Level Of Ambition Research Articles

Gender and Ambition Among Potential Law Clerks

AbstractLaw clerks hold immense responsibilities and exert influence over the judges they work with. However, women remain underrepresented in these positions. We argue that one reason for this underrepresentation is that – like potential political candidates – female law students may have lower levels of ambition compared to men. Using a survey of student editors at thirty-three top law reviews, we find that there is a gender gap in ambition for clerkships with the Supreme Court and Federal Courts of Appeal. Examining potential sources of this difference, we find that while women view themselves to be just as qualified for these positions as men, men are more willing to apply with lower feelings of qualification. Likewise, while women and men report similar levels of encouragement, more encouragement is required before women express ambition to hold these posts. The findings presented here have implications for research on judicial politics, political ambition, and women’s representation.

Устойчивое развитие и зеленый рост в стратегиях регионов: заявляемые намерения и финансовое обеспечение

The subjects of the study are strategic plans for the socio-economic development of the regions of the North-Western Federal District (NWFD). The purpose of the work is to assess the ambitiousness of regional strategies to achieve the goals and objectives of the Sustainable Development Agenda in accordance with the UN General Assembly resolution adopted on September 25, 2015 (regarding the environmental component). The article discusses strategic plans for the socio-economic development of the regions of the Northwestern Federal District, in terms of the environmental component of sustainable development. A comparative analysis of the positions of the regions in the available rankings is carried out, highlighting the role of the ecological component. The goals and objectives formulated in regional socio-economic development strategies are analyzed and compared with the objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The degree of compliance of regional goals and objectives with the Sustainable Development Goals has been revealed. The assessment of the financing of environmental programs from regional budgets is given. The conclusion is made about the low level of ambition of regional strategies in comparison with the Agenda in the field of sustainable development in terms of the environmental component. Environmental objectives in the formulation of regions only partially correspond to the essence of the SDGs. Substantially most of the environmental objectives of the SDGs are not reflected and disclosed in regional strategies, which, however, does not prevent the SDGs from being singled out separately in regional strategies, which are largely consonant with the current problems of regional development that require priority funding.

Defining dynamic science-based climate change budgets for countries and absolute sustainable building targets

Given the current climate crisis countries and sectors need to set targets and address reduction potentials for their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The current use of bottom-up benchmarks for the building sector enables relative sustainability comparisons. However, we must start relating the environmental performance of buildings to science-based targets. Therefore, this study introduces a procedure for downscaling the global GHG budget to country-specific top-down targets for embodied impacts in buildings. Earlier studies have shown how sharing principles can be applied to calculate absolute limit values for buildings, however, this study will show how a dynamic GHG budget in line with the Paris Agreement target of limiting temperature increases to 1.5 °C can be applied. The global GHG budget is then scaled down to national level and further down to the building sector, and finally to the construction of a new building. The downscaling method tested four combinations of the sharing principles applying equal per capita, ability to pay, utilitarianism, and acquired rights. The proposed procedure was applied to the Danish building sector, revealing that for the four sharing principles, the national legislation exceeds the average target values by up to 220% in 2023. By relating global climate targets to national targets for buildings, the results have the potential to guide decision-makers such as building designers in setting relevant science-based targets as well as policymakers in setting the necessary ambition level for national strategies related to the transformation of the building sector into sustainable practices.

Impact of variable electricity price on heat pump operated buildings.

Background:Residential buildings with heat pumps show promising possibilities for demand-side management. The operation optimization of such heating systems can lead to cost reduction and, at the same time, change electricity consumption patterns, which is especially prevalent in the case of a variable price signal. In this work, we deal with the following question: How does the volatility of a variable retail electricity price change the energy consumption of buildings with a smart energy management system? Methods:In this context, we take Austria as an example and aggregate the findings of individual households to the national stock of single-family houses. This is done by simulating and optimzing heating operation in single representative buildings. The aggregation is done based on national building information statistics. Results:This part of the Austrian building stock could shift 19.7 GWh of electricity per year through thermal inertia using a real-time electricity price from 2021. We show the future potential under the assumption of three electricity price trends for 2030, representing different decarbonisation ambition levels. The trends show that higher decarbonisation levels which lead to higher electricity prices increase the incentive to shift electric loads. Conclusions:Real time pricing turns out to be an effective incentive for buildings to shift electric loads by pre-heating the building mass. However, cost savings for individuals are relatively low which is why additional monetary incentives are needed to tap into that potential. Increased daily peak-to-peak demand from these buildings has to put into perspective to the overall grid load.

Self-esteem and its relationship to the level of ambition and self-confidence Students of the Faculty of Physical Education, Minia University

Self-esteem and its relationship to the level of ambition and self-confidence Students of the Faculty of Physical Education, Minia University

Entrepreneurship Mentoring for Women at Universities

Universities can affect students’ entrepreneurial ambitions positively. On the one hand, the increasing number of universities with business and management programmes reflects the growing level of entrepreneurial ambition among students. On the other hand, there are visible differences in terms of the proportion of male to female founding students. Based on the peer-mentoring method, action-based research was carried out with a sample of 20 female students aimed at examining whether and how formal mentorship can stimulate female students’ entrepreneurial ambitions. In the findings, further explanations are provided that highlight the need for mentorship in influencing learning outcomes and entrepreneurial propensity, alongside its integration into higher education. The results indicate that priority support plays an important role in the early stage of entrepreneurial ideas, in which trust is created through openness, motivation, and commitment. These results provide sufficient evidence for mentoring programmes as viable pedagogical methods in entrepreneurship education.

Self-esteem and its relationship to the level of ambition and self-confidence Students of the Faculty of Physical Education, Minia University

Self-esteem and its relationship to the level of ambition and self-confidence Students of the Faculty of Physical Education, Minia University

Towards net zero: making baselines for international carbon markets dynamic by applying ‘ambition coefficients’

ABSTRACT This paper discusses options to increase mitigation ambition in crediting mechanisms that serve the Paris Agreement (PA), such as the Article 6.4 mechanism. Under the Clean Development Mechanism and other crediting mechanisms, baselines have been specified in the form of greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity factors and linked to business-as-usual developments. This means that with increasing production of goods and services through carbon market activities, absolute emissions may increase or fall only slowly. At a global level, such an approach widens the ‘emissions gap’. To enable continued use of emissions intensity baselines in crediting mechanisms while being in line with the PA’s goal to pursue efforts to limit temperature rise to 1.5°C, we propose to apply an ‘ambition coefficient’ to emissions intensities of technologies when establishing the baseline. This coefficient would decrease to reflect increasing ambition over time, and reach zero when a country needs to reach net zero emissions. Due to the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, the coefficient would fall more quickly for developed than for developing countries. The latter would be able to generate emission reduction credits well beyond 2050, while for the former, crediting would stop around 2035 or before. An ambition coefficient approach would generate certainty for carbon market investors and preserve trust in international carbon markets that operate in line with the agreed, long-term ambition of the international climate regime. Key policy insights An ambition coefficient can help to align carbon market activities with net zero GHG emission pathways at country level, and ensure that carbon markets will not lead to a lock-in of emissions in participating countries. The ambition coefficient approach can serve as a ‘bridging proposal’ for the operationalization of PA carbon markets. It may resolve negotiation gridlock between those who want to increase stringency in carbon market instruments and those who think mitigation ambition should be generated through more stringent NDCs, facilitated by cost savings and increased financial resources generated by international carbon markets. The use of an ambition coefficient can enable the alignment of existing methodologies with necessary ambition levels to implement the PA, while also keeping transaction costs low.

Boosting intermodal rail for decarbonizing freight transport on Java, Indonesia: A model-based policy impact assessment

This paper assesses the impact of a modal shift action program aimed at reducing CO2 emissions from surface freight transport on Java - Indonesia's center of economy and population. The action program combines fiscal measures and infrastructure development strategies which are designed through consultation with policy makers and relevant stakeholders. I test three ambition levels of the action program -basic, moderate, strong on CO2 emissions, using a 4-step freight transport demand model and a fleet emission model. For each of the ambition levels, I estimate the shift from road to rail freight and savings in CO2 emissions attained. I found that a significant transport demand could be shifted from road to rail where rail freight share could reach up to 20% of the total cargo transported by 2030. This shift to rail will also lead to a considerable reduction in the total annual CO2 emissions, up to 21.6% under the strong ambition scenario. In terms of economic benefits, the shift will also reduce total transport costs up to 7.6% under the most ambitious scenario.The high effectiveness of the measures to abate emissions substantiates the need for a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis to further assess the cost-effectiveness of the action program. Based on the modelling, several following key policy measures are identified to improve the share of rail freight: (1) improving service quality of rail freight, (2) building sufficient rail infrastructure capacity, and (3) setting up dedicated funding program for intermodal rail infrastructure.

It's about the type of career: The political ambition gender gap among youth wing members

AbstractOne of the main supply‐side explanations for women's underrepresentation in politics is the gender gap in nascent political ambition. While this has been examined in terms of electoral ambition, the aspiration to pursue non‐electoral careers within parties has been overlooked. In our study, we therefore investigate whether both types of ambition – electoral and non‐electoral – vary among young women and men participating in a key entry point for political careers in Western democracies: party youth wings. To do so, we surveyed almost 2,000 members of six centre‐left and centre‐right youth wings in Australia, Italy and Spain. We find that while, as expected, women in youth wings display lower levels of electoral ambition, they are almost as likely as men to express non‐electoral ambition. Furthermore, and contrary to our expectations, we show that women in centre‐right youth wings are no less interested in pursuing electoral and non‐electoral political careers than women in centre‐left ones. Our study thus provides new insights into the gendered nature of political ambition, highlighting that women's lower interest in electoral office does not necessarily reflect reduced interest in a political career.

What Kind of NATO Allies Will Finland and Sweden Be?

Barring a Turkish veto, Finland and Sweden will join NATO as full members prior to the Alliance’s Vilnius Summit in June 2023. Both confront several political, military and defence-industrial choices regarding their membership, with different benefits and opportunity costs for each country and the Alliance depending on whether they select a low, medium or high level of ambition. Both are likely to adopt a medium level of ambition, opening up a range of new areas for cooperation with other allies and strengthening the Alliance as a whole. A high level of ambition is not likely in the short term, given the substantial political, financial and personnel costs it would entail. Nevertheless, it could eventually materialise.

Pathways to sustainable land use and food systems in Canada.

Meeting global sustainability targets under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement requires paying attention to major land-use sectors such as forestry and agriculture. These sectors play a large role in national emissions, biodiversity conservation, and human well-being. There are numerous possible pathways to sustainability in these sectors and potential synergies and trade-offs along those pathways. This paper reports on the use of a model for Canada’s land use to 2050 to assess three different pathways (one based on current trends and two with differing levels of ambition for meeting sustainability targets). This was done as part of a large international consortium, Food, Agriculture, Biodiversity, Land and Energy (FABLE), which allows for incorporating international trade in meeting both national and global sustainability targets. The results show not only the importance of increasingly stringent policies in meeting the targets, but also the role that population and consumption (e.g., diets) play in meeting the targets. Both the medium and high ambition sustainability pathways can drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions while protecting forestland.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11625-022-01213-z.

A new convergent science framework for food system sustainability in an uncertain climate

AbstractThe complexity and interconnectivity of food systems and climate requires new thinking and research designs that better address the real‐world challenges of securing the resilience and sustainability of human and environmental systems. Central to such an approach is coherent action across sectors and scales. Although inter‐and transdisciplinary approaches are widely discussed, no convergence model exists to detect and prepare for food system vulnerabilities emerging from disruptions in climate systems, or to address the contributions to climate change from food system functions. Convergence research is critical to solving these vexing dynamics by integrating knowledge from multiple scientific domains to inform societal action. Here, we present a new convergent science model that incorporates four key components at the global, national and local level. Through the newly created Food and Climate Systems Transformation Alliance, we are now operationalizing, testing and refining the model to promote science convergence for tackling systemic vulnerabilities in the current food paradigm. Globally, funding relating to climate change and food systems transformation needs to pivot to support the levels of ambition, magnitude of need and complexity of challenges posed.

Differentiated integration and role conceptions in multilateral security orders. A comparative study of France, Germany, Ireland and Romania

ABSTRACT An extensive size of literature has investigated the multifaceted dimensions of differentiated integration in Europe. Notwithstanding, we know little about the drivers and strategic underpinnings of differentiated integration in the high politics areas concerning national and international security, such as foreign policy, security and defence. What explains the variation in states’ foreign policy preferences of integration in multilateral security orders? In this article, we seek to explain this variation by putting forward a two-level argument. First, we claim that states adopt a genuine role player conception underpinned by a mixture of relative gains, absolute gains, and normative factors. Second, we propose a novel operational model to examine member states’ efforts for cooperation and integration in the security and defence domain based on their threat perceptions, level of ambitions, strategic partnerships, military spending, and troop deployments. To illustrate our argument, we employ a comparative case study design, examining four countries: Germany, France, Ireland and Romania. The article finds that the analysed countries play conspicuous roles in the Euro-Atlantic security order. France takes the role of an agile power-projector, Germany embraces the role of a global responsibility taker, Ireland plays the role of a peacekeeping neutral, and Romania of a small regional power.

The vitality of conscience and its relation to basketball referees' level of ambition

The research aims to develop measures of conscience vitality and ambition levels to determine their levels and correlations in basketball referees. The research community was determined by the working referees accredited and registered in the records of the Central Basketball Federation in Iraq, whose number is (84) referees distributed among the three levels of referees (international, first and second). The research sample was selected using a comprehensive inventory method. The scale of ambition consisted of (28) items representing (4) dimensions, namely (efficiency, organization, sense of duty, and self-discipline). The scale of ambition level consisted of (28) items representing (4) dimensions, namely (vision and orientation for the future, self-confidence, readiness, sense of success and failure). The two scales were applied to the study sample and five standard levels were extracted for the sample. The statistical program (SPSS) was used to extract the results. The study found a direct significant correlation between the vitality of consciousness and the ambition of basketball referees. The study recommends that the vitality of conscience in all its dimensions among basketball referees should be improved through the continuing education courses held by the Association and the Basketball Referees Committee.

The level of Ambition to sample of Students of the Faculty of Education-Misrata

The study aimed to know the level of ambition to students of the Faculty of Education at the University of Misurata , and whether there are differences in the level of ambition due to gender and specialization, and the sample of research consisted of "278" students, who were chosen in the random sample method, and the researchers used the level of ambition by "Amal Abaza ", And the results of the study found that the level of ambition is present at an average degree for the members of the sample. Also, the results of the study did not find significant statistical differences between the averages of the degrees of males and females in the level of ambition according to the variables of gender (male-female) and specialization.

FutureBuilt Zero - A simplified dynamic LCA method with requirements for low carbon emissions from buildings

FutureBuilt is a voluntary program for ambitious low-carbon construction projects. To incentivize measures that lead to the lowest climate change impact from all aspects of buildings and according to national Paris agreement pledges, FutureBuilt Zero introduces an ambition level and a novel calculation methodology for net climate change impacts over the life of a building. The ambition level is tightened over time to help Norway achieve its climate goals. A comprehensive simplified calculation method is introduced, which considers how the timing of emissions during the building life affects the contribution to global warming. Both direct and indirect emissions throughout the lifetime are included; energy use in operation and at the construction site, material production and transport of materials to the construction site, and waste management (incineration). In addition, the climate-positive effects of biogenic carbon uptake, carbonation of cement, potential for future reusability, and exported energy are included. This paper presents the criteria, describes the method and the scientific basis as well as the principles and logic behind the choices made.

MACRO-LEVEL CHANGES: A VOLUNTARY SUSTAINABILITY PROGRAM TO INFLUENCE THE DANISH BUILDING INDUSTRY

ABSTRACT The challenge of quantifying sustainability is continuously debated in the building industry. There is an increased need for quantitative solutions to be developed for measuring and comparing performance. The Danish government has proposed a voluntary sustainability program to lift the bottom of the industry with regard to sustainability performance. This study evaluates the possibilities of increasing the sustainability reference level in the building industry based on expert interviews. The study was framed upon the multi-level perspective as a theory to describe the transition to sustainability. The results indicated that existing knowledge and experience within the topics of the regulatory changes is high in the industry. Therefore, the impact of the changes would not be very effective if they are not sufficiently innovative or demanding. Regarding the effect of the voluntary sustainability program, it was found that the program is not very ambitious and likely to only have an impact on companies with a lower level of ambition in terms of sustainable initiatives. The hope, however, is that it will keep raising the level of sustainability.

GHG emissions, trade balance, and carbon leakage: Insights from modeling thirty-one European decarbonization pathways towards 2050

Recognizing the urgent need for concrete sectoral information in designing European climate change mitigation pathways of policy relevance, this study formulates, simulates and compares 31 European decarbonization pathways, focusing on changes in trade flows and GHG emissions. This paper exploits the rich sectoral details from a large bottom-up built system dynamics energy model (the European Calculator model), soft-linking it to a tailor-made computable general equilibrium model (GTAP-EUCalc). Our modeling results suggest that increasing decarbonization ambitions leads to higher reductions of greenhouse gas emissions in Europe (EU27 plus the UK and Switzerland), but with the undesirable outcome of decreasing its external competitiveness through worsened trade balance, if the rest of the world does not reciprocate Europe's decarbonization ambition. A comparison of results across pathways with varying ambition levels between demand and supply measures further reveals their differential roles: when keeping demand-side ambitions constant, elevating efforts on the supply side leads to larger emission reductions and bigger decrease in trade balance; however, holding supply-side ambitions unchanged and increasing demand-side efforts improves the trade balance while achieving larger emission reductions. Furthermore, ambitious demand measures avoid more losses of net exports when coupled with more ambitious supply mitigation measures. These results point to the need for coordinated demand and supply climate change mitigation actions across sectors, and to the benefits of climate-friendly lifestyle choices in not only reducing emissions but also in avoiding undesirable trade outcomes. Our results also demonstrate positive associations between increasing reductions in GHG emissions, worsening external trade balance, and rising carbon leakage rate for Europe. To safeguard the global effectiveness of European decarbonization actions, global cooperation under the Paris Agreement is needed so as to avoid the application of unilateral trade policy such as border carbon adjustments.

The relationship between students' demographic attributes and level of Ambition Among Nursing Students

The relationship between students' demographic attributes and level of Ambition Among Nursing Students