Amberlite Resin Research Articles

Further studies on the adsorption of plant phenols by synthetic polymers

Pyrocatechol, catechol, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, safflor yellow A, safflor yellow B, precarthamin and carthamin were effectively adsorbed by insoluble polyvinyl-N-pyr­rolidone (PVP) in a neutral buffer solution. These eight phenols also bound with Amberlite XAD resins, however, the rate was found to be far less efficient than that of PVP. The average rate of the phenol binding was calculated as following order (%): PVP (42.7), Amberlite XAD-2 (16.6), Amberlite XAD-4 (10.1), Amberlite XAD-7 (13.0), Amberlite XAD-8 (17.7). No 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine was adsorbed by PVP, while the O-dihydroxylic acid could be removed by Amberlite XAD-4, XAD-7 and XAD-8. Data from using different weights of the test polymers showed that the rate of the phenol adsorption rose in proportion to each increasing amount of the adsorbents. PVP also admittedly maintained its predominent capacity for phenol binding over that of each member of the Amberlite resins.

The Reclamation of Fine Lubricating Oil From Flat Lubricating Oil Using a Combination of Activated Animal Charcoal and Amberlite Resin

This study aims at recovering quality rerefined (fine) and metal-free base oil from used lubricating oil. Samples of used lubricating oils were subjected to sedimentation, extraction using methylethylketone and elution using n-hexane on activated animal charcoal, amberlite resin, and ratio 1:1 mixture of activated animal charcoal/amberlite resin separately to produce fine oils. The fine oils obtained, unused, and used (control) lubricating oils of the same brand (Mobil Super XHP SAE 20W-50) were subjected to atomic absorption spectroscopy (Buck Model 205) to determining the levels of 10 wear metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Cd, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb, Sb, and Se). Iron has the highest mean concentration (638.56 μg/g), while Mn has the least average level (8.72 μg/g) in the used lubricating oils. Comparison of the elemental concentrations of the rerefined oil with the used and unused (control) lubricating oils indicated that the concentrations of the analyzed wear metals were high in the used and unused (control) lubricating oils. This was corroborated by their t test values. All the three adsorbents used are confirmed to be effective in metal removal from the used lubricating oils, but the mixture (1:1) of the activated animal charcoal/amberlite resin proved to be the best option since the elusion is moderately fast, apart from been an effective metal removal adsorbent, it removed unwanted obnoxious color effectively.

Pd/Cu bimetallic nanoparticles embedded in macroporous ion-exchange resins: an excellent heterogeneous catalyst for the Sonogashira reaction

Cationic and macroporous amberlite resins with formate (HCOO−) as the counter anion (ARF) have been used to prepare a new class of heterogeneous Pd/Cu bimetallic composite nanoparticles (NPs) (Pd/Cu–ARF). The physicochemical characteristics of Pd/Cu–ARF were examined with the help of FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). XRD and TEM showed the existence of composite NPs made of metallic Pd, PdO and CuO. The TEM analysis revealed fairly uniform distributions of composite NPs of average size ∼4.9 nm. The as-synthesized nanocomposite material (Pd/Cu–ARF) exhibited high catalytic activity in the Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction between aryl iodide and terminal alkynes. Heterogeneity of the catalytic activity was evidenced from different tests (hot-filtration and catalyst-poisoning experiments) and the recycling ability of the catalyst was examined for five consecutive runs without any significant loss of activity.

Non-destructive radioanalytical technique in characterization of anion exchangers Amberlite IRN78 and Indion H-IP

The present study deals with characterization of industrial grade anion exchange resins Amberlite IRN78 and Indion H-IP for which non-destructive radiotracer technique using 131I and 82Br was used. The radioisotopes were used to trace the kinetics of iodide and bromide ion-isotopic exchange reactions taking place in the two resins. It was observed that under identical experimental conditions of 40.0 °C, 1.000 g of ion exchange resins and 0.003 M labeled iodide ion solution for iodide ion-isotopic exchange reaction, the values of specific reaction rate (min−1), amount of iodide ion exchanged (mmol), initial rate of iodide ion exchange (mmol min−1) and log K d were 0.285, 0.544, 0.155 and 12.6 respectively for Amberlite IRN78 resin, which was higher than 0.093, 0.315, 0.029 and 4.9 respectively as that obtained by using Indion H-IP resins. Also at a constant temperature of 40.0 °C, as the concentration of labeled iodide ion solution increases 0.001–0.004 M, the percentage of iodide ions exchanged increases from 68.10 to 74.00 % for Amberlite IRN78 resin, which was higher than the increase of 40.20–42.80 % as observed for Indion H-IP resins. The identical trend was observed for the two resins during bromide ion-isotopic exchange reaction. The overall results indicate that that under identical experimental conditions Amberlite IRN78 resins shows superior performance over Indion H-IP resins.

Polymer-Hematite Nanocomposites: Templating Effect of Commercial Ion-Exchangers in the Growth of Size-Controlled Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

The commercially available ion-exchange resin Amberlite IR120 has been used as the stabilizing agent for the preparation of a size controlled nanostructured hematite phase. The employed synthetic approach, based on the loading of Fe3+ by ion exchange and the subsequent treatment with an aqueous base solution, produces a nanocomposite material with a remarkably high content of oxide nanoparticles (iron content = 18.8% w/w, corresponding to 24.9% w/w of Fe2O3). Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy investigation show that the iron distribution is egg-like and parallels the distribution of the sulfonic groups of the ion-exchanger. Transmission electron microscopy characterization reveals that the size of the ferric oxide nanoparticles in the nanocomposites is narrowly distributed in the 4-6 nm range and that it is the same after the first and the fifth ion-exchange-precipitation cycle. Selected area Electron Diffraction (SAED) analysis of the nanostructured oxide after five ion-exchange-precipitation cycles indicates that it is hematite with a distorted structure.

Anthocyanin determination in blueberry extracts from various cultivars and their antiproliferative and apoptotic properties in B16-F10 metastatic murine melanoma cells

Blueberry consumption is associated with health benefits contributing to a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the anthocyanin profile of blueberry extracts and to evaluate their effects on B16-F10 metastatic melanoma murine cells. Seven blueberry cultivars cultivated in Romania were used. The blueberry extracts were purified over an Amberlite XAD-7 resin and a Sephadex LH-20 column, in order to obtain the anthocyanin rich fractions (ARF). The antioxidant activity of the ARF of all cultivars was evaluated by ABTS, CUPRAC and ORAC assays. High performance liquid chromatography followed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) was used to identify and quantify individual anthocyanins. The anthocyanin content of tested cultivars ranged from 101.88 to 195.01 mg malvidin-3-glucoside/100g fresh weight. The anthocyanin rich-fraction obtained from cultivar Torro (ARF-T) was shown to have the highest anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity, and inhibited B16-F10 melanoma murine cells proliferation at concentrations higher than 500 μg/ml. In addition, ARF-T stimulated apoptosis and increased total LDH activity in metastatic B16-F10 melanoma murine cells. These results indicate that the anthocyanins from blueberry cultivar could be used as a chemopreventive or adjuvant treatment for metastasis control.

Hydrolyzed polyoxymethylenedimethylethers as liquid fuels for direct oxidation fuel cells

Polyoxymethylenedimethylether (POMM) fuels were investigated as alternatives to methanol for direct oxidation fuel cells (DOFCs) due to their advantageous properties, including negligible toxicity, low vapor pressure (comparable to that of pure water) and their feasibility for mass production in the future. As typical examples of the general class CH3O(CH2O)nCH3 (n=1–8) molecules (abbreviated as POMMn), POMM2 and POMM3 were studied in detail, specifically regarding the hydrolysis kinetics and anodic oxidation on Pt–Ru alloys over a wide range of operating temperatures. It was revealed that they were stable in pure water but formed methanol and formaldehyde easily through a first order hydrolysis reaction in the presence of acidic catalysts. A facile hydrolysis reaction was demonstrated in a convertor packed with particles of the acidic ion-exchange resin Amberlite, in comparison with that in HClO4 solution. The reaction rate increased with increasing n-value but it is expected that adequate reactivity will be retained in a similar range within the family. It was revealed that the fully hydrolyzed POMMn showed anodic oxidation performance on PtRu catalysts several times higher than that of methanol, considering an equivalent electron-discharge capacity, over the temperature range from 30°C to 90°C.

Acidity Removal and Cesium Catalyst Recovery from Polyol Synthesis Process

In this work, a suitable method for removing the final acidity of the polyol and for recovering cesium hydroxide from polyols synthesis has been developed. Different treatments were performed in order to remove the final acidity of the polyol: adsorption with two different adsorbents (Ambrosol and basic alumina) and ion-exchange with resin Amberlite IRA. Only when the anionic ion-exchange resin was used, was the acidity value decreased until a final value of 0.93 mg KOH/g. In order to recover the cesium, a chemical treatment of the cesium sulfate salt (obtained after the acid neutralization) with barium hydroxide was chosen. Barium hydroxide was added to precipitate the sulfate ion in barium sulfate, and a solution of cesium hydroxide remained. The dissolution of cesium sulfate salt and the amount of precipitating agent were optimized. The technical and economic feasibility of the catalyst recovery process was established.

Mutagenicity and genotoxicity assessment of industrial wastewaters

The genotoxicity of industrial wastewaters from Jajmau (Kanpur), was carried out by Ames Salmonella/microsome test, DNA repair-defective mutants, and Allium cepa anaphase-telophase test. Test samples showed maximum response with TA98 strain with and without metabolic activation. Amberlite resins concentrated wastewater samples were found to be more mutagenic as compared to those of liquid-liquid extracts (hexane and dichloromethane extracts). The damage in the DNA repair defective mutants in the presence of Amberlite resins concentrated water samples were found to be higher to that of liquid-liquid-extracted water samples at the dose level of 20 μl/ml culture. Among all the mutants, polA exhibited maximum decline with test samples. Mitotic index (MI) of root tip meristematic cells of A. cepa treated with 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 % (v/v) wastewaters were significantly lower than the control. Complementary to the lower levels of MI, the wastewaters showed higher chromosomal aberration levels in all cases investigated.

A Facile and Efficient Solid Supported, One-Pot Synthesis of Functionalized Piperidine Derivatives Catalyzed by Amberlite IRA400-Cl Resin/I2/KI via Multicomponent Reaction

A facile and efficient one-pot, solid supported synthesis of functionalized piperidine derivatives catalyzed by Amberlite IRA400-Cl resin/I2/KI via a multicomponent reaction of various aldehydes, aromatic amines, and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds has been achieved. The reaction has been carried out in a one-pot reaction and Amberlite resin as a solid supported catalyst at room temperature. Shorter reaction time, easy workup, yield, and mild reaction condition make the novel synthetic strategy both practical and attractive.

Modified Amberlite IR120 by Magnetic Nano Iron-Oxide for Uranium Removal

A magnetic sorbent nano-iron oxide (Fe3O4 ) modified Amberlite (IR120) resin (Fe-MA) was prepared. Fe3O4 and Fe-MA resin were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images and the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Fe-MA sorption efficiency towards UO 2+ ion has been investigated in batch and column modes. The highly efficiency in batch mode toward UO 2+ ion was observed at pH=3.5 and at contact time=60 min. The data obtained from the batch results reveal that, the equilibrium isotherm and kinetics study were described by both Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic. On the other side, the highly efficiency in column mode toward UO 2+ ion was observed to increase at initial concentration 9.55 mmol/L, bed height 15 mm and flow rate 2.7 ml/min. Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models were applied in column mode with regression coefficients R2 range from 0.978 to 0.997 at different conditions. The data obtained in the column mode reveals that, the interfering cations La(III), Ce(III), and Th(IV) can be separated from uranyl UO 2+ ion by using different concentrations of nitric acid eluant.

Selective Separation of Aluminum from Biological and Environmental Samples Using Glyoxal-bis(2-hydroxyanil) Functionalized Amberlite XAD-16 Resin: Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies

A new glyoxal-bis(2-hydroxyanil) anchored Amberlite XAD-16 chelating resin was synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses and scanning electron microscopy along with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDAX), infrared spectral, and thermal studies. The resin was found to selectively bind aluminum in aqueous medium over a large number of competitive cations, at pH 9. Experimental conditions, for effective sorption of Al(III) were optimized systematically and were found to have fast kinetics (t1/2 10 min), high preconcentration flow rate (5.0 mL min–1), very high sorption capacity (24.28 mg g–1), regenerability up to 66 sample loading/elution cycles, and low preconcentration limit (3.3 ppb) from test solutions of different interferent to analyte ratio. The chemisorption and identical, independent binding site behavior were evaluated by Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm and Scatchard plot analysis. Equilibrium data fit well to Langmuir adsorption isotherms (r2 = 0.998) indicating a typical monolayer sorption. We confirmed the analytical reliability of the method by the analysis of standard reference materials (SRMs), recovery experiments, and precision expressed as coefficient of variation (<5%). The applicability of the proposed method was demonstrated by preconcentration of trace Al(III) in dialysis fluid, packaged drinking water, rum, and soft drink samples.

Effects of phytosterols and fatty acids from lotus (Nelumbo Nucifera) seed on differentiation of human preadipocytes into adipocytes

Various biological and phamacological properties of lotus (Nelumbo Nucifera) have been studied in our laboratory. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of phytosterols and fatty acids isolated from lotus seed and their effects on differentiation of human preadipocytes into adipocytes. To isolate crude phytosterol and fatty acids, the lotus seeds were extracted with ethanol and then extracted with hexane. Hexane extract was hydrolyzed with KOH and the hydrolyzed extract was subjected to a column of anion exchange resin Amberlite I RA 410. Preadipocyte were cultured under differentiation conditions for 14 days with phytosterols and fatty acids and Oil Red O staining was performed to determine the lipid accumulation in human adipocytes. Lipid droplets produced during adipogenesis were significantly decreased by treatment of phytosterols and fatty acids. We found β‐sitosterol, campesterol, and β‐amyrin as main phytosterol. In addition, we found stigmasterol, isofucosterol and dehydrolanosterol as trace phytosterols. The main fatty acids were linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, and linolenic acid. These data suggest that phytosterol and fatty acids from lotus seed could be used as effective ingredients in controlling obesity. This research was supported by the Globalization of Korean Foods R&amp;D program, funded by MIFAFF, Republic of Korea

ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Functionalized Benzimidazoles and Quinoxalines Catalyzed by Sodium Hexafluorophosphate Bound Amberlite Resin in Aqueous Medium.

AbstractResin‐bound hexafluorophosphate is found to be a greener and more efficient catalyst for the title reaction than NaPF6 itself.

Photocatalytic properties and electrochemical characteristic of a novel biomimetic oxygenase enzyme photocatalyst iron(II) tetrahydroxymethyl tetra(1,4-dithiin) porphyrazine for the degradation of organic pollutants

A novel photocatalyst iron(II) tetrahydoxymethyl-tetra(1,4-dithiin) porphyrazine (abbreviated as FePz(hmdtn)4) has been successfully synthesized by template method. The prepared FePz(hmdtn)4) was further characterized by UV–vis, FT-IR, 1H NMR, LC–MS, XPS. FePz(hmdtn)4 supported on an Amberlite CG-400 resin was used as a biomimetic catalyst for the activation of molecular oxygen with visible light to degrade a probe dye compound Rhodamine B (RhB) in aqueous solution with the degradation yield in 79% for 24h. By means of cyclic voltammetry, the EHOMO and the ΔEHOMO–LUMO were obtained by comparing the CV and DPV spectra of the metal-free compound with FePz(hmdtn)4, which indicated the central Fe2+ showed strong electron donating property for activating molecular oxygen to degrade organic pollutants. The electrochemical results were further verified by the quantum chemical DPT calculation.

Adsorption/Desorption Characteristics and Separation of Anthocyanins from Muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia) Juice Pomace by Use of Macroporous Adsorbent Resins

In this study, the adsorption/desorption characteristics of anthocyanins on five Amberlite resins (FPX-66, XAD-7HP, XAD-16N, XAD-1180, and XAD-761) were evaluated. FPX-66 and XAD-16N showed the highest adsorption and desorption capacities and ratios for anthocyanins from muscadine pomace extract, while XAD-7HP had the lowest adsorption and desorption capacities and ratios. On the basis of static adsorption and desorption tests, three resins (FPX-66, XAD-16N, and XAD-1180) were selected for adsorption kinetics and isotherms. The adsorption mechanism was better explained by the pseudo-first-order kinetics for FPX-66 and XAD-16N; however, for XAD-1180, pseudo-second-order kinetics was the most suitable model. The experimental data fitted best to Langmuir isotherm model for all three resins. Dynamic testing was done on a column packed with FPX-66 resin and breakthrough volume was reached at 17 bed volumes of muscadine pomace water extract during adsorption. Three bed volumes of aqueous ethanol (70%) resulted in complete desorption. Resin adsorption resulted in a concentrated pomace extract that contained 13% (w/w) anthocyanins with no detectable sugars.

Radiolysis of simple quaternary ammonium salt components of Amberlite resin

The radiation chemical yields of gaseous products, H2 and CH4, in the radiolysis of dry methylammonium chloride, dimethylammonium chloride, trimethylammonium chloride, tetramethylammonium chloride and benzyl trimethylammonium chloride by γ-rays and 5MeV helium ions have been investigated. Some of these amines are the different components of the quaternary ammonium resin Amberlite, which is a strongly basic anion exchange resin based on a polystyrene divinylbenzene copolymer. Molecular hydrogen yields with γ-radiolysis range from a high of 4.43 molecules per 100eV for trimethylammonium chloride to 0.07 and 0.05 molecules per 100eV for tetramethylammonium chloride and benzyl trimethylammonium chloride, respectively. Yields of methane gas are generally negligible except for trimethylammonium chloride and tetramethylammonium chloride, 0.26 and 0.02 molecules per 100eV, respectively. Isotopic labeling studies suggest that the first step in H2 production is the breakage of the NH bond followed by abstraction of H atom from the methyl groups. EPR analysis shows the formation of both N and C centered radicals. A comparison is made between the radiolysis of Amberlite and its various components.

Adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of trace amounts of lead in environmental water samples with complicated matrix

A sensitive, simple and fast adsorptive stripping voltammetric procedure for trace determination of lead in environmental water samples has been developed. The method is based on adsorptive accumulation of the Pb(II)-cupferron complex onto a hanging mercury drop electrode, followed by the reduction of the adsorbed species by a voltammetric scan using differential pulse modulation. The interference from surface active substances was eliminated by adsorption of interferents onto an Amberlite XAD-16 resin. Optimum conditions for removing the surfactants by mixing the analysed sample with resin were evaluated. The accuracy of the method was tested by analyzing certified reference material (SPS-WW1 Waste Water).

Potocatalytic oxidative degradation of organic pollutant with molecular oxygen activated by a novel biomimetic catalyst ZnPz(dtn-COOH)4

Zinc porphyrins and its analogs showing many excellent properties such as good potosensitivity, non-toxicity, high stability and facile preparation attract more and more attention of scientists. Here, a novel zinc porphyrazine, namely zinc(II) tetracarboxyl- tetra(1,4-dithiin) porphyrazine [abbreviated as ZnPz(dtn-COOH)4] was successfully synthesized and its potocatalytic activity was studied. The ZnPz(dtn-COOH)4 supported on an Amberlite CG-400 resin was used as a biomimetic catalyst for the activation of molecular oxygen under visible light to degrade a probe dye compound Rhodamine B (RhB) in aqueous solution. Interestingly, the mechanism for the oxidative degradation of RhB involves both 1O2 and HO (Type II and Type I mechanisms, respectively). More hydroxyl radicals were produced at pH 3, which was responded for the highest degradation ratio. The catalyst can be reused several times without losing its catalytic activity, with an average RhB degradation ratio around 80% for 12h. The most probable mechanism of RhB degradation in this study was that N,N-diehyl-N-ethyl-rhodamine was the main intermediate, which was then cleaved to small molecule by reactive oxidizing species. This study demonstrated a promising approach for the activation of molecular oxygen by the newly developed biomimetic catalyst, in which the central metal to be unchangeable valence, for environmental remediation and oxidation catalysis.

Evaluation of a high surface area fractional precipitation process for the purification of paclitaxel from Taxus chinensis

In this study, we evaluated a high surface area fractional precipitation process to achieve the effective purification of paclitaxel, an anticancer agent, from plant cell cultures. Fractional precipitation experiments were performed by increasing the surface area per working volume (S/V) to 0.428/mm using a variety of ion exchange resins. When the cation exchange resin Amberlite IR 120 H was used, the highest purity (>85%) and yield (>80%) of paclitaxel could be obtained in the shortest fractional precipitation time (within 6 h). Use of an ion exchange resin resulted in the production of smaller paclitaxel precipitates since it inhibited the growth of particles. When Amberlite IR 120 H in particular was used, paclitaxel particles were 2 ∼ 3 times smaller (less than 30 μm radius) than those obtained in the absence of ion exchange resin. Paclitaxel particle size was inversely correlated with the zeta potential of the fractional precipitation solution after the addition of ion exchange resin.