Tolerance For Ambiguity Research Articles

Enacting cultural literacy as a dialogic social practice: the role of provisional language in classroom talk

The concept of cultural literacy as a dialogic social practice celebrates alternative perspectives. Navigating multiple perspectives in dialogue requires high ‘tolerance of ambiguity’ characterised by a positive, open and flexible attitude towards uncertainty. This article aims to explore how provisional language is used in classroom dialogue to enact tolerance of ambiguity and its associated democratic behaviours. It draws on data collected as part of a larger European-funded project in which children and young people used wordless texts as springboards to engage in discussions about cultural themes. We report findings from an in-depth qualitative analysis of two lessons (for 9–10-year-olds and 13–14-year-olds) chosen due to their use of provisional language and focus on multiple perspectives. We explore how the social element of provisional language enables students to enact key democratic behaviours as they learn to navigate multiple perspectives in small peer-group learning contexts. We find that teacher modelling and dual objectives in promoting such language are central to creating a safe dialogic space with inherent democratic potential that is not bound by solution-seeking goals. We consider the pedagogical implications of this by problematising the role of dialogue in enacting democratic behaviours through a critical exploration of the concept of ‘voice’.

“What it really takes” – A qualitative study of how professionals coproduce healthcare service with immigrant patients

BackgroundThe concept of coproduction shows great promise for meaningful partnerships between patients and health professionals. This is particularly relevant for immigrant patients who are less inclined to take an active role in consultations. The present study described health professionals’ practices and experiences of coproducing healthcare service with immigrant and refugee patients in clinical encounters. MethodsWe conducted a three-phase qualitative study with immigrant and refugee patients and health professionals at an interdisciplinary outpatient clinic for immigrants and refugees with complex long-standing health problems at a Danish university hospital. First, we conducted 25 observations of consultations between seven professionals (three doctors, three nurses, one social worker) and 24 patients with varied backgrounds and health problems. Findings were discussed in a focus group and individual interviews with the migrant clinic's staff. Finally, the themes were discussed with co-researchers and revised in a member check with experienced clinicians. Data were analyzed through meaning condensation, supported by the NVivo software. ResultsWe identified four themes characterizing the work of health professionals in creating coproduced healthcare service: a team effort of sense-making, disentangling the chaos first, when everything fails - listen to the patient, and continuity - becoming part of the patient's story. ConclusionInterdisciplinary work fostering values of doing what makes sense to form a positive partnership with the patient allows health professionals to act autonomously, flexibly, and creatively. Using communication tools designed around patient needs, create optimal conditions for coproduction as health professionals empathically validate and integrate patient experiences. Professionals need advanced listening and relational skills and tolerance of ambiguity and insecurity. Relational continuity facilitates long-term coproduction but also bears risks of emotional dependency.

Are Commercial Lending Decisions Affected by Severity of Internal Control Material Weaknesses and Tolerance for Ambiguity?

Are Commercial Lending Decisions Affected by Severity of Internal Control Material Weaknesses and Tolerance for Ambiguity?

Investigating the Role of Metacognitive Beliefs, Ambiguity Tolerance, and Emotion Processing in Predicting Nurses' Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Investigating the Role of Metacognitive Beliefs, Ambiguity Tolerance, and Emotion Processing in Predicting Nurses' Generalized Anxiety Disorder

РОЛЬ ЭКЗИСТЕНЦИАЛЬНОГО ОПЫТА В ПЕРЕЖИВАНИИ СИТУАЦИИ НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННОСТИ

Uncertainty is an objective feature of the modern world. The uncertainty has acquired a special meaning recently in connection with the pandemic, which has brought an unprecedented level of anxiety and actualized existential givens. According to research, the main tool in the ability to accept the ambiguity of the world and discover new opportunities in the face of uncertainty is meaning. Existential experience, expressed in processing existential givens of death, freedom, loneliness and meaning, deeply affecting a person, becomes a source of personal changes and carries out value-semantic regulation of a person’s entire life. The purpose of the study is to analyze the role of existential experience in processing uncertainty. Written interviews of 108 subjects aged 25-45, which took place during the second wave of coronavirus in Moscow, were studied for the presence of existential issues. The types of processing existential experience were singled out; an empirical analysis of the relationship between the aspects of processing existential experience and indicators of tolerance for ambiguity, hardiness, trait anxiety, subjective happiness and basic hope were carried out. According to the results, emotional processing of existential experience is positively associated with greater existential fulfillment. Together with presence of personal resources it is positively associated with greater hardiness and low level of trait anxiety. Tolerance to ambiguity positively correlates with subjective happiness in respondents with an emotional type of processing existential experience. An assumption is made that an emotional type of processing existential experience contributes to personal maturity, an increase in basic hope and the acquisition of a creative position in relation to life, which is expressed not only in successful coping with anxiety, but also in the pleasure of creative transformation of uncertainty.

Ambiguity Tolerance Factor at the Decision-Making System in the Professional Activity of Law Enforcement Officers

Ambiguity Tolerance Factor at the Decision-Making System in the Professional Activity of Law Enforcement Officers

Self-Evaluation of Educational Leadership Practices During COVID-19

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, school districts, and specifically, superintendents, are under increased pressure to lead. Irregularity and ambiguity are now the mantras of those tasked with leading in our schools. Many current research studies aim to evaluate the possible effects of COVID-19 on the system of education (Azorín, 2020; Hargreaves & Fullan, 2020), and advice on how to lead during a crisis (Harris & Jones, 2020; Leithwood et al., 2020, Netolicky, 2020). There are no standards or benchmarks to follow that could potentially aid school leaders as they navigate, lead, and make important decisions that affect how quality instruction and student learning continues during these turbulent times. Using tolerance for ambiguity as a framework, this qualitative case study aims to determine precisely how some school leaders have adjusted their leadership, or not, in the throes of this disruptive pandemic. The results of this study determined that many superintendents saw the pandemic as another challenge that needed to be overcome, believed their leadership and organizational skills became sharper, and needed to accede a measure of control in their district to the state.

ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТЬ К НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННОСТИ В СТРУКТУРЕ ЛИЧНОСТНОЙ СОСТАВЛЯЮЩЕЙ СИТУАЦИЙ ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИХ ЗАТРУДНЕНИЙ

Statement of the problem. Improving the quality of resolving difficult situations associated with teachers’ professional activity is possible only by studying those personal and situational variables that a) affect the resolution of difficult situations, b) are included in the personal structure and are available for comprehension. Tolerance for ambiguity (TA), being an intersubjective personality parameter, has all the necessary characteristics and can be considered when developing socio-psychological programs for teachers. However, its contribution to the resolution of difficult situations is currently not well understood. The purpose of the article is to show the place of TA in the structure of the personal component of situations related with pedagogical difficulties based on experimental data. Review of scientific literature on the problem. TA has many interpretations and is considered by researchers as a personality trait, as a metacognitive characteristic, as a socio-psychological attitude. Currently, without denying the multidimensionality of the concept, the emotional, cognitive and perceptual components of TA are considered. This means a return, at a new level, to the original idea of E. Frenkel-Brunswik, author of this psychological concept, who defined TA as an emotional-cognitive personality variable associated with the ambivalence of experiencing negative and positive properties of objects of reality. Sharing the views of E. Lehtinen and K. Merenluoto, we consider TA not as a stable, but as a dynamic characteristic. However, we have to admit that in this aspect the problem has been studied least of all. Therefore, studying the structure of the personal component of situations related with pedagogical difficulties, we consider as a separate task of studying TA as a structural component that develops in personal and situational interaction. Materials and methods. The research methodology is built in accordance with the idea of ​​L.S. Vygotsky and K. Levin, according to which any objective characteristic with which a person interacts becomes subjective through experience. The second foundation is understanding of the personality in the existential and humanistic approach as the leading instance that mediates any interaction with the world and oneself. The third foundation is a situational approach. The study involved 111 practicing teachers, who were offered five problem-solving tasks. Self-reports were processed using content analysis, the results were correlated with the data of personality techniques, including S. Badner’s TA test, and were subjected to factorization. Research results. The paper proves that TA refers to intersubjective parameters that affect the relationship between the personality and the situation. The TA factor turned out to be significant for all three groups of open, closed, and mixed models of interaction in difficult situations and is included in the structure of the personal component of situations related with pedagogical difficulties along with such factors as autonomy, communication, cognitive interest, openness, and creativity. Conclusion. The idea of ​K. Dahlbert that TA is most of all connected with the time factor was confirmed. During the study, it was found out that entering into different combinations within the personality structure, the TA parameter forms different configurations. Combined with the “orientation in time” factor, TA promotes an open type of interaction, while intolerance is associated with categoricalness and a closed type of communication in a situation of difficulty. Temporal competence enhances the personality ability to resolve a situation of difficulty through time resource management. At the same time, expectation of easiness and categoricalness lower the developmental potential of interaction in a situation of difficulty. In general, the high weight of TA in the structure of the personality component of situations related with pedagogical difficulties allows us to consider TA as a task and condition in the development of socio-psychological programs for practicing teachers.

ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ФАКТОРЫ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ЛИЧНОСТЬЮ СЕТЕВЫХ КОММУНИКАЦИЙ

Statement of the problem. The article is devoted to the problem of the influence of network communications on the personality of students. The purpose of the article is to present the results of the analysis of scientific literature, the results of empirical research, which make it possible to distinguish the entities, characteristics and indicators of the influence of network communications on personality in the learning process, to determine positive and negative trends of this influence in the context of the psychological and social aspect of the subjective-developmental approach. The methodological foundation consists of works on personality (K.A. Abulkhanova), tolerance for ambiguity among teachers and students (T.V. Kornilova, S.D. Smirnov), personal decision-making (A.I. Sannikov), about the viability of an individual (N.T. Selezneva, N.V. Rublenko, T.Yu. Todysheva), representing digital society as a socio-cultural phenomenon (G.N. Sergeeva), processes of digitalization of modern education (V.S. Agapov, A.M. Balykina). This made it possible to determine the methodological foundations of the study on the qualitative content of the influence of network communications on personality in the process of training. The basis for the choice of research methods was understanding of the complexity of the structure of the personality, the multifaceted manifestation of it in real life and virtual space of education environment. Research methods. The following methods were used in this study: 1. Questionnaire on “Style of self-regulation of behavior – SSB” (V.I. Morosanova). 2. Questionnaire of reflexivity (A.V. Karpov). 3. Questionnaire on “Communicative and organizational tendencies” (V.A. Sinyavsky, B.A. Fedorishin). 4. Value questionnaire (S. Schwartz). 5. Test on “Motivation to succeed” (T. Elers). 6. Questionnaire on “Modern social values” (N.T. Selezneva). The results of the study allow us to distinguish the influence of network communications on reflexive, regulatory, motivational mechanisms of personality self-consciousness, which determine the self-development of personality, its productive expression in real life and virtual space. The unproductive realization of the personality is possible in the absence of the integrity of life space in its consciousness. Conclusion. Active users of network communications, young people studying at universities and colleges, in whose consciousness representations of eventuality are formed – the perception of a holistic life space. They show readiness and ability to self-develop qualitative characteristics of meaningful orientations, ideas about themselves, as a subject of life dynamics, having freedom of choice, timely assessment of life problem situations, self-organization in the construction of educational and professional activities. Users of network communications who do not express subjectivity need psychological support throughout the entire process of organizing educational and professional activities. Authors’ contribution consists in theoretical analysis of scientific literature, definition and substantiation of research methods, processing and analysis of results of influence of network communications on personality. In the process of empirical research, we have identified manifestations of the subjectivity of the personality of active users of network communications, if consciousness has formed ideas of eventuality – the perception of a holistic life space and they have high or moderate motive levels for achieving success.

The Effect of Perceived Uncertainty on Competitive Behavior

How do people behave in the face of uncertainty? Some studies suggest that even when they are unaware of how others will behave, people default to cooperative behavior; however, other research suggests that uncertainty leads to more competitive behavior. Little research has examined how individual differences moderate such behavioral decisions. This study proposes that a stable (dispositional) sense of justice may, ironically, lead to more competitive behavior. Specifically, people who score highly in belief in a just world, system justification, and religiosity, and low in ambiguity tolerance may be more inclined to compete rather than cooperate because they believe people who experience positive outcomes deserve those outcomes regardless of the means taken to achieve them. Across two studies, participants (N = 288) engaged in a prisoner’s dilemma game — a task where they must choose to compete or cooperate — and completed the aforementioned individual difference measures. Results show that people tended to cooperate, but those high in system justification and belief in a just world were more likely to compete. In other words, people with a strong sense of cosmic justice were likely to exhibit competitive behavior under uncertain conditions. KEYWORDS: Ambiguity Tolerance; Competition; Cooperation; Just World Beliefs; Prisoner’s Dilemma; Prosocial Behavior; Religiosity; System Justification; Uncertainty

STEREOTYPING MANIFESTATION IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF ADULT PSYCHOLOGICAL LIFE

In our world today, adults are increasingly faced with stress; the overwhelming flow of events obliges a person to act quickly and precisely, any wrong decision, any behavior that turns out to be even more problematic. And there are more and more of these stresses every day. And it is not clear how to act and be further. As a result, a person faces uncertainty and different psychological disorders. One of the main reasons of stressful situations, we believe, is stereotypical thinking, when a person acts according to a previously elaborated algorithm and the world becomes different every day and one has to act differently. By understanding the true causes of stereotypes, psychologists, psychotherapists can look at the problem in a broader way. The aim of the study was to empirically examine the impact of stereotyping in different spheres of adult psychological life: cognitive, emotional, behavioral, interpersonal; to analyze the relationships between the childhood fears manifestation, stereotyping and psychological problems manifestation. The techniques that was used during the study are the following: Tomsk Questionnaire of Rigidity TOR by Zalewski G.V., Scale of Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance MSTAT-I; New Questionnaire of Tolerance for Uncertainty NTN; Scales of Anxiety and Worries STAI; Dysfunctional Beliefs Questionnaire PBQ-BPD; Personal beliefs Examination SPB. The results of the study revealed that childhood and adult fears have a significant impact on the formation of stereotypical adult behavior. We also identified the following: the relationship between childhood fears and stereotyping; the influence of childhood fears on rigidity, tolerance, intolerance, the formation of dysfunctional and personal beliefs, and anxiety. There is some compelling evidence that stereotyping manifests itself in the cognitive, emotional, behavioral and interpersonal psychological spheres of human life, with different kinds of fears at its core. We introduced a stereotyping index (ratio of intolerance to tolerance).

Cognitive Skills and Economic Preferences in the Fund Industry

AbstractWe investigate the impact of cognitive skills and economic preferences on fund managers' professional decisions by running a battery of experiments with them. First, we find that fund managers’ risk tolerance positively correlates with fund risk when accounting for fund benchmark, fund category and other controls. Second, we show that fund managers’ ambiguity tolerance positively correlates with the funds’ tracking error from the benchmark. Finally, we report that cognitive skills do not explain fund performance in terms of excess returns. However, we do find that fund managers with high cognitive reflection abilities compose funds at lower risk.

A social cognition perspective on entrepreneurial personality traits and intentions to start a business: Does creativity matter?

PurposeThis paper proposes and empirically assesses a social cognition conceptual model linking creativity (both artistic and scholarly), entrepreneurial personality traits, and entrepreneurial intention. Specifically, the study draws on social cognition perspectives to investigate the potential role of creativity as a mechanism underlying the relationship between entrepreneurial personality traits and entrepreneurial intention.Design/methodology/approachUsing a sample of 194 creative nascent entrepreneurs, the study tests the proposed model using Partial Last Squares Structural Equations Modeling (PLS-SEM).FindingsThe study reveals that, among entrepreneurial personality traits, only risk-taking propensity is positively related to entrepreneurial intention. Interestingly, while artistic creativity seems to enhance entrepreneurial intention, scholarly creativity is found to stimulate a more cautious approach toward venturing. The findings also reveal that scholarly creativity fully mediates the relationship between tolerance for ambiguity and entrepreneurial intention.Originality/valueThe study makes an original contribution by showcasing how both artistic and scholarly creativity developed in the same socially situated cognitive environment can differentially influence decision-making and the relationship between entrepreneurial personality traits and entrepreneurial intention, thus contributing to social cognition perspectives and research in entrepreneurship.

Understanding the role of the art museum in teaching clinical-level medical students

ABSTRACT Introduction. The role of the visual arts in medical education has been understudied, especially with regard to program evaluation and learner assessment of complex competencies such as professional identity, team building, and tolerance for ambiguity. We designed a study to explore how an integrative art museum-based program might benefit 3rd and 4th year medical students. Methods. We piloted 6 sessions with 18 participants. Evaluation methods included post-session surveys and semi-structured focus groups, which we qualitatively analyzed using an open-coding method. Results. Seven themes emerged from the analysis related to the overarching realms of ‘form’ and ‘function.’ ‘Form’ themes included structural elements of the sessions that enabled engagement: (1) group format, (2) methods (e.g., discussion prompts, activities), (3) setting (e.g., physical space of the museum, temporal space), and (4) objects (e.g., paintings, sculptures). ‘Function’ themes included the personal and professional value and meaning derived from the sessions: (1) appreciation of others, (2) critical skills, and (3) personal inquiry. Discussion. Our results expand what is known about the role of the visual arts in medical education by suggesting that the visual arts may facilitate clinically relevant learning across a range of competencies via specific formal aspects (group format, method, setting, objects) of art museum-based pedagogical methods.

Which Factors Affect Social Entrepreneurship Development for Rural Women in Varamin Township?

This study was conducted to design a rural women's social entrepreneurship (RWSE) development model in Varamin. A total of 176 rural women were selected as the study's statistical population through- proportionate stratified sampling. The data collection tool is a questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha and theta coefficient. SPSS and AMOS software was used to analyse the results. The results showed individual factors include risk-taking, locus of control, and ambiguity tolerance with a regression coefficient of 0.537, had the most significant impact on the RWSE. The results also showed that hiring people according to human rights has the most significant impact on the RWSE development.

The perception of doability and how is it measured

This article argues that the propensity to perceive impossible challenges as doable is a personality trait, and presents a method for measuring it. The name coined for this concept is “possibilitivity,” a portmanteau of “possible” and “creativity.” Possibilitivity is related to such personality traits as self-efficacy and locus of control. This article shows that this trait is embedded in individual cognitive processes, whilst targeting social issues; in this vein, it may be seen as an important mechanism facilitating change-making and transgressing the seemingly impossible. Methodology for assessing this trait is presented, i.e., the process of constructing and validating a questionnaire, its psychometric properties, and some comparisons within the sample (N = 1117). One of the findings is that women are significantly more prone to perceive difficult challenges as doable than men. Seeing this study as the first step, further research recommendations are presented, e.g., comparing possibilitivity between various segments of society, as well as analyzing potential correlations with other traits, e.g., empathy or ambiguity tolerance.

Tolérance à la détresse et expérience de la douleur chronique

IntroductionChronic pain is a highly prevalent condition that is associated with distressing somatic and emotional experiences. Consequently, an individual's distress tolerance, the perceived capacity to tolerate negative psychological and physical states, may influence their pain experience. This effect could be explained in part by a reduction in the catastrophic interpretation of pain which is associated with increased pain intensity and interference in everyday activities. AimsThe first aim of this study was to explore the association between the components of the 5-factor model of distress tolerance and (1) pain intensity and (2) pain interference in everyday activities. The secondary aim was to assess the potential mediating effect of pain catastrophizing in the eventual association between components of distress tolerance and (1) pain intensity or (2) pain interference in everyday activities. MethodThis is a cross-sectional study of adult (18 years or older) university students and staff with chronic pain (3 months). They were invited to complete the online questionnaire through an email invitation. Pain intensity and interference in everyday functioning were assessed with the corresponding subscales of the Brief Pain Inventory. The following instruments were used to assess the components of the 5-factor model of distress tolerance: Ambiguity Tolerance Scale (tolerance to ambiguity), Intolerance to Uncertainty Scale (reversed score: tolerance to uncertainty), Discomfort Intolerance Scale (reversed score: discomfort tolerance), Distress Tolerance Scale (tolerance to negative emotions), Frustration Discomfort Scale (tolerance to frustration). Participants also completed the Pain Catastrophizing Scale. ResultsEighty participants were recruited (57 % women, mean age=33.09; standard deviation=12,87). Tolerance to negative emotions was the only component of distress tolerance that was associated with pain (ß=−0.04; 95% CI): −0.07–−0.01; t (78)=−3.06, p<0.01) or pain interference in everyday functioning (ß=−0.07; 95% CI: −0.10–−0.03; t (78)=−3.97, p<0.01), independently of the others. Combined with age, these factors explained 16.2 % of the variance in pain intensity and 19.4 % of the variance in pain interference. Pain catastrophizing partially mediated the association between tolerance to negative emotions and pain interference in everyday functioning, but it was not involved in the association between tolerance to negative emotions and pain intensity. ConclusionTolerance to negative emotions appears to be the most relevant aspect of distress tolerance in the context of chronic pain and is a potential clinical target that is independent and complementary from pain catastrophizing.

The Analysis of Internal Consistency and Internal Structure of Questionnaires of Tolerance / Intolerance to Ambiguity: IAS, TAN, MSTAT-I and MSTAT-II

The article presents the results of internal consistency and internal structure analysis on a sampleof 184 subjects of the four most widely used questionnaires of tolerance / intolerance to ambiguity: the Intolerance to Ambiguity Scale (IAS) by S. Badner, Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale (MSTAT-I and MSTAT-II) D. McLane and the Tolerance-intolerance of ambiguity new questionnaire (TAN) by T. V. Kornilova. The IAS subscales showed low internal consistency, the Tolerance-intolerance of ambiguity new questionnaire scale showed satisfactory internal consistency and the MSTAT-I and MSTAT-II scales showed high internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the five-factor model of MSTAT-I, the other models were not confirmed on our data. Exploratory factor analysis revealed unsatisfactory internal structure of the IAS, TAN, MSTAT-II. The results of the study are discussed.

Leader Tolerance of Ambiguity: Implications for Follower Performance Outcomes in High and Low Ambiguous Work Situations

Individuals high in tolerance of ambiguity (TOA) are comfortable with, desire, and strive to manage ambiguous situations. We predicted leader TOA would be associated with better follower performance outcomes, depending on the level (Study 1) and nature (Study 2) of follower role ambiguity. Data were collected from employees (Study 1, n = 423) and managerial employees (Study 2, n = 326) who rated their leader on three facets of TOA and provided self-reports of their own performance outcomes. Positive implications of leader TOA for follower learning goal orientation and job performance (Study 1) were most pronounced when followers perceived low role ambiguity and, in the prediction of situational coping (Study 2), when ambiguous work situations were categorized as challenges (unexpected events requiring problem-solving) compared to hindrances. Findings have theoretical implications for understanding when TOA in leaders is optimal and have practical relevance for leaders seeking to adapt to the situational needs of their followers.

The Psychological Profile of Tunisian SMEs Founders Amid the COVID-19 Crisis

The purpose of this paper is to determine the psychological profile of the Tunisian SMEs founder amid the COVID-19 crisis. The results of this research demonstrated that their psychological profile in times of COVID-19 crisis is quadridimensional and that each of these four dimensions (tolerance for ambiguity and uncertainty, attitude towards risk, self-confidence and locus of control) are unidimensional. This research was conducted in three Tunisian industries (textiles and clothing industries, agro-food industries and industries of ceramic and glass building materials) via the administration of a questionnaire via LinkedIn (between March, 15 and May, 15 2020) to more than 400 SMEs’ founders. The critical contributions of this research are the clarification of the role of psychological factors in the field of entrepreneurship, which remains unclear, by enriching previous research on entrepreneurial personality. The main findings of this study: (1) the four key psychological traits correspond to the “specific traits” of an entrepreneur; (2) these “specific traits” are more suitable to study the profile of the SME’s founder profile at the time of crisis than the more “stable traits” — the Big Five traits; (3) the psychological profile of the SME’s founder in a hyper-turbulent environment (namely the COVID-19 crisis) correspond to the psychological entrepreneurial profile.