivalence (48%) and that this behavioural trait is not linked to a particular social status. Regarding specific body signals, tail position was the most reliable indicator of status, whereas bared teeth was not linked to a particular position in a dominance relationship. The possible application of these results to understanding aggression problems in dogs is briefly discussed.

The ambivalent behaviour of aryl-functionalized phosphines: coordination, hemilability and beyond

Aryl-functionalized phosphines of the general composition R2P(CH2)n(aryl) with bulky substituents R at the phosphorus atom react with olefin–rhodium(I) and –iridium(I) compounds to give complexes in which the phosphine behaves either as 2-electron or (2 + 6)-electron donor ligand. The aryl moiety is weakly coordinated and can be replaced by CO, acetonitrile or H2 without breaking the metal–phosphorus bond. In some cases, the interaction of the phosphines with the rhodium or iridium centre leads to an insertion of the metal into one of the C–H bonds of the aryl group to afford a six-membered chelate ring system. This cyclometalation reaction not only proceeds under mild conditions but is also completely reversible as shown by addition reactions and labeling experiments. With the must bulky phosphine tBu2P(CH2)2C6H3-2,6-Me2, the isolation and structural characterization of a cis-configurated rhodium dicarbonyl cis-[RhCl(PR3)(CO)2] and of an unprecedented dinuclear alkylrhodium(III) compound built up by two 14-electron [RhCl2(alkyl)(PR3)] units has been achieved. Ruthenium(II) complexes with tBu2P(CH2)2C6H5 and tBu2P(CH2)2OC6H5 as ligands have been prepared from either RuCl3·3H2O or [(η6-p-cymene)RuCl2]2 as starting materials. From a five-coordinate RuH(CCH2) derivative, upon treatment with HBF4, a cationic carbyneruthenium compound could be generated which is an active catalyst in olefin metathesis.

Inference of the climatic efficiency of clouds from satellite measurements

Abstract The influence of clouds over the North Sea on the radiation field and on climate is investigated by analysing satellite measurements. The main interest is on high clouds due to their ambivalent behaviour in the radiation field. To quantify the influence of clouds on climate, the cloud-climate efficiency is introduced. The cloud-climate efficiency allows us to estimate the gain or respectively loss of energy of the earth/atmosphere system in the presence of a cloud, which can be specified by a cloud classification. The spatial integration of the cloud-climate efficiencies results in the cloud forcing defined by the difference of the radiative fluxes within a clear sky and a cloudy satellite image pixel. The first step is an accurate detailed cloud classification based on the maximum likelihood method. The method developed for National Oceanograph and Atmospheric Administration Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (NOAA AVHRR)data and Meteosat data can be used to discriminate 24 clouds, especia...

The ambivalent behaviour “stretched approach posture” in the rat as a paradigm to characterize anxiolytic drugs

The effect of various psychotropic drugs on the ambivalent behaviour "stretched approach posture" (SAP) in the rat was assessed. SAP was elicited after a mild startle reaction due to physical contact with an electrified prod at one end of a straight runway. Using ethological observation methods, SAP as well as intention movements, prod contact, crossings, rearing, exploration, grooming and immobility were recorded. The benzodiazepine receptor agonists chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and alprazolam, the 5-HT1A receptor agonists flesinoxan and ipsapirone and the 5-HT uptake inhibitor clomipramine selectively (no effect on crossings) reduced SAP. Except for alprazolam, these drugs also reduced intention movements. In addition, chlordiazepoxide and diazepam enhanced prod contact. Reductions of SAP and intentions with concomitant reductions of crossings (nonspecific antiambivalent effects) were established for the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine and the MAO inhibitor clorgyline. The 5-HT uptake inhibitor fluvoxamine suppressed intention movements, but not SAP. The mixed 5-HT/NA uptake inhibitor imipramine did not significantly affect SAP or intentions, but reduced crossings. The 5-HT2C/1B receptor agonist m-CPP, the inverse BZD receptor agonists FG 7142 and DMCM, and the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine, to all of which putative anxiogenic effects have been ascribed, had no effect on SAP directed towards the prod. m-CPP, however, produced an increase in the stretched posture directed away from the prod (SAwayP). FG 7142 reduced intentions while strongly enhancing immobility (freezing). SAwayP and/or freezing may possibly reflect anxiogenic properties of drugs. The putative anxiogenic drug pentylenetetrazol false positively reduced SAP while increasing exploration. The dopamine-D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol and the catecholamine releaser dl-amphetamine had no effect on ambivalent behaviour. The muscarine receptor antagonist scopolamine reduced SAP and intentions while stimulating crossings. Finally, the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist ritanserine, the CCKA receptor antagonist devazepide, the CCKB receptor antagonist L-365.260 and the strychnine-insensitive glycine site antagonist 7-Cl-kynurenic acid were without effect on the behaviours in this paradigm using single doses. In conclusion, SAP and intention movements were reduced selectively by anxiolytic agents from different classes, including benzodiazepine receptor agonists, 5-HT1A receptor agonists and a 5-HT uptake inhibitor, whereas an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist and a MAO inhibitor reduced SAP non-selectively. SAP in relation to other behaviours may therefore serve as a valuable paradigm to characterize anxiolytic drugs.

The influence of clouds on earth radiation budget — a regional study: The North Sea

The influence of clouds over the North Sea on climate is investigated by analyzing NOAA AVHRR data. The main interest is on high clouds due to their ambivalent behaviour in the radiation field. After a cloud classification, especially for high clouds, and the determination of cloud optical properties, the obtained information was applied to calculate the cloud-climate efficiency. This index is similar to the cloud forcing, but is valid for an individual classified satellite image pixel. The cloud forcing is the sum of the cloud-climate efficiencies over an area. Using NOAA-AVHRR data the annual cycle (October 1989, October 1990, April 1991 – July 1992) of cloud forcing at the top of atmosphere were calculated. Due to the strong dependence on solar insolation, high clouds with the same optical properties lead to an heating or a cooling of the earth/atmosphere system. For thin cirrus clouds the heating effect is well correlated with an increase of the surface temperature. A further approach to compare the increasing/decreasing cloud forcing with an analysis of relative topography 300/1000 hPa shows that an increase is positively correlated with an increase of the temperature in this layer.

Food that Poisons: The Nutritional Behaviour of a Small Community

According to the Biblical story the life of mortal Man began with an ambivalent nutritional behaviour wavering between desire and fear of desire: Which with desire, inclinable now grown to touch or taste, solicited her [Eve's] longing eye.... What fear I then, rather what know to fear under this ignorance of good and evil, of God or death, of law or penalty? (John Milton, 1667: Paradise Lost) To a large extent the search for food has decided the individual's religious, social, historical and political destiny and likewise his or her fantastic and imaginative destiny. I describe a small community in Central-Southern Italy where the depredations of history and the memory of long periods of famine have given rise to relationships of diffidence.

The Paralysis of Indecision

SUMMARY.Through clinical material ambivalence is explored as a defence by keeping differences apart or denying their existence, and as positive in the bringing together of differences. The therapist's own seductive feelings in the countertransference and aspects of the process are seen as important indicators of a primary relationship where the parental narcissism has caused the patient to become ‘ stuck’in ambivalence in order to fulfil the parental need for ‘sameness’. The child/patient, however, also resists ‘sameness’with controlling ambivalent behaviour and by being in control of nothing happening. For the convenience of style the therapist in this paper is referred to in the masculine and the patient in the feminine.

Der Jago als strategische Figur

“The Jago: A Strategic Figure” is an attempt to interpret recent incidents of politically motivated violence. Two waves of violence were selected: The explosion in a navy depot in Jakarta allegedly caused by Islamic fundamentalists and the “mysterious shootings” of “criminals”. The ambivalent behaviour of high-ranking officials is analyzed with the help of political concepts with a specifically Javanese cultural background. These are concepts connected with wahyu and jago: wahyu is a very fluid “power”, and the inability to keep law and order is seen as a sign that a government is losing wahyu and hence also its qualification to rule. There is also a concept of mediation of power from the wahyu of the ruler to the mundane level of the “little pcople” connected with a strategic figure as a linkage: the jago (“fighting cock”). The ambivalence of the Indonesian, Javanese-dominated government vis a vis these acts of violence apparently committed by oppositional groups is interpreted as an attcmpt to counteract the obvious decline of this government’s wahyu. The “mysterious shootings” are interpreted as an action of or inspired by members of the state apparatus to wipe out or weaken the jagos: These are seen as an incipient threat to official administrative bodies by forming potentially competitive groups as a kind of “informal political infrastructure”. In the event of a realization of such a competitive “informal infrastructure” the government’s wahyu would obviously again be in danger.