Ambient Quality Standards Research Articles

Analisis pengaruh V/C ratio lalu lintas kendaraan terhadap tingkat polusi udara berdasarkan volume lalu lintas kendaraan (studi di kawasan persimpangan Mall SKA Kota Pekanbaru)

Completion of the transportation problems in the city of Pekanbaru currently only looked at in terms of congestion, but not touching insights from environmental aspects such as performance air pollution and noise levels. This research was conducted at the observation point road ahead Repair Tambusai lord Eastern Daihatshu, road Tuanku Tambusai West Side Mall SKA, North Soekarno Hatta street front retail outlets, street front Soekarno Hatta South Hotel Ibis Pekanbaru. V / C Ratio highest in the afternoon rush hour on the road ahead Tambusai lord Stations Daihatsu ie 0.86 pelyanan road performance E. Quality Standard ambient NOx emissions do not exceed the threshold of ambient quality standards, the NOx emission = 281.76 mg/m3. Quality Standard ambient CO emissions do not exceed the threshold of ambient quality standards, namely emission = 7456.79 mg/m3, the noise level over the limit of noise that is 71.41 dB (A). To balance the load reduction in pollutant emissions and noise levels at the flyover plan with the plan of special bus lane traffic volume assumptions have to move 25% of the transfer of the road users of private vehicles and motorbikes switch to using mass public transport vehicles ie Trans Metro bus Pekanbaru.

Particulate matter emissions associated with marcellus shale drilling waste disposal and transport

ABSTRACT This study models emissions quantities and neighboring exposure concentrations of six airborne pollutants, including PM10, PM2.5, crystalline silica, arsenic, uranium, and barium, which resulted from the disposal of Marcellus shale drill cuttings waste during the 2011–2017 period. Using these predicted exposures, this study evaluates current setback distances required in Pennsylvania from waste facilities. For potential residents living at the perimeter of the current setback distance, 274 m (900 ft), a waste disposal rate of 612.4 metric tons per day at landfills (the 99th percentile in record) does not result in exceedances of the exposure limits for any of the six investigated pollutants. However, the current setback distance can result in exceedance with respect to the 24-hr daily concentration standards for PM10 and PM2.5 established in the National Air Ambient Quality Standards (NAAQS), if daily waste disposal rate surpasses 900 metric tons per day. Dry depositions of barium-containing and uranium-containing particulate matter should not be a danger to public health based on these results. To investigate the air quality impacts of waste transportation and the potential for reductions, this article describes an optimization of landfill locations in Pennsylvania indicating the potential benefits in reduced environmental health hazard level possible by decreasing the distance traveled by waste disposal trucks. This strategy could reduce annual emissions of PM10 and PM2.5 by a mean of 64% and reduce the expected number of annual fatal accidents by nearly half, and should be considered a potential risk management goal in the long run. Therefore, policy to limit or encourage reduction of distances traveled by waste removal trucks and manage setback distances as a function of delivered waste quantities is merited. Implications This study shows the necessity of reviewing current setback distance required in Pennsylvania, which might not ensure 24-hr mean PM10 and PM2.5 levels below the values stated in National Ambient Air Quality Standards for the residents living at the perimeter. Furthermore, this study also reveals potential tremendous benefits from optimizing location of landfills accepting drill cuttings within Pennsylvania, with PM10 and PM2.5 emission, total distance traveled shrinking, and number of fatal accidents shrinking by nearly half.

Research results in the field of applied and systems ecology at RSHU

The authors’ point of view on formation and development of applied ecology at RSHU is given. The article contains a brief overview of research results over the past 20 years in the field of applied ecology. The main directions of research of the Department of Applied and Systems Ecology are presented: consideration of features of environmental information during the processing of observation data, development of theory and methods of assessment of pollution in rivers and reservoirs, ecological and hydrometeorological problems of large cities and industrial areas, quality management of the urban environment, mathematical modeling of water body ecosystems, monitoring and assessment of the ecological status of marine ecosystems. The issues of international cooperation of the Department with foreign and Russian organizations are highlighted. One of the challenges that require making immediate decision in environment quality assessment is criterion selection for estimation the ecological condition, status or ambient quality standard. To solve this problem, it is proposed to use the method of integral assessment of the sustainability and health of marine and freshwater ecosystems, which can characterize the ecological status of the aquatic ecosystems as a whole. On the basis of synthesis of existing approaches to assessing the sustainability and ecosystem health, the choice of models and methods for their quantitative integral assessment is justified. An integral indicator of the sustainability of marine and freshwater ecosystems, as well as a training model-classification have been developed to calculate integral indices, which allow to classify various aquatic areas according to the classes of sustainability and ecosystem health. In addition, recommendations have been proposed to improve standard methods of water quality assessment based on hydrochemical data and to reduce environmental risk for sustainable development of urban areas.

Comments on China's New Ambient Air Quality Standards

This article compares the new ambient quality standards adopted by China on 29 February 2012 with the previous ambient air quality standards and reveals the significance of and reasons for this revision. It points out that the new ambient air quality standards added fine particulate matters into the items to be monitored, reclassified monitored items into the group of basic items to be mandatorily monitored nationwide and the group of other pollutants to be monitored discretionally, and set the maximum concentration for each of the two categories of areas. This revision was in response to the demand of the general public for less pollution and better information on the air quality. This revision is important for the human health because it imposes a new task on local governments. The new standard shall be implemented gradually, beginning with most seriously polluted areas, and finally to be implemented nation-wide. This revision is expected to contribute to better protection of human health.

Optimal Specificity in Environmental Standard-Setting

This paper discusses environmental standard-setting from an economic perspective. Special attention is paid to the way in which environmental standards should be set in federal systems. Basic economics of standard-setting is presented as well as the difference between ambient quality standards and emission standards. The relationship between cost-benefit analysis and standard-setting is explained. The way in which standard-setting is regulated in the (European) Directive on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) is explained as well. Attention is paid to guidelines for standard-setting such as the requirement to use Best Available Technology (BAT).

Comparison of Net Benefits of Incentive-Based and Command and Control Environmental Regulations: The Case of Santiago, Chile

The ambient permit system proposed in the literature for cost-effective pollution reduction is difficult to implement and may result in lower net benefits than using another instrument. The article develops a model for comparing the environmental net benefits of three policy instruments for Santiago, Chile, when the policy problem is to meet a given ambient quality standard. Two market-based instruments- the ambient permit system and a simpler emission permit system are examined along with an emission standard, a command and control instrument usually favored by regulators. Both emission permit system and emission standard are costlier than the ambient permit system, sometimes in large part because they improve ambient emission concentrations beyond the required target in much of the city, but the ambient permit system requires a lower degree of control to comply with the standard. The somewhat costlier emission permit system and emission standard provide much higher net benefits than the ambient permit system when the health benefits of their excessive air quality improvements are taken into account. These benefits are different from the fact that an ambient permit system is administratively costlier to implement.

A multiple‐organic‐pollutant simulation/optimization model of industrial and municipal wastewater loading to a riverine environment

A simulation/optimization model is developed to demonstrate the need for inclusion of interactive pollutant effects in multiple‐pollutant wastewater management, by comparing single‐ and multiple‐pollutant least cost approaches that maintain downstream ambient quality levels. The model chooses biological oxygen demand (BOD), N, and P abatement levels for point sources that minimize the combined wastewater treatment costs of the pollutants in order to achieve chosen ambient quality standards. Nonlinear pollutant interactions result in a nonlinear Jacobian matrix of marginal water quality impacts, creating a nonlinear constraint set. The Jacobian is iteratively updated by the simulation model using iterative solutions from the optimization model. The open modeling framework allows other types of programming problems to be solved as well, such as mixed integer and mixed integer nonlinear problems. Single‐ and multiple‐pollutant management approaches are applied to a case study of the Nitra River Basin in Slovakia. The regrets resulting from implementing BOD‐only or fixed Jacobian solutions are shown, and the robustness of the solution procedure is demonstrated by varying the initial pollution abatement levels.

BATNEEC: THE ECONOMICS OF TECHNOLOGY-BASED ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS, WITH A UK CASE ILLUSTRATION

All environmental standards, however implement ed, impose costs on the regulated party. This is true of emission or ambient quality standards, environ mental taxes, tradable emission permits, and stand ards basedon the 'best available technology' (BAT). Not surprisingly, therefore, all environmental reg ulation is, to a greater or lesser degree, the outcome of some political balancing of costs and benefits. Part, at least, of the initial cost is passed on to final consumers (the extent depends on the price elastic ity of demand), which is consistent with thepollut er pays principle (OECD, 1975). The costs of regulation are therefore borne by society as a whole. The benefits of regulation are also shared by society as a whole, although some groups in society may be efit more than others and, where trans-boundary pollution is involved, different countries will re ceive variable benefits.

On modeling incentive systems which utilize pollution charges for pollution abatement

This paper examines a scheme of economic incentives for environmental protection, in which spatially differentiated pollution taxes are in use in compensating the pollution abatement costs. A simple mathematical model is described which determines an incentive system that encourages polluters to reduce the discharges to an acceptable level of ambient quality standards in a “cost-effective” manner. It is shown that the vector of pollution charges has to be proportional to the marginal abatement cost vector, but is smaller than the latter in magnitude. It is demonstrated that a necessary incentive effect may be achieved even if the total pollution charge is much lower (about three times) than the total abatement costs. It is also estimated how this charge incentive system reconciles conflicting criteria of cost-effectiveness and of equity. These conclusions are verified by numerical experiments with real data.