Ambiguous Origin Research Articles

Diverse paradigms and stories: mapping ‘mental illness’ in athletes through meta-study

ABSTRACT This meta-study systematically appraises and synthesizes research into athletes’ experiences of mental illness. Our critical review of 37 studies conformed to the meta-study structure of meta-theory, meta-method, and meta-data analysis. We also produced a meta-synthesis of findings to deliver new insights into athlete mental illness. Athlete accounts of mental illness pertained to experience of the following: depression, eating disorders, gambling addiction and substance-related disorders (alcohol and drugs). Following a critical interrogation of original articles’ theory, method, and findings, we noted a general lack of methodological coherence (congruence between philosophical stance, theoretical position, and methodology). Through the process of a thematic synthesis, we developed 4 new themes: origins of certainty and ambiguity, a gradual sense of decline, mental illness as a threat to identity, and constructing recovery stories. Athletes drew upon dominant illness discourses to construct mental illness and recovery experiences. Our results provide us with an understanding of how mental illness and recovery were experienced within an elite sport involvement. We recommend future research embraces more diverse methodologies and authors ensure a strong alignment between guiding philosophies and methodological approach.

Field Effect Conductivities of P-I-N Heterostructure Films in Fuel Cells.

Ionic conductivity enables the technologies of fuel cells, electrolysis cells, and batteries. However, the ambiguous origins of the extraordinary ionic conductivity impede its implementation in heterostructure films for the devices. Here, we disclosed that the extraordinary ionic and electronic conductivities come from field effect. We found in Ce0.8Gd0.2O2-δ (CGO)/Zr0.85Y0.15O2-δ (YSZ) heterostructures that the ionic conductivity of CGO layer (n-i conductor) and the electronic conductivity of YSZ layer (p-i conductor) exponentially increased with potential. The potential occurred from electron transfer and stoichiometric polarization in p-i-n junction. Field effect ionic conductivity contributed the major increment in the maximum power density. The results demonstrated field effect ionic and electronic conductivities, their dependences on heterostructures, and impacts on fuel cells.

Anti-Othellos and postcolonial Others in Izzat and Aastha

While Indian cinematic adaptations that attempt to recreate William Shakespeare’s Othello have received scholarly attention, practically no work has been done on films that make fleeting references to the source text while questioning its authority. This article aims to fill the gap by presenting two Hindi-language postcolonial adaptations, namely Izzat (1968) and Aastha (1997), that can be read as anti-Othello films. They challenge Shakespeare’s status as a colonial icon in independent India by terming his works as ‘rotting feudal tales’ and by subverting Othello’s murder of Desdemona. However, although men of ‘low’, mixed or ambiguous origins do not kill their wives in these two adaptations, both films still depict the marginalization of caste, class and gender Others. This article will study the tension between these on-screen Others and the anti-Othello stance.

The anatomical sources of neointimal cells in the arteriovenous fistula.

Neointimal cells are an elusive population with ambiguous origins, functions, and states of differentiation. Expansion of the venous intima in arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is one of the most prominent remodeling processes in the wall after access creation. However, most of the current knowledge about neointimal cells in AVFs comes from extrapolations from the arterial neointima in non-AVF systems. Understanding the origin of neointimal cells in fistulas may have important implications for the design and effective delivery of therapies aimed to decrease intimal hyperplasia (IH). In addition, a broader knowledge of cellular dynamics during postoperative remodeling of the AVF may help clarify other transformation processes in the wall that combined with IH determine the successful remodeling or failure of the access. In this review, we discuss the possible anatomical sources of neointimal cells in AVFs and their relative contribution to intimal expansion.

SPECTRUM OF BLADDER DIVERTICULI PRESENTING WITH UNUSUAL SYMPTOMS: A CASE SERIES STUDY

Diverticula of the urinary bladder can occasionally appear as complex pelvic masses not obviously connected to the bladder. Such presentations can lead to diagnostic confusion and interpretative error. Sonographic ndings and clinical histories were reviewed in 10 patients in whom bladder diverticula were initially mistaken for other types of pathologic pelvic processes. Sonographic techniques that were helpful in elucidating the true nature of the lesions included scanning from different perspectives with increasing increments of bladder distension, post void images, colour Doppler interrogation and Valsalva manoeuvre. The sonographic ndings were correlated with micturating cystourethrogram and CT nding. The diagnosis of bladder diverticula should be considered and actively pursued when sonologists are confronted with pelvic masses of ambiguous origin.

Attribution of Responsibility after Failures within Platform Ecosystems

ABSTRACT As digital platform ecosystems grow in prominence, their interconnectedness and complexity also grow, making operational failure likely. How failures in such systems affect user perceptions of separate ecosystem components, however, is not well understood. This research investigates attribution of responsibility and discontinuance recommendations for ecosystem components after failures of ambiguous origin. Building on attribution theory, platform ecosystems literature, and research on digital borders, we conducted two scenario-based experiments investigating negative consequences of failure for ecosystem components. We also explored contingent effects from design elements (border strength) and contextual factors (disruption severity). Results demonstrated that when failures occur, negative consequences diffuse to all ecosystem components, with apps receiving the strongest discontinuance recommendations. Greater disruption severity increased discontinuance recommendations for the app. Furthermore, border strength between ecosystem components shifted negative consequences for failure toward the platform (e.g., operating system [OS] and device). Perceptions of locus and controllability were the primary mechanisms driving attributions of responsibility for failure. However, contrary to attribution theory, lack of failure stability increased blame for the app instead of reducing it. Despite higher coordination costs, our results indicate the importance of better-integrated ecosystems that experience fewer faults and that app developers bear the greatest burden in delivering this experience. Furthermore, attribution for failure can be shaped by clearly delineated borders. Thus, design decisions affecting border strength should be actively managed by ecosystem participants, and app developers may be incentivized to elevate border strength.

Exposing distinct subcortical components of the auditory brainstem response evoked by continuous naturalistic speech.

Speech processing is built upon encoding by the auditory nerve and brainstem, yet we know very little about how these processes unfold in specific subcortical structures. These structures are deep and respond quickly, making them difficult to study during ongoing speech. Recent techniques have begun to address this problem, but yield temporally broad responses with consequently ambiguous neural origins. Here, we describe a method that pairs re-synthesized 'peaky' speech with deconvolution analysis of electroencephalography recordings. We show that in adults with normal hearing the method quickly yields robust responses whose component waves reflect activity from distinct subcortical structures spanning auditory nerve to rostral brainstem. We further demonstrate the versatility of peaky speech by simultaneously measuring bilateral and ear-specific responses across different frequency bands and discuss the important practical considerations such as talker choice. The peaky speech method holds promise as a tool for investigating speech encoding and processing, and for clinical applications.

Current status of poliomyelitis in Latin America.

Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) has been instrumental in controlling the polio epidemic, and stands out for its safety, efficacy, ease of oral administration, and low cost. However, despite these advantages, as it is a live attenuated virus vaccine, there is the possibility of mutations that confer neurovirulence. Therefore, surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is important, whether associated with live vaccines (VAPP) or vaccine-derived viruses (VDPV). In this review we present important data from Latin America in recent years, where data on VDPV of community transmission, of ambiguous origin and associated with immunodeficiencies are reviewed. Due to the presence of VDPV, it is important to strengthen the epidemiological surveillance system for AFP, with data much lower than those recommended in recent years in the Americas. Additionally, it is essential to improve vaccination coverage to reduce the number of infants at risk of acquiring poliomyelitis. Consequently, we present the vaccination coverage rates with the inactivated vaccine against poliovirus (IPV) in the region and analyze the vaccination programs against poliomyelitis in accordance with the recommendations of the Latin American Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SLIPE; minimum 3 doses of IPV) and the WHO Strategic Advisory Expert Group (SAGE) on Immunization (minimum 2 doses of IPV). The study concludes with recommendations from the authors for the change from OPV to exclusive use of IPV, to increase vaccination coverage and to strengthen surveillance for AFP in the region.

Novel electron holes of Gaussian type due to second order, non-perturbative electron trapping and the general loss of identifiability of hole structures in experiments

A second order non-perturbative trapping scenario is employed to show the existence of a new Gaussian type of solitary electron holes. Use is thereby made of Schamel's pseudo-potential method, the only method that can guarantee the completeness of an equilibrium solution of the Vlasov-Poisson system in addition to its existence. The new potential is of the form e−X(x)2 where X(x)=sinh(x) and is hence reminiscent of the Gaussian potential appearing in its “second generation”. The simultaneous presence of both trapping generations hence establishes a one-parametric continuum spectrum of solitary electron holes all of them being, through appropriate fitting, potential candidates for identifying structures in experimental observations and numerical simulations. Taking into account the possibility of many more trapping scenarios moreover, a unique identification of structures, the desired goal expressed in the current literature when interpreting structure formation, is therefore not achievable. Origin of this intrinsic ambiguity is the loss of mathematical stringency in the kinetic regime through chaos triggered by the ergodic particle trajectories in the resonant region of phase space in the single particle – coherent wave interaction process.

Clinician perspectives and understanding of the adaptogenic concept: A focus group study with Naturopaths and Western Herbalists

BackgroundHerbal adaptogens are plant medicines which have traditional associations with herbal ‘tonics’ and promote homeostasis and non-specifically increase resistance to stress. Current definitions of adaptogens have been derived from extensive laboratory research, however there has not been sufficient clinical data for the concept to be standardised by regulatory bodies in Europe or Australia, nor is there clarity around how adaptogens are used and understood by herbalist clinicians themselves. This study aimed to identify how Australian Naturopaths measure adaptogenic activity relative to the clinical outcomes they aim to achieve. MethodsA qualitative methodology was implemented using focus groups and thematic analysis. ResultsThree focus groups were conducted with a total of 17 Naturopaths with a Bachelor degree or higher qualification and over five years clinical experience. Three core themes were identified: ambiguous cultural origins with divergent perceptions on sources of knowledge about adaptogens; raising vitality and having a restorative effect, and intersystem activity. Within these three central themes, a number of sub-themes were identified. ConclusionsNaturopathic clinicians utilise both subjective and objective measures of vitalistic signs across multiple body systems; however, the current available research may not accurately reflect expert clinician understanding and use of adaptogens. The study opens pathways to developing novel approaches to measuring adaptogenic activity which may facilitate the process of international standardisation of the adaptogenic concept for the development of well-designed clinical studies.

Packstones and floatstones: Ambiguous textures and origins in need of critical appraisal

The depositional textural classification of allochthonous limestones by Dunham (1962) and its modifications by Embry III and Klovan (1971) are widely used by carbonate petrologists during petrographic, field studies and core examinations. The origin and textures of packstones and floatstones used in this classification scheme need re-appraisal towards their unified and unequivocal usage by carbonate petrologists in academia and the petroleum industry. Such usage will help avoiding inadequate interpretations of the depositional, sequence stratigraphic or reservoir-quality distribution models.Based on examination of Jurassic, Cretaceous and Holocene carbonate deposits from United Arab Emirates and Oman, it is suggested here that packstones should not be used to interpret energy of depositional environments because the majority are originally deposited as grainstones (i.e. free of mud matrix). Thus, sand and mud sized particles are expected to be hydraulically separated, i.e. not deposited simultaneously. Therefore, packstones might be originally grainstones that have incorporated variable amounts of mud matrix by various post-depositional processes, primarily bioturbation and/or compaction deformation of peloids (known as pseudomatrix; Dickinson, 1970). We further observed that the >2 mm allochems in floatstones float in grainstones and packstones and not in mud/wackestone matrix.

Nuclear and Chloroplast Sequences Resolve the Enigmatic Origin of the Concord Grape.

Despite the commercial importance of the Concord grape, its origin has remained unresolved for over 150 years without a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis. In this study we aimed to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the Concord grape using sequence data from four nuclear markers (AT103, GAI1, PHYA, and SQD1), six plastid markers (matK, psbA-trnH, petN-trnC, ycf1, trnL-F, and trnS-G), and the plastid genome. We sampled extensively the Vitis species native to northeastern North America as well as representative species from Europe and Asia, including the commercially important Vitis vinifera (wine grape), a native European species with hermaphroditic flowers, and its wild progenitor, V. vinifera subsp. sylvestris. We also sequenced the plastid genome of one accession of the Concord grape and compared the plastid genome data to the recently published data set of Vitis plastomes. Phylogenetic analyses of the plastid and nuclear data using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference support the hybrid origin of the Concord grape. The results clearly pinpoint the wine grape, V. vinifera, as the maternal donor and the fox grape, Vitis labrusca, which is common in northeastern North America, as the paternal donor. Moreover, we infer that the breeding history of the Concord grape must have involved the backcrossing of the F1 hybrid with the paternal parent V. labrusca. This backcrossing also explains the higher morphological similarity of the Concord grape to V. labrusca than to V. vinifera. This study provides concrete genetic evidence for the hybrid origin of a widespread Vitis cultivar and is, therefore, promising for similar future studies focused on resolving ambiguous origins of major crops or to create successful hybrid fruit crops.

Variable‐discharge‐river macroforms in the Sunnyside Delta Interval of the Eocene Green River Formation, Uinta Basin, USA

AbstractAn outcrop dataset from the early Eocene Sunnyside Delta Interval of the Green River Formation in the Uinta Basin, Utah, USA, documents alluvial channel lithosomes. The abundance of Froude supercritical‐flow sedimentary structures, together with an abundance of high‐deposition‐rate sedimentary structures, in‐channel bioturbation and pedogenic modification, in‐channel muds and thick soft‐clast conglomerates, identify these lithosomes as deposits of variable‐discharge rivers. These recognition criteria are part of an emerging facies model for variable‐discharge rivers. This facies model, however, yet lacks robust recognition criteria for macro‐scale or bar‐scale stratal patterns of variable‐discharge rivers. This study presents a dataset that corroborates some known stratal patterns and provides examples of hitherto unknown bar‐scale stratal patterns of variable‐discharge rivers, including: (i) low‐angle downstream‐accretion sets that may form as washed‐out sheets in high sediment supply conditions or downstream of hydraulic jumps; (ii) high‐angle upstream‐accretion sets that imply deposition from systematically upstream‐migrating channel‐scale hydraulic jumps (cyclic steps); (iii) concave‐up, upward‐flattening high‐angle downstream‐accretion sets that are consistent with aggradation in channel‐scale hydraulic‐jump scours; (iv) upstream‐accretion and lateral‐accretion sets that may be linked to high‐magnitude flood reworking of point bars; and (v) aggradation or vertical‐accretion sets of ambiguous origin. These unconventional stratal patterns are compared to the established bar strata, such as those formed by point bars and braid bars and a discussion is provided on formative conditions for the here documented unconventional strata. This work highlights a need for further studies on the effect of discharge variability on bar formation and on the link between river morphology and bar types.

What Exactly Causes Light-Induced Halide Segregation in Mixed-Halide Perovskites?

Light-induced halide segregation is an intrinsic instability of mixed-halide perovskites, which complicates their successful use in tandem solar cells. Methods to suppress this phenomenon remain elusive because of its ambiguous origin. Beal et al. demonstrate that photostability is not an exclusive property of perovskite crystal structure and instead highlight the need for a microscopic understanding of the phenomenon.

Physical conditions in the gas phases of the giant H II region LMC-N 11

Context. The ambiguous origin of the [C II] 158μm line in the interstellar medium complicates its use for diagnostics concerning the star-formation rate and physical conditions in photodissociation regions. Aims. We investigate the origin of [C II] in order to measure the total molecular gas content, the fraction of CO-dark H2 gas, and how these parameters are impacted by environmental effects such as stellar feedback. Methods. We observed the giant H II region N 11 in the Large Magellanic Cloud with SOFIA/GREAT. The [C II] line is resolved in velocity and compared to H I and CO, using a Bayesian approach to decompose the line profiles. A simple model accounting for collisions in the neutral atomic and molecular gas was used in order to derive the H2 column density traced by C+. Results. The profile of [C II] most closely resembles that of CO, but the integrated [C II] line width lies between that of CO and that of H I. Using various methods, we find that [C II] mostly originates from the neutral gas. We show that [C II] mostly traces the CO-dark H2 gas but there is evidence of a weak contribution from neutral atomic gas preferentially in the faintest components (as opposed to components with low [C II]/CO or low CO column density). Most of the molecular gas is CO-dark. The CO-dark H2 gas, whose density is typically a few 100s cm−3 and thermal pressure in the range 103.5−5 K cm−3, is not always in pressure equilibrium with the neutral atomic gas. The fraction of CO-dark H2 gas decreases with increasing CO column density, with a slope that seems to depend on the impinging radiation field from nearby massive stars. Finally we extend previous measurements of the photoelectric-effect heating efficiency, which we find is constant across regions probed with Herschel, with [C II] and [O I] being the main coolants in faint and diffuse, and bright and compact regions, respectively, and with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission tracing the CO-dark H2 gas heating where [C II] and [O I] emit. Conclusions. We present an innovative spectral decomposition method that allows statistical trends to be derived for the molecular gas content using CO, [C II], and H I profiles. Our study highlights the importance of velocity-resolved photodissociation region (PDR) diagnostics and higher spatial resolution for H I observations as future steps.

Interaction between high-temperature magmatic fluids and limestone explains \u2018Bastn\xe4s-type\u2019 REE deposits in central Sweden

The presently increasing demand for rare earth elements (REE), particularly in high-tech and “green energy” applications, has led to global interest in the distribution, origins and formation conditions of REE deposits. The World’s first hard-rock REE sources, the polymetallic deposits of Bastnäsfältet in Bergslagen, central Sweden, were also the place of the original discovery of several REE and many of their host minerals. Similar deposits with high concentrations of REE occur along a > 100 km corridor in the region and they share a number of geological and mineralogical features; all comprising Palaeoproterozoic, skarn-hosted magnetite-REE mineralisation of ambiguous origin. Here we report oxygen isotope data for magnetite and quartz, and oxygen and carbon isotope data for carbonates from ten of these classic deposits, to model and assess their mode of origin. Combined with existing geological observations, the isotope results support an origin in a c. 1.9 Ga shallow-marine back-arc, sub-seafloor setting, where felsic magmatic-sourced, high-temperature fluids reacted with pre-existing limestone interlayers, leading to localised skarn formation and magnetite-REE-mineral precipitation. These findings help us to better understand the geological processes that have produced economic REE mineralisation and may assist future exploration for these critical commodities.

Vernacular Story in and as Archives: (Re)MakingXingshi yanStories in Early Modern China and Korea

AbstractThis article examines literary texts both as records transmitted through archives and as cultural sites recording preferred knowledge. It focuses on the late Ming-era (1368–1644) Chinese vernacular short story anthology Xingshi yan 型世言 (Exemplary Words for the World, ca. 1632)—the only extant copy preserved in the Kyujanggak Archives in South Korea—and its Chosŏn (1392–1910) rendition in the Korean alphabet, Hyŏngse ŏn, housed in the Jangseogak Archives. Xingshi yan, taking seriously the Chinese vernacular literature’s claim of being “unofficial history,” provides its own historical narrative of the Ming at the end of the dynasty when it was threatened by the Manchus. Recording the notable Ming figures and affairs, this anthology creates a literary archive furnishing materials for Ming history. In addition, this article points out the significance of the Kyujanggak Xingshi yan in solving the ambiguous textual origins of several Chinese vernacular story anthologies that were previously associated with the famous Second Amazement. Eventually, it traces the trajectory of how Xingshi yan was preserved in the Korean royal archives and appreciated by royal family members, and how its stories were rendered into the Korean alphabet for reasons of cultural and literary preference as well as to address the intended audience of Chosŏn. The making and remaking of Xingshi yan stories in both China and Korea, this article argues, illuminate the varied knowledge preferences and selections in the forming of the two cultures’ respective literary archives.

Primary Step Towards In Situ Detection of Chemical Biomarkers in the UNIVERSE via Liquid-Based Analytical System: Development of an Automated Online Trapping/Liquid Chromatography System.

The search for biomarkers in our solar system is a fundamental challenge for the space research community. It encompasses major difficulties linked to their very low concentration levels, their ambiguous origins (biotic or abiotic), as well as their diversity and complexity. Even if, in 40 years’ time, great improvements in sample pre-treatment, chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry detection have been achieved, there is still a need for new in situ scientific instrumentation. This work presents an original liquid chromatographic system with a trapping unit dedicated to the one-pot detection of a large set of non-volatile extra-terrestrial compounds. It is composed of two units, monitored by a single pump. The first unit is an online trapping unit able to trap polar, apolar, monomeric and polymeric organics. The second unit is an online analytical unit with a high-resolution Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The designed single pump system was as efficient as a laboratory dual-trap LC system for the analysis of amino acids, nucleobases and oligopeptides. The overall setup significantly improves sensitivity, providing limits of detection ranging from ppb to ppt levels, thus meeting with in situ enquiries.

حديث محاجة آدم وموسى عليهما السلام في القدر -دراسة عقدية تحليلية-

ملخص بحث حديث (محاجة آدم وموسى-دراسة عقدية تحليلية): الإيمان بالقضاء والقدر، من أرکان الإيمان الستة، التي لا يصح الإيمان إلا بها؛ بل هو نظام التوحيد الذي لا بقاء للتوحيد إلا به، ولما کان منشأ الشبه في هذا الباب هو سوء فهم للنصوص؛ تناولت بحث حديث محل اشتباه في باب القدر، وهو حديث: (محاجة آدم وموسى عليهما السلام) ومدار هذا الحديث کان على مناظرة وقعت بين آدم وموسى عليهما الصلاة والسلام في القدر يخبر عنها النبي ﷺ فيذکر احتجاج موسى واحتجاج آدم ثم يخبر أن الحجة فيه کانت لآدم على موسى. و هذا الحديث متفق عليه أخرجه في الشيخان في الصحيحين وتلقاه العلماء بالقبول. وقد أشکل هذا الحديث على کثير من الناس، فظنوا أن المحاجاة بين آدم وموسى کانت متوجهة إلى المعصية، ثم اختلفوا بعد ذلک في موقفهم من الحديث : فالقدرية ردوا الحديث لسوء فهمهم لمعناه الصحيح، وشبهتهم في رده هو زعمهم أنه يدل على صحة الاحتجاج بالقدر على المعاصي وزعموا أن ثبوته يستلزم تعطيل الشريعة . أما الجبرية فقد استدلوا بالحديث على جواز الاحتجاج بالقدر على المعاصي؛ بل جعلوه عمدة لهم في تقرير معتقدهم الباطل في دعواهم أن العبد مجبور على فعله ولا لوم يلحقه بمعصيته . وأهل السنه اتفقوا في موقفهم من معنى الحديث على القطع بعدم دلالته على الاحتجاج بالقدر على المعاصي، وان آدم إنما احتج بالقدر على المصيبة لا على الذنب، ثم اختلفوا في محاجة موسى هل کانت على المصيبة ،أو على المعصية التي هي سبب للمصيبة على قولين: الأول: أن موسى لام آدم على المصيبة التي حصلت له وذريته ،وهي الإخراج من الجنة والنزول إلى الأرض، وذلک بسبب فعله وخطيئته. الثاني: أن موسى لام آدم على المعصية لکونها سبب المصيبة لا لکونها معصية، فاحتج آدم بالقدر على المعصية لکونه قد تاب منها. وکل واحد من القولين له وجه من النظر وهما عند التأمل متقاربان وإن کان القول الأول أرجح. والله أعلم Research Abstract on the hadith of the (Argument between Adam and Musa-Creedal and Analytical study) Belief in predestination is among the six pillars of faith. In fact, it is the underlining principle of tauheed of which without it nothing would be left of tauheed. Since the origin of ambiguity in this matter is the wrong understanding of religious texts, I decided to do a research on the hadith which is the point of ambiguity in predestination, and that is the hadith of the (Argument between Adam and Musa-peace be upon them) The subject of the hadith is a debate between Musa and Adam, peace be upon them concerning predestination as narrated by the Prophet-peace be upon him where he mentioned the argument of both Musa and Adam and then stated that Adam had a stronger argument over Musa. The hadith is agreed upon and reported by both Bukhari and Muslim in their Sahih books and is generally accepted by scholars. This hadith has been ambiguous to many people who thought that the argument between Musa and Adam was about the sin and hence they differed in their positions concerning the hadith: The Al-Qadariyya rejected the hadith because of their wrong understanding of its correct meaning and their ambiguity in rejecting it is their claim that the hadith indicates that it is right to use predestination as an excuse for committing sin and also claimed that affirming the hadith necessitates disrupting the sharia. As for the Al-Jabariyya, they use the hadith to prove the permissibility to use predestination as an excuse for committing sin. In fact, they made it a pillar for them in establishing their false creeds of claiming that the servant is compelled to do his deeds and should not be blamed for his sins. The Ahlu Sunnah are unanimous in their position on the meaning of the hadith that it does not indicate using predestination as an excuse for committing sins, and that Adam only used predestination as an excuse for the calamity not the sin, then they differ concerning the argument of Musa; was it on the calamity or the sin which caused the calamity. There are two views on this: One: that Musa blamed Adam for the calamity that befell him and his offspring; which is the eviction from paradise and dissension to the earth which is as a result of his deed and sin. Two: that Musa blamed Adam for the sin because it was the cause of the calamity not because it was a sin, so Adam used predestination as an excuse for the sin because he had already repented from it. Each of the two views is worthy of note and when one takes a critical look at them they are close even though the first view is stronger. Allah knows best

FROM NOSTALGIA TO UTOPIA: A GENEALOGY OF FRENCH CONCEPTIONS OF SUPRANATIONALITY (1848–1948)

AbstractThis essay investigates the intellectual history of one of the purportedly most “revolutionary” concepts of post-1945 international thought—the concept of supranationality. While the literature has generally analyzed the concept as a direct continuation of progressive cosmopolitan ideas, or, to the contrary, as a political watchword formulated after 1945 to promote the European project, this essay highlights other, more ambiguous origins for the concept. It retraces the early uses of the concept in French debates. It argues that the irruption of supranationality in the political and legal vocabulary was far from revolutionary, as is typically claimed—without referring directly to the writings of the great classical philosophers. Rather, the concept drew on earlier discourses whose emergence can be identified in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century debates, ranging from Catholic thought to international law. To retrace the genealogy of supranationality in the decades preceding the supranational vogue of the 1950s contributes to illuminating the complex intellectual origins of the European Union and of international thought more generally.