Stoplight Research Articles

Adaptive Traffic Signal Control Mechanism for Intelligent Transportation Based on a Consortium Blockchain

The development of vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) has facilitated adaptive traffic signal control for intelligent transportation. In this paper, we proposed the traffic signal control mechanism based on a consortium blockchain, which has saved plenty of financial and material resources. It has solved the centralization problems and minimized the high degree of human intervention in the process of traffic signal light management. As a road is congested, the vehicle forwards road condition messages. The traffic department ( $TD$ ) adjusts the signal light duration to allow the synergistic optimization management, and control the traffic vehicle status through a smart contract. In addition, we propose a credibility mechanism to effectively prevent vehicles from broadcasting mendacious messages and malicious requests, thereby enhancing the credibility of vehicles and providing a secure and trustworthy communication environment for the VANETs. It is hazardous for vehicles to send plaintext messages in an open environment because their privacy and security are threatened. Thus, we utilize ElGamal encryption and group signature algorithm to guarantee the confidentiality, privacy, and non-repudiation of any information. The safety analysis and performance evaluation demonstrate that the scheme is feasible and valid, and it can facilitate the adaptive control of traffic signal lights.

Pedestrian-vehicle interference at a signalized crossing based on detailed microscopic traffic flow models

Interference between pedestrians and motor vehicles at signalized intersections not only leads the traffic to delay and traffic efficiency to decrease, but also induces traffic crashes to happen frequently. In this paper, a microscopic discrete model for traffic flow is adopted to study the mutual interference mechanism between pedestrians and vehicles at signalized intersection. The vehicular traffic flow model is based on the refined NaSch model, and traffic lights are introduced to consider the driver anticipating in traffic signal switching. Based on the multi-step lattice gas model, the pedestrian flow model considers the fact that the pedestrians’ speed increases gradually during pedestrian cross-street green time. Both models reflect real features of movement of vehicles (pedestrians) in daily life. When the traffic light signal switches, the vehicles (pedestrians) staying in the conflict area result in the delay of pedestrians (vehicles). It is assumed that pedestrians and vehicles cannot coexist in the conflict area at the same time. In the simulation, the periodic boundary condition is applied to the lane, and the open boundary condition is applied to the crosswalk. The arrival rate of pedestrian is assumed to satisfy the Poisson distribution. Both the fundamental diagram of vehicular traffic flow and the pedestrian waiting time are calculated, and the phase diagram revealing the global nature of the presented model is obtained accordingly. The quantitative characteristics of vehicle (pedestrian) delay time caused by pedestrians (vehicles) staying in the conflict area are given as well. Simulation results show that there is a critical split. When the split is less than the critical value, three kinds of traffic phases, i.e., free flow phase, saturated flow phase, and jamming flow phase, appear with the increase of density. When the split is larger than the critical value, four kinds of traffic phases, i.e., free flow phase, coexisting phase, saturated flow phase, and jamming flow phase are distinguished. The delay caused by the mutual interference between pedestrians and motor vehicles is closely related to the state of vehicle flow and the state of pedestrian flow. When the arrival rate of pedestrians is quite large and the split is large enough, these pedestrians in the waiting area cannot be emptied once in a single pedestrian cross-street cycle. The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of mutual interference between pedestrians and vehicles are discussed in more detail. The setting of a reasonable split not only ensures the efficiency of traffic flow, but also reduces the waiting time of pedestrians to cross the street.

Effectiveness of adaptive control of traffic light intersection on isolated multi-lane intersections

The use of information technology in traffic management can increase the capacity of traffic intersections and reduce vehicle delays. In cities, adaptive traffic control at traffic lights intersections has been well established. Adaptive regulation is applied mainly on isolated traffic lights, where the traffic flow has a predominantly exponential distribution of intervals. It was established experimentally that the effectiveness of the method decreases with a supersaturated traffic flow, which makes it difficult to find a “cutoff point”, a convenient moment for switching the traffic light signal. The article shows that at isolated multi-band intersections, the search for a convenient signal switching time is difficult at low loading levels. At uninsulated intersections, the incoming flow will have clear periods of time without vehicles, which makes the operation of adaptive traffic control in these conditions at a multi-lane crossing more efficient. This suggests the need for further study of the patterns of distribution of intervals between cars in urban environments at the approaches to non-isolated intersections and at the approach to intersections operating without coordination with other traffic lights.

Algorithm of Intelligent Urban Traffic

Intersection is a basic element in the technology of urban traffic regulation. It is such object where city roads intersect and which is the main cause and source of congestion. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to implement the intellectual regulation of vehicles movement through a separate intersection. Such regulation is carried out with a help of a computer program that takes into account the vehicle road situation at the intersection and the corresponding correction of the traffic lights signal phases. At a second stage it is necessary to plan an optimal route for each vehicle using, for example, A*-algorithm and the spectrum of data received from an infrastructure of the urban network. As a result of an application of these two phases of urban traffic regulation, an optimal movement regime of all city mobile transport is achieved. This work is practical and aimed at solving a specific problem – traffic problem in a big city.

Modeling of traffic-light signalization depending on the quality of traffic flow in the city

The high level of motorization typical for many cities gives background to the emergence of congestion situations, which largely reduces the transporting access to and unimpeded movement. To resolve occurring traffic problems are used for various kinds of activities that subunits are radical and conservative. For existing cities, quite often used the second type of events that do not require significant capital investments compared to the first one of these activities is improvement of traffic lights regulation, to reduce delays to vehicles by changing the input parameters required in the calculation. In this work the authors is proposed to model the traffic signalization traffic fl ow based on its qualitative composition. The growth of car ownership contributes to the change in the qualitative composition of traffic flow, that is not to be taken in determining the modes of traffic lights regulation. The authors performed a study of urban traffic, the results of which allowed to determine the values of the distributions of vehicles in the stream with regard to its composition, based on the extension of the main rolling stock type - passenger car. Based on the obtained distributions, a mathematical analysis for determining the influence of each considered class and refined method of calculation of the traffic signalization. The purpose of the proposed assessment to the development of a methodology for calculating the experimental computer simulation, the comparative analysis of the obtained data and the main conclusions of the study.

Analysis of selected methodological problems regarding the examination of traffic events at road intersections

The planning of statistical examining of population within the scope of undesirable events at road intersections with three-colour traffic lights has been discussed. In particular, the problems have been raised that are related to the analysing how the installation of countdown timers showing the time left to a change in the traffic lights signal affects the traffic flow. Attention has been focused on selected research process elements that concern the preliminary works, examination proper, and statistical inference, without describing the types and engineering designs of the displays used and without dealing with the legal aspects. Selected literature items related to the subject matter touched upon have been analysed, with pointing out the practices that either might be desirable or might arouse some reservations. In the part concerning the preliminary works, such issues as the sample selection method, sample size, and selection of the variables under analysis have been discussed. As regards the examination proper, some elements of the information acquisition process have been considered in both the subject-related and object-related aspects. When discussing the statistical inference, some limitations have been pointed out that affect the conclusions drawn from the examination of statistically non-representative samples and some acceptable methods of the analysis of empirical data have been mentioned. The article has been concluded with a brief recapitulation.

CLUTCH OPERATING DEVICE WITH FRICTION LINING WEAR COMPENSATION ANALYSIS OF PROPERTIES AND UTILIZATION EFFICIENCY

In modern conditions of competition a lot of attention is paid to the comfort of driving. Control to driveline units is no exception. Application of clutch with the system of compensation of wear of friction overlays can not only enhance comfort, due to maintaining a stable effort on the pedal, but also improve the performance of the clutch. In the article a comparative analysis of the traditional design of the pneumohydraulic booster (PHB) and the design, which has a mechanism for compensating the wear of friction plate of clutches. As a compensator for the wear of friction plate of clutches, a telescopic rod with a closed cavity is used, which is filled the brake fluid through a reverse valve. With the wear of friction clutches, the fluid has the ability to slowly flow out of the closed cavity of the rod due to the leakage of the reverse valve. A positive feature is the ability to implement the proposed design within the framework of the traditional design of the pneumatic booster without changing the basic parts. As a result of the application of the proposed designs, it is expected to obtain such positive qualities as reducing the mass and material capacity of the product, maintaining high clutch performance regardless of the degree of wear of friction plates, reducing air consumption in operation (and, consequently, reducing fuel consumption), reducing the overall dimensions of the PHB. In order to confirm the new qualities, the consumption of air and fuel during the operation of both design of PHB on the typical urban route in the route bus is calculated. When calculating, the clutch exclusions taken into account are required during acceleration after each stop and traffic light. A reference to the investigation of the speed of the clutch control mechanism with new and worn friction plate of clutch is given. The properties of the proposed PHB design with the mechanism of compensation of the wear of the friction plate of the clutch are analyzed and the effect is shown not only in the manufacture of this design, but also from the application of this design in operation, which is expressed in fuel economy

Outcome assessment of intervention on appropriateness of antibiotic use among geriatric patients: A prospective interventional study from a tertiary care referral hospital

ObjectiveTo assess the inappropriate use of antibiotics in geriatric patients and to assess the impact of clinical pharmacist intervention in reducing the inappropriate use of antibiotics. MethodologyA prospective intervention study of 12 months duration was conducted among 180 geriatric patients who were on treatment with antibiotics for more than 2 days. The outcome measures were compliance with Gyssens criteria and National guidelines for antimicrobial use 1.0(2016). Reason for inappropriateness and quality indicators were also assessed to optimize the antibiotic use and to develop adult traffic light signal for antibiotics. ResultsThe mean stay duration was found to be 7.52 ± 4.47 days, reduced to 4.93 ± 1.72 days in after intervention. Most of indication for antibiotics was respiratory tract infections (30.6%). In the pre intervention, 70% antibiotic therapy proved inappropriate which reduced to 48.8% inappropriateness in the post intervention (p = 0.004). Most common reason given for inappropriateness was wrong drug duration (pre: 41.2%, post: 27.8%). There was a poor compliance with the national guidelines for antibiotic use in the pre intervention (15%) which increased to 25.6% in post intervention. Most of the therapy was given prophylactically and only 30.55% ordered bacteriological test before starting treatment. ConclusionThe study concluded that prescribing patterns do not comply with the recommended standards of care. Since the intervention has a positive impact on inappropriateness the hospital should develop a system to monitor and regulate the use of antibiotics in geriatrics to promote the rational use of antibiotics.

Solving Traffic Routing System using VANet Strategy Combined with a Distributed Swarm Intelligence Optimization

Proposing an efficient strategy to reduce traffic congestion is an essential step towards improvement as we take into consideration the unpredictable and dynamic infrastructure of the road network. With the advances in computing technologies and communications protocols, we can retrieve any type of data and receive in real-time the state of traffic congestion at each road using Electronic Toll Collection System (ETCS), Vehicle Traffic Routing System (VTRS), Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) and Traffic Light Signals (TLS). This study introduces a new distributed strategy that aims to optimize traffic road congestion in real-time based on the Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) communication system and the techniques of the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). The VANET is used as a communication technology that will help us create a channel of communication between several vehicles and routes. The techniques of the ACO is used to compute the shortest path that can be followed by the driver to avoid congested routes. The proposed system is based on a multi-agent architecture, in which all agents work together to monitor the road traffic congestion and help drivers quickly arrive at their destinations by following the best routes with less congestion. Simulation results show that the proposed method can reduce the total distance traveled and time taken in order to reach a destination, as compared to the classic “shortest path method” (based only on the distance).

Traffic Signal Light Optimization Control Based on Fuzzy Control and CCD Camera Technology

This paper combines the fuzzy control technology with Charge Coupled Device (CCD) camera sensor technology to solve the defect of the existing traffic signal control method. CCD camera sensor technology can be real-time to receive traffic information, each intersection traffic conditions, the length of the traffic flow, traffic speed, and then through the signal processor calculates the time needed for traffic through the intersection at the moment, transfer to the fuzzy controller. At this point, the traffic situation of the other road also reached the fuzzy controller in real time. The fuzzy controller decides which intersection should continue to pass, and finally realize the traffic signal optimization control.

The importance of traffic light signaling for improvement of road transport safety aspects

Undertaking the subject of the application of telematic systems to improve the safety of road transport is caused by the increase of the mobility of the society, their transport needs, which in effect leads to the multiplication of the number of vehicles on the roads. The low level of construction of new roads and modernization of the existing ones is conducive to the occurrence of transport congestion, the number of accidents and road traffic difficulties, and has a negative impact on the natural environment. In the era of modern society, methods are sought that would minimize negative effects in the transport system, thereby increasing road safety. The purpose of this article is to analyse the use of Intelligent Traffic Light in the aspect of road safety. Traffic safety at intersections is reflected in indicators of dangerous situations with the participation of road users in its area. Hence, the selection of the research method and the place of the tests carried out. Implementation of telematic systems supports the construction of a secure road transport network. The authors of the article focused on the analysis of traffic hazards and their consequences in the form of wounded and dead people. In addition, the topic of safety in the road transport system was addressed very precisely, where it was discussed in terms of operation, economic, technical and environmental protection.

Effects of Priming on Online Discussion Behavior

Online disinhibition effect describes the phenomenon where people feel less restrained in an online environment. People are therefore more likely to express thoughts and opinions that they normally would not share in a face-to-face interaction (Suler, 2004). Online disinhibition effect could either be benign or toxic. Students and instructors in an online learning environment often experience toxic disinhibition in several forms, including arguments about grades, emotional outbursts, potential death threat to the instructor, personal attacks, swearing, and heated arguments using upper-case letters (Rose, 2014). Suler (2004) proposed six factors that contribute to the online disinhibition effect. These six factors include dissociative anonymity, invisibility, asynchronicity, solipsistic introjection, dissociative imagination, and minimization of authority. Not all six factors proposed by Suler (2004) have received equal empirical evidence. Also, not all factors are relevant to online learning environments. This study therefore focused on the factor of invisibility and the lack of contextual cues as a result of invisibility. One of the ways to provide contextual cues in a situation that lacks face-to-face interaction is through the usage of color signaling. Color signaling refers to the usage of colored text to convey information (Elliot, 2015; Lemarié, Lorch, Eyrolle & Virbel, 2008). This study looked at the effects of red color signaling, because the color red has been associated with dominance and aggression (Elliot, Maier, Moller, Friedman & Meinhardt, 2007). It is also often associated with some type of warning sign, such as a stop light or a stop sign (Elliot, 2015). The implicit warning and danger conveyed by the color red has been shown to result in inhibited performance, such that participants who were exposed to the color red had lower performance on the subsequent achievement task (Elliot, Maier, Reidman & Meinhardt, 2007; Gnambs, Appel & Batinic, 2010). Similar effects have also been demonstrated in online gaming situations, where red priming messages lowered the amount of negative language usage (Maher, 2016). It is therefore likely that red priming message could also lower any potential toxic disinhibition in an online learning environment. The current study included two experiments that tested the effects of red priming message and black priming message on 1) participants’ expressed sentiment in their open- ended discussion posts, 2) participants’ self-rating of verbal aggressiveness, and 3) the total number of words generated in the open-ended responses. Past studies have shown that red color could inhibit task performance and reduce offensive language, but it is not clear how a red color priming message might affect discussion posts in a simulated online classroom. Similarly, black color has been shown not to inhibit behavior, but it is not clear how a priming message such as “exercise courtesy and professionalism” might affect participants’ behavior in an online discussion post. Results from the study indicated that red priming message caused participants to rate themselves as less verbally aggressive. This was likely due to increased attention to the priming message and the implicit warning conveyed by the color red. There was evidence that red priming message lowered the amount of negative sentiment expressed in the discussion posts. The results approached statistical significance, but it was not significant probably due to the low levels of negative sentiment expressed. Black priming message was found to be ineffective in lowering verbal aggression rating or negative sentiment expression. The findings from the current study have practical implications in the design of online courses. Instructors could use red priming messages as a strategy to promote a less verbally aggressive and negative online discussion environment.

Remote delivery of weight management for adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities: Rationale and design for a 24 month randomized trial

Adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) represent an underserved segment of the US population with a high prevalence of obesity and limited options for weight management. Previous research has demonstrated clinically meaningful weight loss of 7% of total body weight in in adults with IDD using an enhanced Stop Light Diet (eSLD) in combination with monthly at-home face-to-face (FTF) behavioral sessions, and a recommendation for increased physical activity. However, the time and cost associated with FTF delivery (travel + sessions) limits the potential for scaling and implementation and suggests the need for the evaluation of less costly and burdensome strategies for intervention delivery. Therefore, we will conduct a 24-mo. randomized trial to compare a weight management intervention (6 mos. weight loss, 12 mos. maintenance, 6 mos. no-contact follow-up) delivered to 120 overweight/obese adults with IDD in their home, either remotely (RD) using video conferencing on a tablet computer, or during FTF visits. Our primary aim is whether RD is non-inferior to FTF for weight loss (0–6 mos.). Secondarily, we will compare the RD and FTF groups on mean weight loss, the proportion of participants who achieve clinically meaningful weight loss, and changes in quality of life across 24 months. We will also conduct cost analysis, cost-effectiveness, and contingent valuation analyses to compare the RD and FTF groups.

Artificial light at night causes top‐down and bottom‐up trophic effects on invertebrate populations

Abstract Globally, many ecosystems are exposed to artificial light at night. Nighttime lighting has direct biological impacts on species at all trophic levels. However, the effects of artificial light on biotic interactions remain, for the most part, to be determined. We exposed experimental mesocosms containing combinations of grassland plants and invertebrate herbivores and predators to illumination at night over a 3‐year period to simulate conditions under different common forms of street lighting. We demonstrate both top‐down (predation‐controlled) and bottom‐up (resource‐controlled) impacts of artificial light at night in grassland communities. The impacts on invertebrate herbivore abundance were wavelength‐dependent and mediated via other trophic levels. White LED lighting decreased the abundance of a generalist herbivore mollusc by 55% in the presence of a visual predator, but not in its absence, while monochromatic amber light (with a peak wavelength similar to low‐pressure sodium lighting) decreased abundance of a specialist herbivore aphid (by 17%) by reducing the cover and flower abundance of its main food plant in the system. Artificial white light also significantly increased the food plant's foliar carbon to nitrogen ratio. We conclude that exposure to artificial light at night can trigger ecological effects spanning trophic levels, and that the nature of such impacts depends on the wavelengths emitted by the lighting technology employed. Policy implications. Our results confirm that artificial light at night, at illuminance levels similar to roadside vegetation, can have population effects mediated by both top‐down and bottom‐up effects on ecosystems. Given the increasing ubiquity of light pollution at night, these impacts may be widespread in the environment. These results underline the importance of minimizing ecosystem disruption by reducing light pollution in natural and seminatural ecosystems.

Design of InGaN-ZnSnN2 quantum wells for high-efficiency amber light emitting diodes

InGaN-ZnSnN2 based quantum wells (QWs) structure is proposed and studied as an active region for high efficiency amber (λ ∼ 600 nm) light emitting diodes (LEDs), which remains a great challenge in pure InGaN based LEDs. In the proposed InGaN-ZnSnN2 QW heterostructure, the thin ZnSnN2 layer serves as a confinement layer for the hole wavefunction utilizing the large band offset at the InGaN-ZnSnN2 interface in the valence band. The barrier layer is composed of GaN or AlGaN/GaN in which the thin AlGaN layer is used for a better confinement of the electron wavefunction in the conduction band. Utilizing the properties of band offsets between ZnSnN2 and InGaN, the design of InGaN-ZnSnN2 QW allows us to use much lower In-content (∼10%) to reach peak emission wavelength at 600 nm, which is unachievable in conventional InGaN QW LEDs. Furthermore, the electron-hole wavefunction overlap (Γe-h) for the InGaN-ZnSnN2 QW design is significantly increased to 60% vs. 8% from that of the conventional InGaN QW emitting at the same wavelength. The tremendous enhancement in electron-hole wavefunction overlap results in ∼225× increase in the spontaneous emission radiative recombination rate of the proposed QW as compared to that of the conventional one using much higher In-content. The InGaN-ZnSnN2 QW structure design provides a promising route to achieve high efficiency amber LEDs.

Color-selective photophobia in ictal vs interictal migraineurs and in healthy controls.

Aversion to light is common among migraineurs undergoing acute attacks. Using psychophysical assessments in patients with episodic migraine, we reported that white, blue, amber, and red lights exacerbate migraine headache in a significantly larger percentage of patients and to a greater extent compared with green light. This study aimed at determining whether these findings are phase-dependent-namely, manifested exclusively during migraine (ictally) but not in its absence (interictally), or condition-dependent-ie, expressed uniquely in migraineurs but not in healthy controls. To determine whether the color preference of migraine-type photophobia is phase- or condition-dependent, we compared the effects of each color of light in each intensity between migraineurs during and in-between attacks and healthy controls. During the ictal and interictal phases, the proportion of migraineurs reporting changes in headache severity when exposed to the different colors of light increased in accordance with elevated light intensities. During the ictal phase, white, blue, amber, and red lights exacerbated headaches in ∼80% of the patients; however, during the interictal phase, light initiated headache in only 16% to 19%. Notably, green light exacerbated headaches in 40% and triggered headaches in 3% of the patients studied during the ictal and interictal phases, respectively. With one exception (highest red light intensity), no control subject reported headache in response to the light stimuli. These findings suggest that color preference is unique to migraineurs-as it was not found in control subjects-and that it is independent of whether or not the patients are in their ictal or interictal phase.

Autonomous Traffic Signal Control using Decision Tree

<p class="normal">The objective of this paper is to introduce an effective and efficient way of traffic signal light control to optimize the traffic signal duration across each lanes and thereby, to minimize or completely eliminate traffic congestion. This paper introduces a new approach to resolve the traffic congestion problem at junctions by making use of decision trees. The vehicle count in the real time traffic video is determined by Image Processing technique. This information is fed to the decision tree based on which the decision is made regarding the status of traffic signal lights of each lane at the junction at any given instant of time.</p>

Changes in morning salivary melatonin correlate with prefrontal responses during working memory performance.

Humans demonstrate a circadian rhythm of melatonin production that closely tracks the daily light/dark cycle, with profound increases in circulating levels during the night-time and nearly nonexistent levels during daylight hours. Although melatonin is known to play a role in preparing the brain and body for sleep, its effects on cognition and brain function are not well understood. We hypothesized that declines in morning melatonin would be associated with increased functional activation within cortical regions involved in alertness, attention, and executive function. We measured the change in salivary melatonin from mid-morning to late-morning in 26 healthy young adults who were also exposed to a 30-min period of blue or amber light followed by functional MRI during a working memory task (N-back). Brain activation was regressed on the change in melatonin scores from the mid-morning to late-morning saliva samples and the role of light exposure was also assessed. Although overall melatonin levels did not change significantly over the morning at the group level, individual declines in salivary melatonin were associated with significant increases in activation within the left dorsomedial and right inferior lateral prefrontal cortex during the 2-back condition (P<0.05, cluster corrected). Medial prefrontal activation also correlated modestly with better vigilance performance during the 0-back (P<0.05), but not the 1-back or 2-back conditions. The light condition did not affect the outcomes. These findings suggest declining melatonin levels in the morning are associated with increased prefrontal cortex functioning and may play a role in the increased frontal activation that occurs following awakening.

(150) - Silencing keratinocytes in a postoperative pain model

Acute postoperative pain is experienced by the majority who undergo surgery. In addition, mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia are observed at the site of incision. Treatments for postoperative pain are suboptimal and understanding the underlying mechanism of this acute pain is vital to developing improved treatments. Previous experiments have demonstrated that in non-injured skin, hyperpolarization of keratinocytes decreases baseline mechanical and heat sensitivity. However, it is unknown if keratinocytes play a role in mediating the mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia observed in a postoperative incision model. Here, we utilized optogenetics to assess whether silencing keratinocytes by means of hyperpolarization, would reduce post-incisional heat and mechanical hyperalgesia. Transgenic mice that selectively expressed Archaerhodopsin (Arch) in keratinocyte cell membranes were used as a model. A 5 mm incision was made through the skin and underlying plantar muscle. The ipsilateral paw was exposed to amber light, to activate Arch, or blue light (control). Mechanical and heat sensitivity were measured on the ipsilateral medial hind paw, using the von Frey mechanical assay and the Hargreaves heat assay, respectively. Measurements were collected daily, including 2-hours post-incision through 7 days post-incision. Despite all animals developing significant heat and mechanical hyperalgesia following incision, there was no significant difference in post-incision hyperalgesia following the hyperpolarization of keratinocytes. However, after 15 minutes of amber light exposure, a trend in decreased heat hyperalgesia emerged in days 4, 5 and 7. The data suggest that transient silencing of keratinocytes is not sufficient to significantly decrease the sensitization experienced in this post-incision model. As pain sensed by injury to the plantar muscle may be concealing the effects of silencing keratinocytes, future studies will isolate the incision to exclusively skin. Supported by a T35 training grant from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

A generic model for camera based intelligent road crowd control

Traffic flow control is often a big problem in many big cities in the world, especially during the peak and off-peak hours. Researchers are trying to find the optimal solution to solve this daily problem. Often, the problem is caused by the poor traffic signal light control system. Improper placement of the signal light and timing is the main issue. The problem can be solved by proper time management for the traffic signal through the congested and often over crowded areas. This research proposes a model for intelligent traffic flow control by implementing camera based surveillance and feedback system. A series of cameras are set minimum three signals ahead from the target junction. The complete software system is developed to help integrating the multiple camera on road as feedback to the signal light control systems. Keywords : surveillance; traffic flow; network; vehicles.