Amberlite Resin Research Articles

Microwave assisted synthesis, spectral characterization of novel [N-methyl-3t-alkyl-2r,6c-diarylpiperidin-4-ylidine]-5’,5’-dimethylthiazolidine-4-ones for antimicrobial and antimycobacterial activities: Docking investigation

A series of novel [N-methyl-3t-alkyl-2r,6c-diarylpiperidin-4-ylidine]-5’,5’-dimethylthiazolidine-4-ones (1-4) were synthesized using recyclable and environmentally friendly Amberlite IR-120H resin as a unique and highly efficient catalyst under microwave irradiation. The synthesized compounds were characterized by FT-IR and NMR spectral studies, which indicated that the piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation with equatorial orientations of the aryl groups and the methyl group at C-3. Notably, E and Z isomers were formed for all compounds. Antibacterial, antifungal, and antimycobacterial studies revealed that all compounds exhibited good activity against the tested bacterial and fungal strains. Among these, compound 1 was particularly effective against Staphylococcus aureus compared to the standard drug Streptomycin, and it also showed higher activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus than the standard drug Amphotericin B. Furthermore, compound 1 displayed significant anti-tubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. These antimicrobial activities are attributed to the presence of an electron-withdrawing group in the aryl moiety, highlighting the compounds' potential for developing new antimicrobial therapies. The use of recyclable Amberlite IR-120H resin as a catalyst with microwave irradiation in the synthesis of these novel thiazolidine derivatives highlights an environmentally friendly and efficient approach.

Ethanol steam reforming for hydrogen production over cobalt catalyst supported on the cerium oxide prepared via the one-step hard template method

This study describes a cobalt catalyst supported on highly porous cerium oxide beads (CeO2-XAD) prepared via the one-step hard template method (using resin Amberlite® XAD7HP as a template) for catalytic steam reforming of ethanol (SRE) for hydrogen production. For comparative purposes, Co catalyst supported on a commercial CeO2 is discussed (Co/CeO2-COM). Comprehensive studies, including TEM, XPS and H2-TPR analysis, reveal that the bare CeO2-XAD consists of tiny particles with highly damaged surfaces, which contain various forms of oxygen. The hierarchical structure of the support beads, fixed after calcination, ensures high mesoporosity favouring the formation of small, evenly dispersed Co3O4 crystallites on CeO2-XAD (∼3 times smaller than in Co/CeO2-COM), which then, after reduction, transformed into fine, homogenously dispersed Co particles that strongly interact with the support. Consequently, the Co catalyst supported on CeO2-XAD exhibits high catalytic activity in SRE (much higher than Co/CeO2-COM). Although both catalysts deactivate during SRE due to carbon deposition the process is less severe for the catalyst with smaller Co crystallites and nanostructured support. This study reveals the huge role played by the appropriate morphology and nanostructure of the catalyst support in SRE since they affect not only the ethanol conversion efficiency but also increase the selectivity of the process and thus limit the deactivation of the catalyst.

Ionic liquid and ultrasound as a fast and innovative combination for improved extraction of Chlorella sorokiniana-derived carotenoids

Chlorella sorokiniana is a microalgae with high amounts of carotenoids, but the extraction methods need to be improved. This work hypothesized that the combination of ionic liquids (ILs) and ultrasound would provide a fast and efficient process for carotenoid extraction, allowing for the reuse of ILs in several extractive cycles. This study aimed to develop an improved ILs/ultrasound-based method for extracting carotenoids from C. sorokiniana. The potential reuse of ILs in five consecutive extraction cycles and the recovery of carotenoids was also examined. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the carotenoid extracts and their effects on metabolic cell viability and cell death were investigated using HT22 neuronal cells. Initial tests with four ILs and acetone as a control were carried out in an ultrasonic probe. The ILs (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [BMIM][Cl]; 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [HMIM][Cl]) were selected for the 25−1 fractional experimental design. The maximized parameters obtained in the experimental design were the following: IL ([HMIM][Cl]), a 1:10 solid-liquid ratio, a 1:4 IL-cosolvent ratio, and two repetitions of extraction with 7.5 min (with an extraction yield of 1.29 mg·g‐1 of dry matter). A total of 11 carotenoids were separated, and nine were identified, the major ones being lutein and β-carotene. [HMIM][Cl] recyclability using resin Amberlite XAD-7HP was efficient for at least five cycles. On average, 91 % of the IL was recovered, and the pigment yield increased by 40 %. The antioxidant activities of the extracts obtained using [HMIM][Cl] and acetone were 1.65 μmol and 2.32 μmol of α-tocopherol, respectively. Both extracts (≤ 4.0 μg·mL‐1) exhibited no significant toxicity to HT22 cells. The proposed method is an innovative and improved approach for carotenoid extraction from C. sorokiniana due to its short extraction times and high process yield. [HMIM][Cl] demonstrated stability in reuse cycles and proved to have the potential for obtaining carotenoids from C. sorokiniana.

Characterization of Egg White Lysozyme from Local Duck Mojosari and Alabio

Lysozyme, a natural antibacterial, has potential use in several applications. Generally, it is obtained from chicken egg whites. However, the idea of using local duck eggs as a source of lysozyme is not wellknown. This study aimed to isolate and purify the egg white of Mojosari and Alabio ducks to characterize lysozyme. Additionally, the study analyzed the effect of temperature treatment on lysozyme enzymatic activity. Three different temperature treatments were used: Low Temperature Long Time (63 ℃, 30’), High Temperature Short Time (72 ℃, 15”), and sterilization (121 ℃, 15’). The Amberlite resin cation exchange chromatography method was successfully used to isolate and purify Mojosari and Alabio duck egg whites, achieving purity levels of 94.92-96.09%. The presence of lysozyme was confirmed by the existence of bands that were primarily composed of lysozyme. The results showed that each aspect of the characteristics of lysozyme and enzymatic activity were significantly affected (p<0.05) by the type of egg white. Enzymatic activity indicated that Alabio duck lysozyme was thermosensitive and could only survive at LTLT temperature, while Mojosari duck lysozyme could survive at LTLT and HTST pasteurization temperatures. However, both lysozymes did not survive the sterilization temperature.

Hydrolytic purification of industrially extracted mimosa tannin

Tannins, which can be extracted from certain tree barks, are polyphenolic compounds, that gain a lot of interest in industry, as they can be utilized to replace petroleum-based chemicals. Currently, they are used in the leather industry, as flocculants or as adhesives. To further increase their potential, an increase in purity is necessary. To do so, various methods are available, in this study we present a 2-step approach consisting of (i) depolymerization and cleavage of glycosidic bonds and (ii) separation of phenolic-rich and phenolic-poor fractions. Commercially available mimosa tannin is treated with various concentrations of hydrochloric and sulfuric acid (0.4 M and 0.8 M) and separated with chromatographic resin. Resulting fractions are characterized by UV/Vis spectroscopy for phenolic content and antioxidant activity, infrared spectroscopy, NMR, HPLC-DAD and GPC to determine their composition and molecular size as well as their reactivity towards formaldehyde. It was observed that mild acidic cleavage with 0.4 M HCl results in more phenol-rich material (TPC 1124 µgGAE mg−1) while 0.8 M sulfuric acid leads to tannin fractions with higher antioxidative properties. Amberlite resin yields fractions with higher reactivity towards formaldehyde (gel time below 60 s compared to over 90 originally) while the Sephadex fractions present the highest values for total phenolic content.

Evaluation of clavulanic acid recovery techniques from Streptomyces clavuligerus cultivation broths

Clavulanic acid (CA) is a soft β-lactam antibiotic with a strong inhibitory effect on β-lactamase enzymes and it is produced by the filamentous Gram-positive bacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus (S. clavuligerus) as a secondary metabolite; the complete pathway (known as the clavam pathway) derives from the condensation of arginine and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, as anabolic precursors. In this work, the potential of two distinct operations for CA recovery was re-evaluated: first, the adsorption of CA through the utilization of the anion exchange resin Amberlite IRA 400, and second, the application of liquid–liquid extraction systems. For the liquid–liquid extraction, two experimental designs were developed aimed at finding the best conditions of the process. For the case of adsorption, the same experimental design, used in the previous strategy, was carried out, for comparison purposes. CA loss was minimized at 10°C and pH 2.0. The adsorption was favored by increasing the adsorbent-to-liquid ratio. Thus, the highest separation was attained in the range of 40%–45% solid/liquid ratio, adsorbing a mean value of 47.7% of the CA present in the broth. Results showed that there is still room for further improvements in CA recovery using both, adsorption and extraction, as the most advantageous techniques.

Purification of the apple pomace polyphenol extract using adsorbent resin

AbstractPolyphenols from agro-industrial waste particularly of fruit origin are a reliable source of antioxidants and antimicrobials that can be used as natural food additives. Organic solvents play an important role in extracting the polyphenols, however, inefficiency in exerting bioactivity and interference with the organoleptic properties are among the reasons that hinder their use as food additives. These problems can be alleviated by purification. In this study, the effect of resin types and elution solvent for purification of the apple pomace extracts on total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidants were investigated. Crude ethanolic extracts were purified using amberlite resins (XAD7HP and FPX66) in a glass column (25 × 310 mm). The sorption flow rate was 2 Bed volume (BV) per hour, rinse 2 BV per hour, and desorption was 2 BV per hour. Final wash and regeneration were each done by 2 BV per hour. Polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity were quantified spectrophotometrically using Folin-Ciocalteu and Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assays respectively. Polyphenol recovery was 50% in XAD7HP (Lowest) using ethanol and 69% in FPX66 (Highest) using acetone. For the case of FRAP recovery, 76% (Lowest) was observed in FPX66 using ethanol while 93% (Highest) was observed in XAD7HP using acetone. Conclusively, FPX66 is the ideal resin for the purification of apple pomace extracts for enhancing antioxidant activity compared to XAD7HP. Further, acetone seems to be a good desorption solvent compared to ethanol.

A comparison of various XAD-Amberlite resins impregnated with dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 for strontium removal

In the present study, four different varieties of Amberlite resin impregnated with dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 were employed as an adsorbent for the selective extraction of strontium ions (Sr2+) from nitric acid solutions and dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 impregnated in XAD-4 resin shows highest adsorption of Sr2+ from nitric acid solution. The effect of important parameters such as concentration of nitric acidic in the medium, adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial Sr (II) concentration and temperature were investigated in a batch system. The results demonstrated that the adsorption rate is high in the first 30 min and equilibrium was achieved after 300 min at 3 mol/L nitric acid medium. The results of the kinetic evaluations fit excellently with the pseudo-second-order model with a correlation coefficient R2 = 0.998. The prepared adsorbent extracts Sr (II) by following the Langmuir isotherm with a maximum adsorption capacity of 9.17 mg/g. Thermodynamic investigations indicated that the Sr (II) adsorption is an exothermic and spontaneous process. Strontium ions desorbed from resin in an acceptable percentage (98.9%) with double distilled water. In addition, the adsorption capability of the adsorbent in real water samples and also the effect of the existence of coexisting ions on the extraction of Sr (II) were assessed.

Study of the kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic aspects of the removal and recovery of divalent lead heavy metal ions from industrial wastewaters contaminated by vesavin-enriched XAD-11600 amberlite resin

In this study, we developed a unique adsorbent known as extractant-impregnated resin (EIR) by surface impregnation of XAD-11600 amberlite resin with the Vesavin ligand. This resin demonstrated exceptional selectivity for the absorption of lead (Pb2+) ions from aqueous solutions. The ability of EIR to remove lead from polluted water was studied as a function of experimental parameters, including the kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamics of the adsorption process. The experimental results provided the basis for the fitting of equilibrium adsorption isotherms with the Langmuir model, and the maximum adsorption capacity of EIR for Pb(II) ions was determined to be approximately 1662 mg/g. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies were also conducted to gain insight into the behavior of the adsorption process. It was found that the rate of penetration of lead ions into the particle was the primary factor controlling the absorption process of lead on the surface of the porous adsorbent. Additionally, the studies demonstrated that the EIR can be utilized for multiple absorption and desorption cycles.

Optimizing ciprofloxacin removal using ion exchange resin: Exploring operational parameters and assessing toxicity

The present study investigates the adsorption behavior of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP) onto the cationic resin Amberlite IR120. Equilibrium and kinetic experiments were conducted to assess the influence of resin mass (0.02 to 0.19 g), agitation rate (200 to 500 rpm), pH (2 to 11), and temperature (15 to 45 °C) on the efficiency of CIP removal. Non-linear models, coupled with error functions such as coefficient of determination (r2) and the sum of squared residuals (SQR), were employed to assess the compatibility between kinetic models (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich) and isotherm adsorption equations (Langmuir and Freundlich). The IR120 resin underwent characterization through scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), laser granulometry, nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms (BET), and attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Utilizing the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity of CIP was determined to be 37 mg g−1. Based on the r2 values obtained from the kinetic models, the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order models exhibited the best fit for all experimental data. Optimal conditions for the adsorption occurred at pH 7, temperature of 15 °C, resin mass of 0.08 g, and agitation rate at 300 rpm. Remarkably, complete elimination of toxicity towards Escherichia coli organisms was achieved, evidenced by the absence of antibacterial effects after 60 min of operation. Consequently, the results suggest that IR120 holds promising potential as an adsorbent for CIP removal.

Investigation and elimination of surfactant-induced interferences in anodic stripping voltammetry for the determination of trace amounts of cadmium

This article aims to investigate in detail to what extent surfactants affect the determination of cadmium by anodic stripping voltammetry. In recent years, the production and use of surfactants have been steadily increasing, so that their concentration in environmental water samples is rising. At the same time, it is known that organic compounds, such as surfactants, often hinder the voltammetric determination of trace elements by stripping. Non-ionic (Triton X-100, Brij 35, Tween 20, Tween 60, Tween 80), cationic (CTAB, CTAC, DTAB, HPC) and anionic (DSS, SDS) compounds were selected to investigate the effect of surfactants on the voltammetric signal of cadmium. At the same time, the extent to which the addition of Amberlite resins to the analysed solution eliminates the interfering effect of surfactants was tested. Three types of Amberlite resins XAD-2, XAD-7 and XAD-16 were selected for the study and the ratio of resin weight to solution volume was determined. Finally, the determination of cadmium in surfactant-enriched environmental samples was carried out. The recoveries obtained between 95.5 and 107%, with RSD between 3.4 and 6.2%, confirm the validity and correctness of the proposed procedure All measurements were carried out by anodic stripping voltammetry using a CNTs/SGC electrode modified with a bismuth film as the working electrode.

Sequestration of Mecoprop herbicide from water using XAD-4 resin impregnated with Aliquat 336 and quantification with Liquid Chromatography-Tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS)

ABSTRACT Amberlite-XAD 4 resin was modified with ionic liquid (Aliquat-336) for adsorptive removal of Methylchlorophenoxy propionic acid (MCPP). The modification of resin with ionic liquid improved the adsorption of MCPP on Amberlite resin. The modified resin was mesoporous with a high surface area of 418.7 m2 g−1 confirmed by BET-N2 isotherm studies. The functional modification and mechanistic features of the modified resin adsorbent were studied using different techniques such as SEM-EDX, TGA, PXRD, XRF, FT-IR, and XPS. The adsorption capacity of the material 64.7 mg g−1 following pseudo-second-order kinetics. The thermodynamic studies affirmed spontaneity and endothermic adsorption. The reusability of the material was up to three cycles. The modified resin could remove 86% of MCPP in run-off water.

Extraction of Carboxylic Acids from Anaerobic Fermentation Processes by the Anion Exchange Resin Amberlite IRA-400(Cl)

This work describes a methodology for the valorization of non-food biomass for the production of biosourced molecules via the production of biohydrogen and metabolites of fermentations such as volatile fatty acids. The commercial anion exchange resin Amberlite IRA-400(Cl) was chosen for the extraction of carboxylic acids. Different operating conditions were set up namely the amount of resin to be used, activation methods, pH and their effects on the extraction capacity of the solvent.

Enzymatic and Synthetic Routes of Castor Oil Epoxidation.

Epoxidation of castor oil in synthetic and enzymatic routes was carried out in order to promote a system with less environmental impact. The epoxidation reactions of castor oil compounds upon addition of lipase enzyme with and without acrylic immobilization and with reaction times of 24 and 6 h, as well as the synthetic compounds upon addition of Amberlite resin and formic acid, were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance in hydrogen molecules (1H-NMR). The analysis indicated that the enzymatic reactions (6 h) and synthetic reactions provided a conversion from 50 to 96% and epoxidation from 25 to 48%, resulting from peak stretching and signal disintegration in the hydroxyl region due to the appearance of H2O in the interaction of peracid with catalyst. In systems without toluene, a dehydration event with a peak absorbance of 0.02 AU, indicating a possible vinyl group at 2355 cm-1 in enzymatic reactions without acrylic immobilization, was observed and resulted in a selectivity of 2%. In the absence of a solid catalyst, an unsaturation conversion of castor oil above 90% was achieved; however, this catalyst is necessary for the epoxidation to take place, whereas the lipase enzyme becomes able of epoxidizing and dehydrating the castor oil upon changing the time or reaction system. The conversation from 28 to 48% of solid catalysts (Amberlite and lipase enzyme) displays their importance to the instauration conversion of castor oil into oxirane rings.

Evaluation and Prediction of Silicon Bioavailability in Diverse Silicon Fertilizers

Silicon (Si) is a widely recognized beneficial element in plants. The application of Si fertilizers has become a rather common agronomic practice for sustainable agricultural production. However, due to the vast diversity of Si fertilizers, no official method is currently available for estimating the availability of Si in different Si fertilizers to direct their field application. In this study, we evaluated the bio-available Si concentration in eight Si fertilizers differing in Si form and pH by using different extraction methods including HCl, NaOH, Amberlite resin, 3-morpholinopropane-1-sulfonic acid (MOPS), ammonium acetate, and citric acid. To test the effectiveness of these methods, we investigated the relationships between bio-available Si and plant growth and Si accumulation by conducting a pot experiment with rice. The results indicate that the Si fertilizers applied increased shoot biomass and grain weight, but no single extraction method could be used to assess the bioavailability of Si in all the Si fertilizers tested. Accordingly, based on Si sources and pH, we classified the tested fertilizers into three categories, i.e. alkaline, acid and amorphous Si fertilizers, to find out their suitable extractant. The correlation analyses clearly show that 1) ammonium acetate could accurately predict Si availability and shoot biomass for alkaline Si fertilizers (Slag and Fulibang), 2) the amount of Si extracted by 0.2 M NaOH from amorphous Si fertilizers (Elkem A, Elkem B and Tangshan) correlated well with Si availability and shoot biomass and 3) the amount of Si extracted by 1.0 M NaOH and citric acid from acid fertilizers (Shanjia 1, Shanjia 2 and Shanying) could be used to assess Si availability and shoot biomass response, respectively. Furthermore, resin extraction was the best predictor of grain yield response for alkaline Si fertilizers (Slag and Fulibang) and acid fertilizers (Shanjia 1, Shanjia 2 and Shanying), whereas the amount of Si extracted by 0.5 M NaOH could satisfactorily estimate the response of grain yield for amorphous Si fertilizers.

Pervaporation Membrane-Catalytic Reactors for Isoamyl Acetate Production

This study reports the analysis and design of a liquid phase esterification process to convert acetic acid with isoamyl alcohol into isoamyl acetate via reactive pervaporation, in the presence of an Amberlite IR-120 ion exchange resin catalyst. To accomplish this, a catalytic reactor is coupled with a separation membrane unit (Pervaporation Membrane Reactor (PVMR)). In the proposed unit, the chemical reaction equilibrium is favorably shifted towards isoamyl acetate formation by removing water with the help of a separation membrane. The study is developed by using relevant thermodynamics, kinetics, and membrane transport models, and by considering different catalytic reactor-pervaporator membrane configurations such as: (a) a two-step continuous fixed bed-pervaporator process (FBR+PVMU), (b) a two-step continuous slurry reactor-pervaporator process (SR+PVMU), (c) a single-step integrated fixed bed-pervaporator reactor (IFBPVMR), and d) a single step integrated slurry-pervaporator reactor (ISPVMR). The performance of the PVMRs is evaluated by using a R recycle ratio, a Ω membrane area to reactor volume ratio, and Da Damköhler dimensionless parameters. From the various proposed configurations, it is shown that the integrated plug flow reactor-pervaporation reactor (IFBPVMR) provides the best performance. On the basis of various simulations and design charts developed in the present study, operational conditions leading to optimum ester yields as high as 0.94 are predicted. These results provide a valuable prospect for the industrial scale-up and implementation of isoamyl acetate production units.

Investigation of the cationic resin as a potential adsorbent to remove MR and CV dyes: Kinetic, equilibrium isotherms studies and DFT calculations

In this work, we looked at how well the cationic ion exchange resin Amberlite®IRC-50 resin adsorbed the Methyl Red (MR) and Crystal Violet (CV) dyes from model aquatic fluids. Using technological spectroscopy for UV–Visible adsorption, this performance was predetermined. The initial concentration of MR and CV dyes was set at 10 mg L − 1, and the pH of the colored solution was around 8.5 for the bath temperature of the anionic MR dye and around 5.0 of the cationic CV dye, the cationic resin's mass measured at 0.1 g, and the Qe adsorption capacity examined. The results experimentally as well showed in this research that the adsorption kinetics research obtained at the contact time at 120 min for the MR dye and at 180 min for the cationic CV dye. Moreover, Theoretical calculations were carried out using simulations of the (DFT) explored the interaction between the most reactive sites concerning the major biosorbent constituent the cationic Amberlite®IRC-50 resin which is the organic polymer and two organic MR and CV dyes. In other then of HOMO and LUMO landing energy of the molecules of the MR dye with the adsorbent cationic polymer resin can give a positive impression on electron intromission and the various renovations of the organic dye of the methyl red. The comparative study of all results and theoretical results has confirmed the biosorption potential of the stobtained udied of the adsorbent organic polymer for the removal of dyes.

Treatment of Reactive Dyes Using Amberlite Resin Functionalized with Amine‐Based Solvent – Batch and Continuous Studies

AbstractThe azo dyes Reactive Orange‐16 and Reactive Green‐19 were removed using Aliquat‐336‐incorporated Amberlite XAD7HP resin in batch and in a continuous stirrer vessel. The prepared resin was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller method, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effect of dosage, initial dye concentration, time, pH, and temperature on the removal efficiency of both dyes was evaluated. Equilibrium, kinetic, and diffusion models were fitted to the batch data. Design calculations for single‐stage batch adsorption were done to scale up the process industrially. The resin was regenerated using ethanol. To intensify the process further, continuous studies were performed in a recirculating stirred vessel at different flow rates and stirring speeds.

Performance of natural coagulant extracted from tapioca and corn flour for the treatment of tofu wastewater

Present study investigates the ability of tapioca and corn flour for turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from tofu wastewater. The active coagulant agent were succesfully extracted from tapioca and corn flour using NaCl (namely tapioca and corn extract) and Amberlite resin (namely tapioca ionic and corn ionic). Experiment were conducted in batch mode for initial turbidity of 527 NTU, initial TSS 740 mg/L and initial COD 13,015.04 mg/L. Results demonstrated that tapioca extract is less efficient in turbidity, TSS and COD removal compare to corn extract. Corn extract was found to provide high turbidity removal with efficiency of 71% and TSS removal with efficiency of 35%. Meanwhile, corn ionic was reported have the highest ability in COD removal and reached 31.71% efficiency. Thus, the natural coagulants extracted from NaCl and Amberlite resin revealed to be effective only for turbidity removal.

Integration of steam gasification and catalytic reforming of lignocellulosic biomass as a strategy to improve syngas quality and pollutants removal

Residual biomass gasification is a promising route for the production of H2-rich syngas. However, the simultaneous formation of pollutants such as light hydrocarbons (HCs), benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTEX), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) during gasification must be controlled. As a result, this study evaluated the effect of temperature and catalytic reforming over a Rh-Pt/CeO2-SiO2 catalyst during steam gasification of sugarcane residual biomass on syngas composition and pollutant removal. The above was carried out in a horizontal moving reactor, an Amberlite XAD-2 polyaromatic resin was used to collect the contaminants and characterization of the catalyst was performed. In this study, a concentration of up to 37 mol% of H2, a yield of 23.1 g H2 kg−1biomass, and a H2/CO ratio ≥2 were achieved when gasification and reforming were integrated. In addition, the catalyst characterization showed that Rh-Pt/CeO2-SiO2 was not susceptible to sintering and favored the formation of hydroxyl groups that promoted CO oxidation, thereby increasing the H2/CO ratio, as confirmed by in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). At 800 °C, where a high H2 yield was obtained, 209 g Nm−3 of light HCs and BTEX, 10.9 g Nm−3 of PAHs, and 32.5 ng WHO-TEQ Nm−3 of PCDD/Fs were formed after gasification. Interestingly, after catalytic reforming, 62% of light HCs and BTEX, 60% of PAHs, and 94% of PCDD/Fs were removed, leading to cleaner syngas with properties that allow it to be used in a wide range of energy applications.