Ambient Water Temperature Research Articles

Simulation of convection at a vertical ice face dissolving into saline water

We investigate the convection and dissolution rate generated when a wall of ice dissolves into seawater under Antarctic Ocean conditions. In direct numerical simulations three coupled interface equations are used to solve for interface temperature, salinity and ablation velocity, along with the boundary layer flow and transport. The main focus is on ambient water temperatures between $-1\,^{\circ }\text{C}$ and $6\,^{\circ }\text{C}$ and salinities around 35 ‰, where diffusion of salt to the ice–water interface depresses the freezing point and enhances heat diffusion to the ice. We show that fluxes of both heat and salt to the interface are significant in governing the dissolution of ice, and the ablation velocity agrees well with experiments and a recent theoretical prediction. The same turbulent flow dynamics and ablation rate are expected to apply at any depth in a deeper ocean water column (after choosing the relevant pressure coefficient for the liquidus temperature). At Grashof numbers currently accessible by direct numerical simulation, turbulence is generated both directly from buoyancy flux and from shear production in the buoyancy-driven boundary layer flow, whereas shear production by the convective flow is expected to be more important at geophysical scales. The momentum balance in the boundary layer is dominated by buoyancy forcing and wall stress, with the latter characterised by a large drag coefficient.

Comprehensive Investigation Method for Sudden Increases of Uplift Pressures beneath Gravity Dams: Case Study

AbstractDue to the complexity and uncertainty of geological conditions, a comprehensive investigation method is proposed to identify main causes of sudden increases of uplift pressures beneath local blocks of a gravity dam, which integrated statistical analyses of in situ seepage observations, inversion analyses of seepage fields using the numerical method, and field investigations. To fully identify the natural geological condition of the foundation after several years of operation, comprehensive field investigations, including core borings, water-pressure tests, and borehole television imaging, are employed. A case study of Xixi Dam is applied to demonstrate the utilization of this method. The study focuses on the local riverbed blocks, underlying which sudden increases of uplift pressures occurred in the months of April and May 2010, as well as March 2012. The primary explanation is that the coupled external loads of low ambient temperature and high reservoir water level induce the phenomenon. Further ...

Effects of Temperature Stress on Pre-imaginal Development and Adult Ptero-fitness of the Vector Mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Day-old first instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were cultured to imago eclosion, at constant temperatures of 30.00, 32.00, 34.00°C and ambient water temperature (28.00±0.02°C, Control). The duration and survivorship of larval and pupal life stages were monitored daily. The wings of adult mosquitoes were measured for length and fluctuating asymmetry. The results indicated significant (p<0.05) effects of water temperature on developmental indices investigated. The duration of larval and pupal stage was significantly shortened from 10.82±1.02 days (28.00±0.02°C) to 7.65±2.15 days (34.00°C) and 2.04±0.70 (28.00±0.02°C) to 1.19±0.27 days (34.00°C), respectively. Survivorship of immature stages showed inverse relationship with increasing water temperature; with survivorship of the pupae significantly higher than those of the larvae at all the temperatures tested. Wing length and fluctuating asymmetry were also affected by rise in temperature. The findings of this study indicate limited thermal adaptation of Cx. quinquefasciatus to relatively warm areas; this information should help in developing effective environmental mosquito-vector control against the species by the discouragement of ecological settings that may reduce micro-climatic temperatures around breeding habitats of the mosquito species.

Population Surveillance of Poecilia reticulata in Kolkata, India: Implications in Mosquito Regulation

Background: The guppy, Poecilia reticulata (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) is promoted as a biological control agent of mosquitoes. Augmentative release of guppy has led to the elimination of the mosquitoes at a local scale, though resurgence is possible in absence of adequate population of guppy in the larval habitats. Surveillance of the guppy population in the introduced habitats is therefore required to support the use and enhance the success of biological control. Objective: Monitoring of the guppy population in the sewage drain larval habitats where P. reticulata have been released to justify the colonization and establishment in the habitat. Assessment of the aquatic community that can sustain the population in absence of the target prey will substantiate the vector management strategy employing guppy as a bio control agent. Method: Random sampling of guppy with associated local fauna during every season from different sampling sites of Kolkata and adjoining areas in consecutive three years was carried out. The population of guppy was categorized in terms of the size groups and temperature regimen. Analysis of the relative density of mosquito and guppy was made to highlight the effects of guppy in the sewage drains. Results: The population of guppy varied significantly with reference to the samples and the size classes constituting the population. Variations in the population size classes corresponded significantly to the ambient water temperature explaining ~70% variation of the data observed on the population abundance of guppy. Significant differences in the composition of the macro invertebrates (prospective prey) and the guppy population was observed, that could be represented through a Principal component analysis which explained for more than 60% variations of the data obtained on the relative abundance of the representative members of the aquatic community. A negative correlation was observed for the relative abundance of mosquito immature and guppy in situations where both the groups were present. Overall, the relative abundance suggested the colonization and establishment of the guppy and the local elimination of the mosquito immature in the sewage drains sampled. Inference: From the results it is apparent that the guppy population colonized and established in the sewage drain habitats following the augmentative release to regulate mosquito. The heterogeneity in the size class of guppy population was evident in the sewage drain habitats. Alternative prey population in the sewage drain ensures the sustenance of the guppy in the long run. A negative correlation between mosquito immature and the guppy suggests that the availability of the guppy in the habitats reduces availability of mosquito both as a direct predatory impact as well as indirect effect on the oviposition. The observations indicate that guppy can colonize and sustain in the sewage drain habitats for long time period and reduce the possible colonization of the mosquito in the sewage drain habitats.

Warming alters food web-driven changes in the CO2 flux of experimental pond ecosystems.

Evidence shows the important role biota play in the carbon cycle, and strategic management of plant and animal populations could enhance CO2 uptake in aquatic ecosystems. However, it is currently unknown how management-driven changes to community structure may interact with climate warming and other anthropogenic perturbations to alter CO2 fluxes. Here we showed that under ambient water temperatures, predators (three-spined stickleback) and nutrient enrichment synergistically increased primary producer biomass, resulting in increased CO2 uptake by mesocosms in early dawn. However, a 3°C increase in water temperatures counteracted positive effects of predators and nutrients, leading to reduced primary producer biomass and a switch from CO2 influx to efflux. This confounding effect of temperature demonstrates that climate scenarios must be accounted for when undertaking ecosystem management actions to increase biosequestration.

Diurnal patterns in Scots pine stem oleoresin pressure in a boreal forest.

Coniferous tree stems contain large amounts of oleoresin under positive pressure in the resin ducts. Studies in North-American pines indicated that the stem oleoresin exudation pressure (OEP) correlates negatively with transpiration rate and soil water content. However, it is not known how the OEP changes affect the emissions of volatile vapours from the trees. We measured the OEP, xylem diameter changes indicating changes in xylem water potential and monoterpene emissions under field conditions in mature Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees in southern Finland. Contrary to earlier reports, the diurnal OEP changes were positively correlated with temperature and transpiration rate. OEP was lowest at the top part of the stem, where water potentials were also more negative, and often closely linked to ambient temperature and stem monoterpene emissions. However, occasionally OEP was affected by sudden changes in vapour pressure deficit (VPD), indicating the importance of xylem water potential on OEP as well. We conclude that the oleoresin storage pools in tree stems are in a dynamic relationship with ambient temperature and xylem water potential, and that the canopy monoterpene emission rates may therefore be also regulated by whole tree processes and not only by the conditions prevailing in the upper canopy.

Mitigation of immunosuppressive and oxidative stress effect of dietary gelatinized starch in Labeo rohita fingerlings by elevation of rearing temperature within optimum range.

The present study was conducted to investigate the strategy to mitigate the immunosuppressive and oxidative stress effect of gelatinized starch in fingerling of Labeo rohita. Fingerlings were either maintained at ambient water temperature (26 °C) or exposed to 32 °C for one week and then subjected to 26 °C for four weeks. Both groups were fed with isoproteinous (30% crude protein) diets containing gelatinized (G) or non-gelatinized (NG) starch. After 5 weeks of feeding trial, fingerlings were challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila and survival rate was recorded for the next 7 days. Serum cortisol and glucose content was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in G starch fed group and decreased with the increase in temperature from 26 to 32 °C, which was consistent for next four week after decrease in temperature from 32 to 26 °C. Lower respiratory burst activity and serum total protein and globulin content in G starch fed group at 26 °C significantly (p < 0.05) increased after elevation of temperature from 26 to 32 °C and levelled off to NG starch fed group. Liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity of G starch fed group was significantly higher in group reared at 32 °C compared to 26 °C. After challenge, fish fed G starch showed lower survival rate than that of fish fed NG starch. Subsequently, exposure of elevated temperature (32 °C) for one week significantly increased the survival rate of G starch fed group and levelled off to NG starch fed group. The results of this study indicated that dietary G starch may cause metabolic stress of fingerling L. rohita, as might consequently lead to the decrease antioxidant abilities, depressed immunity and reduced resistance to A. hydrophila infection. Subsequently, exposure of elevated temperature (32 °C) for one week mitigate immunosuppressive and oxidative stress effect of dietary G starch.

Effect of drinking water temperature on physiological variables of crossbred dairy cattle at high altitude temperate region of Himalayas.

Aim:The objective of study was to investigate the effects of drinking water on certain physiological parameters such as heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT) and, ruminal motility (RM).Materials and Methods:The experiment was carried out on 18 farm bred lactating crossbred cows. The animals selected for the study were divided into three groups of six animals each on the basis of milk yield and parity and were allotted to three treatment group of six each such as ambient drinking water temperature at 10.25±0.28°C (ambient water, T1), drinking water temperature at 15-20°C (T2) and drinking water temperature at 35-40°C (T3). All the managemental practices were kept similar during experiment except drinking water temperatures physiological variables such as HR, RR, RT, and RM of the individual cow was measured and recorded twice in a day at 800 h and again at 1400 h two consecutive days in a week 15 min after providing drinking water.Result:HR and RR at morning and at evening recorded were within the normal physiological level for all the treatment groups. However, RT at morning was comparable in all the treatments whereas at evening it was significantly (p<0.01) higher for cows consuming in T2 and in T3 than cows consumed (T1). The RM during morning among the treatments were non-significant as compared to the rumen motility at evening was significantly higher for (T1) and (T2) than for cows in (T3).Conclusion:It can be concluded that offering warm drinking water at 35-40°C to crossbred lactating dairy cow is beneficial during winter at high altitude temperate region.

Bet hedging in a warming ocean: predictability of maternal environment shapes offspring size variation in marine sticklebacks.

Bet hedging at reproduction is expected to evolve when mothers are exposed to unpredictable cues for future environmental conditions, whereas transgenerational plasticity (TGP) should be favoured when cues reliably predict the environment offspring will experience. Since climate predictions forecast an increase in both temperature and climate variability, both TGP and bet hedging are likely to become important strategies to mediate climate change effects. Here, the potential to produce variably sized offspring in both warming and unpredictable environments was tested by investigating whether stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) mothers adjusted mean offspring size and within-clutch variation in offspring size in response to experimental manipulation of maternal thermal environment and predictability (alternating between ambient and elevated water temperatures). Reproductive output traits of F1 females were influenced by both temperature and environmental predictability. Mothers that developed at ambient temperature (17°C) produced larger, but fewer eggs than mothers that developed at elevated temperature (21°C), implying selection for different-sized offspring in different environments. Mothers in unpredictable environments had smaller mean egg sizes and tended to have greater within-female egg size variability, especially at 21°C, suggesting that mothers may have dynamically modified the variance in offspring size to spread the risk of incorrectly predicting future environmental conditions. Both TGP and diversification influenced F2 offspring body size. F2 offspring reared at 21°C had larger mean body sizes if their mother developed at 21°C, but this TGP benefit was not present for offspring of 17°C mothers reared at 17°C, indicating that maternal TGP will be highly relevant for ocean warming scenarios in this system. Offspring of variable environment mothers were smaller but more variable in size than offspring from constant environment mothers, particularly at 21°C. In summary, stickleback mothers may have used both TGP and diversified bet-hedging strategies to cope with the dual stress of ocean warming and environmental uncertainty.

Pilot scale application of anaerobic baffled reactor for biologically enhanced primary treatment of raw municipal wastewater

A four-cell anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) was operated for two years treating raw municipal wastewater at ambient water and air temperatures of 12–23 °C and −10 to 35 °C, respectively. The 1000-L pilot reactor operated at a 12-h hydraulic residence time and was located in the Headworks building of the Plum Creek Water Reclamation Authority. The average influent was TSS = 510 ± 400 mg/L, BOD5 = 320 ± 80 mg/L and the average removal of TSS and BOD5 was 83 ± 10% and 47 ± 15%, respectively. The TSS and BOD removal exceeded that of conventional primary clarification, with no wasting of the settled solids over the two-years and stoichiometric production of methane. The estimated energy content of the biogas produced per unit volume of wastewater treated averaged 0.45 kWh/m3. The TSS and total COD removal in the first cell averaged 75 ± 15% and 43 ± 14%, respectively, but methane production was only 20% of the total observed for the full ABR. The performance of the ABR relative to the extent of solids hydrolysis and methane production can be varied by the number of cells and hydraulic residence time. The anaerobic baffled reactor is an energy-positive technology that can be used for biologically enhanced primary treatment of raw municipal wastewater in cold climates.

Response of sex ratio to timing of breeding in the small cyprinid Gnathopogon caerulescens.

The influence of hatching date on the sex ratio of wild Gnathopogon caerulescens was examined. Cohorts reared from eggs collected in the early and middle parts of the spawning season showed almost balanced sex ratios, with female bias in some cohorts. Cohorts born later in the season mostly displayed male bias, and the mean proportion of males later in the season was significantly higher than in early- and mid-season cohorts. These results indicate that the sex ratio of G. caerulescens changes with the time of breeding, increasing along with the ambient water temperature of the lake.

Riparian land cover and land use effects on riverine epilithic fungal communities

Although fungi are important decomposers in lotic environments, few studies have investigated the spatial and temporal changes in epilithic fungal communities in rivers. If epilithic organisms grow using organic matter and nutrients ultimately discharge into rivers, it is likely that the taxonomic composition of epilithic fungal communities will change spatially depending on the land use and land cover (LULC) in the drainage area. To test this hypothesis, we examined the relationship between the taxonomic composition of fungi on cobbles and the LULC in the fall and in spring. The taxonomic composition of the epilithic fungi was significantly related to ambient water temperatures and concentrations of nutrients and dissolved organic carbon. Supporting our hypothesis, the taxonomic composition of the epilithic fungi differed largely among the reaches covered mainly by different forest types and land uses in both the fall and in spring. The results suggest that the quality of the dissolved organic matter differed among the catchment areas depending on the LULC. Further analyses indicated that the sum of the LULC and within-river variables could explain 36.4 and 41.2 % of the spatial variation in the fungal taxonomic compositions in the fall and in spring, respectively. The LULC variables alone explained 16.1–18.7 % of the variations, and a similar percentage was found for within-river variables. These results suggest that the organic matter from LULC was equally as important as physical and nutrient conditions in the ambient water for determining the community structure of epilithic fungi in rivers.

How Will Climate Warming Affect Non-Native Pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus Populations in the U.K.?

Of the non-native fishes introduced to the U.K., the pumpkinseed is one of six species predicted to benefit from the forecasted climate warming conditions. To demonstrate the potential response of adults and their progeny to a water temperature increase, investigations of parental pumpkinseed acclimatization, reproduction and YOY over-wintering were carried out in outdoor experimental ponds under ambient and elevated water temperature regimes. No temperature effects were observed on either adult survivorship and growth, and none of the assessed reproductive activity variables (total spawning time, spawning season length, number of spawning bouts) appeared to be responsible for the large differences observed in progeny number and biomass. However, it was demonstrated in a previous study [Zięba G. et al., 2010] that adults in the heated ponds began spawning earlier than those of the ambient ponds. Ambient ponds produced 2.8× more progeny than the heated ponds, but these progeny were significantly smaller, probably due to their late hatching date, and subsequently suffered very high mortality over the first winter. Pumpkinseed in the U.K. will clearly benefit from climate warming through earlier seasonal reproduction, resulting in larger progeny going into winter, and as a result, higher over-winter survivorship would be expected relative to that which occurs under the present climatic regime.

The First Record of Peritoneal Cavity Temperature Recording in Free-Swimming Dolphin Fish Coryphaena hippurus by Using Archival Tags, on the East Coast of Taiwan

The ambient water temperature and peritoneal cavity temperature of two dolphin fish Coryphaena hippurus, in relation to their vertical movements were examined using archival tags, on the east coast of Taiwan. The peritoneal cavity temperature of the dolphinfish nearly corresponds to the ambient water temperature on a half-day scale, suggesting that they are typical ectothermic fish. This is quite different from Thunnus species, such as big eye, T.obesus and bluefin tuna, T. orientalis, as reported elsewhere. It is known that dolphinfish are predominantly confined to the surface mixed layer, in contrast to the immature bluefintuna that repeatedly dive across the thermocline for short periods; this is when the horizontal distributions of these species overlap. By using a simple heat budget model, we compared the thermo conservation abilities of dolphinfish and immature bluefin tuna, which revealed that the peritoneal cavity temperature of dolphinfish showed more rapid decrease when they dived beyond the thermocline that of the immature bluefin tuna that could maintain a relatively constant body temperature. This is one possible reason why these two species display such markedly different patterns of vertical movement, which is influenced by the

The influence of site and season on the gut and pallial fluid microbial communities of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Bivalvia, Ostreidae): community-level physiological profiling and genetic structure

The microbial communities and overall health of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, have long been topics of interest due to the fundamental economic and ecological roles this species maintains. A broad scale characterization of the oyster microbiome over spatial and seasonal scales, however, has never been carried out. The primary goal of this study was to examine the factors mediating microbial communities of the gut and pallial fluid of C. virginica at three sites within the Long Island Sound estuary, with a focus on both genetic structure (T-RFLP) and physiological profiling (EcoPlates) of the microbiome. Results indicated that the genetic structure of microbial communities of oysters was minimally separated across sites, but was influenced by season. Although the microbial community structure was similar, the number of carbon sources utilized by these communities (richness) varied across site, season, and anatomical location within the host. Parameters including oyster condition index, Dermo disease, and ambient water temperature were measured to assess their influence on the oyster microbiome. Only water temperature was found to have a significant relationship with microbial community structure and richness. Results suggest that a core microbiome may exist within the eastern oyster, specifically for those populations that are not genetically distinct.

PENGARUH JUMLAH PIPA TERHADAP LAJU PELEPASAN KALOR PADA KOLEKTOR SURYA ABSORBER BATU GRANIT

Fossil energies as un-renewable energies have been getting depletion. Therefore, the use of alternative energy should be raised. One of the alternative energies is solar energy. Solar energy does not pollute the environment and is categorized as a renewable energy which is free and plentiful. In this research, the solar energy was used to heat water by operating granite absorber solar collectors. The water was flowed naturally from a higher tank and adjusted using a valve fitted at the outlet of the collector. The volumetric rates of the water were 200, 250 and 300 cc/minutes. Two identical solar collectors with an overall dimension of 0,8 m x 1 m x 0,1 m were placed under the sun and faced to the North with an inclination angle of 15°. One collector contained 5 parallel pipes and the other comprised 7 parallel pipes. Data obtained in this research are glass cover temperatures, an ambient temperature, absorber temperatures, inlet and outlet water temperatures, and water volumetric rates. The results show that the 7 parallel pipe collector products higher outlet water temperature and energy than the 5 parallel pipe collector. Consequently, in the process of energy removal/discharge, the heat stored in the 7 parallel pipe collector runs out quicker.

A new ice cloud parameterization for infrared radiative transfer simulation of cloudy radiances: Evaluation and optimization with IIR observations and ice cloud profile retrieval products

AbstractA new ice cloud optical property database in the thermal infrared has been parameterized for the RTTOV radiative transfer model. The Self‐Consistent Scattering Model (SCSM) database is based on an ensemble model of ice crystals and a parameterization of the particle size distribution. This convolution can predict the radiative properties of cirrus without the need of a priori information on the ice particle shape and an estimate of the ice crystal effective dimension. The ice cloud optical properties are estimated through linear parameterizations of ambient temperature and ice water content. We evaluate the new parameterization against existing parameterizations used in RTTOV. We compare infrared observations from Imaging Infrared Radiometer, on board CALIPSO, against RTTOV simulations of the observations. The simulations are performed using two different products of ice cloud profiles, retrieved from the synergy between space‐based radar and lidar observations. These are the 2C‐ICE and DARDAR products. We optimized the parameterization by testing different SCSM databases, derived from different shapes of the particle size distribution, and weighting the volume extinction coefficient of the ensemble model. By selecting a large global data set of ice cloud profiles of visible optical depths between 0.03 and 4, we found that the simulations, based on the optimized SCSM database parameterization, reproduces the observations with a mean bias of only 0.43 K and a standard deviation of 6.85 K. The optimized SCSM database parameterization can also be applied to any other radiative transfer model.

Metabolic fitness and growth performance in tropical freshwater fishLabeo rohitaare modulated in response to dietary starch type (gelatinized versus non-gelatinized) and water temperature

This study investigated the modulating effect of temperature variation on the metabolic status and growth performance of tropical freshwater fish, Labeo rohita, when reared with starch-based gelatinized (G) or non-gelatinized (NG) diet. Fish were either maintained at ambient water temperature (26 °C) or exposed to 32 °C for 1 week, and then subjected to 26 °C for 4 weeks. Both groups were fed with isoproteinous (300 g kg−1) diets containing G or NG starch. A significant interaction was evident between increased metabolic activity due to the short-term exposure to higher temperature and starch type on growth performance, feed efficiency and protein retention. Dietary starch type and water temperature interactions were more effective in modulating the hepatic glucokinase and pyruvate kinase responses than that of hexokinase. Hepatic aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase activities were augmented at low temperature in NG starch fed group. Overall, our findings indicate that enzyme activities are enhanced due to the short-term exposure to higher temperature (32 °C). This elevated temperature lasted for 3 weeks after exposure during which NG starch tended to support the growth.

Unexpected Positive Buoyancy in Deep Sea Sharks, Hexanchus griseus, and a Echinorhinus cookei.

We do not expect non air-breathing aquatic animals to exhibit positive buoyancy. Sharks, for example, rely on oil-filled livers instead of gas-filled swim bladders to increase their buoyancy, but are nonetheless ubiquitously regarded as either negatively or neutrally buoyant. Deep-sea sharks have particularly large, oil-filled livers, and are believed to be neutrally buoyant in their natural habitat, but this has never been confirmed. To empirically determine the buoyancy status of two species of deep-sea sharks (bluntnose sixgill sharks, Hexanchus griseus, and a prickly shark, Echinorhinus cookei) in their natural habitat, we used accelerometer-magnetometer data loggers to measure their swimming performance. Both species of deep-sea sharks showed similar diel vertical migrations: they swam at depths of 200–300 m at night and deeper than 500 m during the day. Ambient water temperature was around 15°C at 200–300 m but below 7°C at depths greater than 500 m. During vertical movements, all deep-sea sharks showed higher swimming efforts during descent than ascent to maintain a given swimming speed, and were able to glide uphill for extended periods (several minutes), indicating that these deep-sea sharks are in fact positively buoyant in their natural habitats. This positive buoyancy may adaptive for stealthy hunting (i.e. upward gliding to surprise prey from underneath) or may facilitate evening upward migrations when muscle temperatures are coolest, and swimming most sluggish, after spending the day in deep, cold water. Positive buoyancy could potentially be widespread in fish conducting daily vertical migration in deep-sea habitats.

Field Study of the Performance for a Solar Water Heating System with MHPA-FPCs

Abstract In this paper, the thermal performance of a large-scale solar water heating system(SWHS) with flat plate collectors based on microheatpipe array (MHPA-FPCs)ispresented. The systemwas built to provide hot water for dishwashing in a university cafeteria in Beijing, China. The thermal performance tests for the system were conducted at different conditions.The field trial data were analyzed from the aspects of different solar irradiation, ambient temperature and initial temperaturesin water tank.Test results show that more solar irradiation, higher ambient air temperature and lower initial water temperature could achieve higher system efficiency. The daily system efficiency could reach 62% with large solar irradiation and small temperature between the collectors’ temperature and the ambienttemperature. Under different conditions, the average system efficiency approached 50%.The test results present excellent characteristics for the large-scale SWHS with MHPA-FPCs.A large number of worthy experimental dataare got from this paper, which can serve as an important basis for understanding the field operation of large-scalenovel MHPA-FPC SWHS.