Emblica Research Articles

Key role of Phyllanthus emblica L. fruit extract promotes ZVI/H2O2 process: rich titratable acid, suitable chelating ability, and antioxidant capacity.

Phyllanthus emblica L. fruit extract (PFE) was introduced to improve ZVI/H2O2 technology, and the efficiency and mechanism of PFE promoting ZVI/H2O2 technology were explored. With the introduction of PFE, the Norfloxacin (NOR) removal rate and kobs of the process were improved by 41.17% and 5.08 times, respectively. In the ZVI/H2O2/PFE process, the degradation of NOR by the attack of ROS is the main pathway for decontamination and is dominated by the heterogeneous reaction on the catalyst surface. PFE contains 13.92 g/L titratable acid and has good complexing ability and antioxidant ability. The mechanism of PFE promoting ZVI/H2O2 technology was based on lowering the pH, complemented by chelation and antioxidant capacity. With the introduction of PFE, the utilization rate of the reagent was significantly increased (7.56 times for ZVI and 3.21 times for H2O2), the applicable pH range was widened (6-9) and the iron sludge was reduced (32.80%). Meanwhile, the concept of UPR is proposed for the first time. The result is the key role to the selection of green promoters in the ZVI/H2O2 process depends on the abundance of titratable acid, followed by a certain chelating ability and antioxidant capacity.

Beta-cyclodextrin–Phyllanthus emblica emulsion for zinc oxide nanoparticles: Characteristics and photocatalysis

Abstract This study presents a new approach for producing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) utilizing an emulsion of beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract. When synthesized, the particles were around 90 ± 5 nm in size. The zeta potential investigation yielded a value of −27.1 mV. The generated ZnONPs exhibited 83.70% anti-oxidant activity as well as good radical scavenging capabilities. The catalytic activity of ZnONPs was investigated using rhodamine B dye, and they displayed that maximum photocatalytic degradation was found to be 90.32% when exposed to UV light and 50.5% when not exposed to UV light. The kinetic investigation of photocatalytic degradation employs pseudo-first-order rate kinetics, with a rate constant of 2.5 × 10−2 under UV irradiation and 1.1 × 10−2 without irradiation. Anti-bacterial tests against Escherichia coli bacteria demonstrated the particles’ anti-bacterial characteristics. Anti-cancer studies were carried out using KB-31 cancer cells at varying particle concentrations. The studies confirmed that the particles produced are anti-cancer. In conclusion, this study reports a new green synthesis method to fabricate ZnONPs with high anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer properties and suitable for various biomedical applications.

Role of Indian Medicinal Plants for Immunity Booster Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection: An Updated Review

Abstract: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) came to be an epidemic that has occurred at the expense of the health of people. This disease reveals it can be lethal. Aged people and people with other medical occurrences may be more susceptible and become remarkably ill. The existing pandemic situation mandates scientific vigilance, hence we exploration to medicinal plants like Curcuma longa, Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Tinospora cordifolia, Triphala, Phyllanthus emblica, Aloe barbadensis, Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomum verum, Allium cepa, Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Allium sativum. The holistic Indian therapeutic system prescription is acknowledged as “Ayurveda”. Natural herbal remedies show more effectiveness which is moving towards the present day with the help of traditional medicine. The factual of the Immunity booster is to determine components of natural lineage have an antiviral outcome. This booster helps to prevent humans from infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. The molecular docking technique is used to disclose the interaction between molecules which is already researched, and the protein. In conclusion, the identified natural compounds from medicinal plants act as an herbal booster for increasing immunity in contradiction to SARS-CoV-2 contagion in patients.

Cross-cultural study on the uses of traditional herbal medicine to treat various women's health issues in Northeast India

BackgroundThis cross-cultural study conducted in the diverse regions of Assam, Meghalaya, and Manipur sheds light on the common utilization of five specific medicinal plants among indigenous communities residing in these areas. ObjectivesThe main focus of this study is to document and compare the traditional medicinal plant used and the knowledge and practices related to women's health issues in different cultures; to identify commonalities and differences in the use of medicinal plants across cultures and various medicinal plants used traditionally by the indigenous communities to treat women's health problems according to their indigenous name, scientific name. Materials and methodsThe study used a survey method and a pre-structured interview schedule through one-on-one interactive communication and field observation. The authors collected data from three different states, i.e., Assam (Karbi Anglong district & Udalguri district), Meghalaya (East Khasi Hills district), and Manipur (Senapati district) by personally meeting and interacting with traditional herbal medicinal practitioners. For this study, 10 practitioners from each area of study were interviewed. During the data collection process, the vernacular name of the medicinal plant, methods of preparation, mode of application, and probable dosage were compiled and documented involving practitioners belonging to four different communities, i.e, Bodo, Karbi, Khasi, and Poumai Naga of the selected states. ResultsA total of 39 plant species were meticulously collected and documented across the Karbi Anglong district and Udalguri district in Assam, East Khasi Hills district in Meghalaya, and Senapati district in Manipur. Turmeric (Curcuma longa), ginger (Zingiber officinale), gooseberry (Emblica officinalis), papaya (Carica papaya), and passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) have emerged as common medicinal resources within these communities. Poaceae, represented by 5 species, emerged as the dominant family among the collected plants, highlighting the diversity and significance of these botanical remedies. Zingiber officinale Roscoe " has the highest usage report of 18 with an RFC (Relative frequency citation) of 0.45. ConclusionThe study's findings reveal a rich repository of traditional herbal knowledge in the northeast regions of India. Notably, the indigenous communities of these regions use plant resources to cure a wide range of ailments. This study emphasizes the necessity of documenting, preserving, and transmitting traditional herbal medicinal knowledge for both cultural and practical reasons. It also provides vital insights into the importance of cross-cultural study in promoting different cultures, the richness of traditional medicinal knowledge by engaging with diverse cultures and demonstrates the possibilities for incorporating traditional medicine into modern healthcare systems, particularly in treating women's health issues across these culturally diverse regions.

Exploring the synergistic effect in polyherbal chewable antacid tablets: formulation and evaluation study

Abstract Polyherbal chewable tablets of Phyllanthus emblica and Glycyrrhiza glabra were developed with the objective to formulate an effective, safe and convenient dosage form for acid-related disorders. A standard calibration curve was constructed for Polyherbal extracts through UV-Spectrophotometry, achieving an absorbance maximum at 275 nm. Compatibility between the drug and excipients was examined through FTIR studies. Various pre-compression parameters, like bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, Hausner’s ratio and angle of repose, were assessed for the powder blend. The tablets were evaluated for post-compression parameters, such as thickness, hardness, friability, and weight variation and disintegration time. The drug release study was conducted in vitro. The acid-neutralizing capacity of the formulated batches was compared with marketed formulations. The calibration curve showed a high correlation coefficient (r2=0.9972), suggesting accuracy and reliability. FTIR analysis confirmed the compatibility between the drug and excipients. Pre-compression studies revealed an acceptable range for all parameters, indicating good flow properties. For instance, Carr’s Index for all batches varied from 14.31% to 24.41%, and the angle of repose ranged from 33.7 to 35.21 degrees. Post-compression parameters were within the standard limits with hardness between 4.9 to 6.1 kg/cm2 and friability less than 1% for all batches. In vitro drug release showed a gradual increase over time with PF9 achieving 98.63% release at 60 min. The acid-neutralization capacity was highest for the combined extract at 27.83±0.34 mEq/g and PF9 batch at 28.12±0.43 mEq/g, demonstrating their effectiveness in neutralizing acid. The study successfully formulated a Polyherbal chewable tablet with optimized pre and post-compression parameters. The tablet exhibited promising in vitro drug release and an efficient acid-neutralizing capacity. It holds potential as an effective treatment option for acid-related disorders.

Current Trends in Potential Traditional Indian Herbs: Emblica officinalis and its Medicinal Importance

Emblica officinalis, commonly known as Amla, is a potent natural antioxidant and is renowned as one of the richest natural sources of Vitamin C. The berries of this plant contain the highest levels of naturally occurring Vitamin C among ripe fruits, traditionally used in various dietary practices. Research has highlighted the anti-viral, anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal properties of Emblica officinalis. The fruit, which resembles a small plum, offers heat-stable Vitamin C that has been clinically shown to be more readily absorbed than synthetic alternatives, particularly in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Both historical and modern studies suggest that Emblica officinalis, whether used alone or in combination with other herbs, can be beneficial in treating various conditions such as colds, skin ailments, influenza, anemia, diabetes, lung issues, high cholesterol, and even as an immune booster in cancer therapies. Recognized as one of the most effective natural anti-aging remedies, Emblica officinalis is also used to treat acne and other skin disorders. Additionally, it is effective against acidity and peptic ulcers. Rich in Vitamin C, calcium, iron, essential amino acids, and a variety of other vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, regular consumption of Emblica officinalis is said to enhance immunity, support cancer prevention, and rejuvenate the body. It also helps manage chronic conditions like hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, AIDS, influenza, persistent coughs, chronic infections, chronic fatigue, and inflammation. In Ayurveda, Emblica officinalis is highly regarded for managing diabetes, bleeding disorders, and promoting strength and stamina.

Vicia faba L. Pod Valves: A By-Product with High Potential as an Adjuvant in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease.

Vicia faba L. is a leguminous plant with seeds rich in nutritional compounds, such as polyphenols and L-dopa, a dopamine precursor and first-line treatment for Parkinson's symptoms. Recently, its by-products have been revalued as a sustainable source of bioactive compounds. In this study, aqueous extracts of Lucan broad bean pod valves (BPs) were characterized to evaluate their potential use as adjuvants in severe Parkinson's disease. L-dopa content, quantified by LC-UV, was much higher in BPs than in seeds (28.65 mg/g dw compared to 0.76 mg/g dw). In addition, vicine and convicine, the metabolites responsible for favism, were not detected in pods. LC-ESI/LTQ-Orbitrap/MS2 allowed the identification of the major polyphenolic compounds, including quercetin and catechin equivalents, that could ensure neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease. ESI(±)-FT-ICR MS was used to build 2D van Krevelen diagrams; polyphenolic compounds and carbohydrates were the most representative classes. The neuroprotective activity of the extracts after MPP+-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells was also investigated. BP extracts were more effective than synthetic L-dopa, even at concentrations up to 100 µg/mL, due to the occurrence of antioxidants able to prevent oxidative stress. The stability and antioxidant component of the extracts were then emphasized by using naturally acidic solutions of Punica granatum L., Ribes rubrum L., and gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica L.) as extraction solvents.

Comprehensive phytochemical profiling of Phyllanthus emblica L. flowers on UHPLC/MS quadrupole time of flight, HPTLC, HPLC, and NMR analytical platforms reveals functional metabolites with potent anti-inflammatory effects in human (THP-1) macrophages.

Phyllanthus emblica L., renowned for its pharmacological benefits found in its fruits and leaves, has received considerable attention. However, there is a notable lack of research on its flowers, specifically on metabolite profiling and pharmacological activity. The present study aims to delineate the phytochemical constituents of hydromethanolic extract of P.emblica flowers by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QToF-MS), high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic methods and subsequent evaluation of its anti-inflammatory potential. The identification and characterization of phytochemicals in P.emblica flowers was performed by UHPLC/MS-QToF in both positive and negative ionization modes. Additionally, marker compounds present in flower extract were analyzed using HPTLC, HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR methods. The anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated THP-1 macrophages by evaluating inflammatory biomarkers. UHPLC/MS-QToF analysis facilitated the identification of 51 compounds from P.emblica flowers including gallic acid derivatives, flavonoid glycosides, and tannins based on their fragmentation patterns and previous literature reports. Notably, the study also identified spermidine compounds for the first time in this species. Optimization of HPTLC and HPLC methods marked the presence of corilagin as major compound followed by FT-IR and NMR spectral methods. Moreover, treatment with hydromethanolic extract of P.emblica flowers resulted in decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, alongside modulation of nuclear factor-κB activity in lipopolysaccharide-induced THP-1 macrophages. Chromatographic techniques in conjunction with spectral methods found robust prevalence in the identification of signature phytometabolites present in P. emblica flowers, which sets the basis for its anti-inflammatory potentials. The studies established a foundation for further exploration of potential applications of P. emblica flowers across various domains.

GC–MS analysis and green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Emblica officinalis leaves and evaluation of its antioxidant and in-vitro anti-hypercholesterolemic potential

Currently, various heart conditions, such as hyperlipidaemia, are causing fear among people worldwide. In this research, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were produced using Emblica Officinallis leaf extract (EOLE). The synthesis of EOLEAgNPs was examined using UV-visible spectrophotometry at 430 nm, while the shape was determined through SEM analysis. The EDX detected a clear peak of silver (Ag) at 3.4 keV, whereas XRD exhibited a peak distribution at 2 θ° values. The TEM demonstrated a protective layer (100 nm) surrounding EOLEAgNPs. The FTIR (400-4000 cm−1) suggests the phyto-compounds that caused the reduction of AgNO3 to Ag0 ions. The EOLEAgNPs showed a lower value (IC50 = 0.12) and greater antioxidant effects compared to EOLE (IC50 = 4.9). In fact, we discovered that the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme activity of EOLEAgNPs (75.38 ± 0.06) was greater than that of EOLE (37.36 ± 0.03). E. officinallis have a high level of polyphenolics as detected by GCMS-MS. Our research results in the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase enzyme by EOLEAgNPs, which can effectively treat hyperlipidaemia and promote the development of lipid-lowering biomedicines.

Penicillides from Penicillium and Talaromyces: Chemical Structures, Occurrence and Bioactivities.

Penicillide is the founder product of a class of natural products of fungal origin. Although this compound and its analogues have been identified from taxonomically heterogeneous fungi, they are most frequently and typically reported from the species of Talaromyces and Penicillium. The producing strains have been isolated in various ecological contexts, with a notable proportion of endophytes. The occurrence of penicillides in these plant associates may be indicative of a possible role in defensive mutualism based on their bioactive properties, which are also reviewed in this paper. The interesting finding of penicillides in fruits and seeds of Phyllanthus emblica is introductory to a new ground of investigation in view of assessing whether they are produced by the plant directly or as a result of the biosynthetic capacities of some endophytic associates.

Optimization of HPTLC densitometric method for curcuminoids and polyphenolics in an ayurvedic Emblica officinalis and Curcuma longa based Nishamalaki formulation by Box-Behnken design

Optimization of HPTLC densitometric method for curcuminoids and polyphenolics in an ayurvedic Emblica officinalis and Curcuma longa based Nishamalaki formulation by Box-Behnken design

The inhibitory effects of free and bound phenolics from Phyllanthus emblica Linn. on α-amylase: a comparison study.

Phyllanthus emblica Linn. (PE) is rich in polyphenols, which can be categorized into free and bound phenolics (PEFP and PEBP). This study evaluated the inhibitory effect of PEFB and PEBP on α-amylase for the first time. The mechanism of the inhibition effect of PEFP and PEBP on α-amylase was investigated by enzyme inhibition kinetics, multispectral analysis, thermodynamics, and molecular docking. Free and bound phenolics inhibited α-amylase activity effectively in a mixed type of inhibition. Fluorescence quenching and thermodynamic analyses showed that the binding of PEFP and PEBP to α-amylase occurred through a static quenching process (Kq = 6.94 × 10¹² and 5.74 × 10¹² L mol-1 s-1), which was accompanied by a redshift (λem from 343 to 347 nm), leading to a change in the microenvironment. This process was found to be a spontaneous exothermic reaction (ΔG < 0). Circular dichroism (CD) analysis confirms that the secondary structure of α-amylase was altered, in particular a decrease in α-helixes and an increase in random coils. Molecular docking studies showed that PEFP and PEBP interacted with α-amylase through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. The present study provides valuable insights into the mechanism of action of PEFP and PEBP on α-amylase, which will provide a theoretical basis for their possible use as novel natural α-amylase inhibitors. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Successful Identification of Key Phytoconstituents of Emblica officinalis as Potential Multitargeting Anti-Inflammatory and Antifungal Agents

Abstract: Introduction: Fungal infections are growing more rapidly and becoming a public health concern worldwide. The use of herbal medicines is now increasing due to their many functional properties with fewer side effects. Emblica officinalis, an important medicinal plant, exhibits many therapeutic properties. Method: In this article, the active phytoconstituents of Emblica officinalis were explored for their multitargeting activity as anti-inflammatory and antifungal by computational analysis. Results: A total of nine phytoconstituents including 3,6-di-Ogalloyl- D-glucose, Mucic acid-1,4-lactone-2-O-gallate, Mucic acid-1,4-lactone-5-O-gallate, Mucic acid-1,4-lactone-3-O-gallate, Mucic acid-1,4-lactone-3,5-di-O-gallate, 2,6-dimethoxy-4- (2-hydroxyethyl)phenol-1-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, Apigenin-7-O-(6'-butyryl-beta-glucopyranoside), S-eriodictoyl-7-O-(6'-O-trans-p-coumaryl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and 1,2,3,4,6- penta-O-galloyl glucose showed better results as compared to standard drugs taken in the study. Conclusion: Further, these constituents indicated good ADME properties during the SwissADME online analysis.

Effects of geographical variation on the phytochemicals gallic acid, corilagin, and ellagic acid, as well as medicinal properties of Emblica officinalis Gaertn (Fruit)

Geographical variation can significantly influence the abundance and distribution of phytochemicals within the raw drug, which in turn may affect its medicinal efficacy and potential health benefits. Understanding these variations is crucial for optimizing cultivation practices and harnessing the full therapeutic potential of herbal raw drug. Owing to the lack of availability of the comprehensive study on the effects of geographical variation on phytochemicals & micronutrient content and antioxidant & antibacterial potential of Emblica officinalis (EO), in the current study, EO fruit samples from different terrestrial regions of India were analyzed to identify variations in certain phytochemicals and nutrients content. A broad study including the identification, substantiation and phytochemical analysis of EO has been performed via a validated HPLC method. The complete profiling of various volatile metabolites present in the sample has been done by GC-MS/MS technique. The observed range of phytochemicals present in different EO samples using validated HPLC-DAD method are 4.38 to 69.41 mg/g for Gallic acid, 0.50 to 5.54 mg/g for Corilagin and 3.92 to 15.34 mg/g for ellagic acid. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) for different samples of EO ranged from 52.86–175.47 mg GAE/g of wt. and 1.28–13.88 mg QCE/g of wt. respectively. ICP-OES analysis depicts substantial amount of various essential micronutrients such as Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn. In antibacterial assay, methanolic extracts of EO obtained from Pune zone exhibited promising activity against S. aureus, S. typhi and MRSA strains with inhibition zones of 28, 23 and 28 mm, respectively. Further, the antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities of EO on the basis of analyzed phytochemicals have also been evaluated through molecular docking study.

Utilization of Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica L.) as foods

This study aimed to investigate the consumption of amla as a food by conducting a thorough literature analysis and a field survey with unstructured, in-depth interviews. Amla or Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica L.) is rich in phytochemicals, and their pharmaceutical potentials have been extensively reported. However, their utilization as foods is not well documented. Thai recipes use whole or minced fresh amla fruits as an ingredient in some spicy dishes, such as chili pastes, soups, and salads. Like other Asian countries, amla could be processed into products such as juice, preserves, pickles, and dried amla. Ten amla dishes and products were selected for evaluation of their ascorbic acid contents and antioxidant properties (total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, DPPH, and FRAP assays). High-heat processing resulted in a marginal reduction of ascorbic acid in amla dishes and products. Processing methods also affected antioxidant activities, and they varied depending on processing conditions and product types. The processing of amla into juice slightly decreased antioxidant activities. Thai foods that used amla as an ingredient exhibited less antioxidant activity than those made of fresh amla. The antioxidant activities of pickled and preserved amlas were substantially diminished due to their high salt and sugar content. On the contrary, dried amla demonstrated enhanced antioxidant activities as a result of its reduced moisture content and the presence of concentrated phytochemicals. Given its substantial phytonutrient content and lack of utilization, the results obtained from this research contribute to the promotion of amla as a valuable food ingredient.

Mechanism of Phyllanthus emblica polyphenols in alleviating DSS-induced ulcerative colitis: Insights from transcriptomics and microbiome analysis

The fruit of Phyllanthus emblica (PE) is a ‘drug homologous food’ that is rich in polyphenols for treating inflammatory diseases. Nevertheless, the ability of PE polyphenols (PEP) to alleviate ulcerative colitis (UC) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to reveal the chemical composition of PEP and its therapeutic potential for treating UC. In this study, PEP was purified with an NKA-2 macroporous resin and identified via liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (LC‒MS). Furthermore, a dextran sulfate sodium salt-induced UC mice model was used to evaluate the ability of PEP to alleviate UC. The symptoms, histopathology, expression of inflammatory cytokines, mucus and tight junction levels, changes in the gut microbiome and colon transcriptomics of UC mice were assessed after PEP intervention. The results suggested that PEP strikingly improved weight loss, disease activity index scores, colon length changes and histopathological damage. Moreover, PEP inhibited the expression of serum proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and sustained intestinal integrity by increasing the expression of Mucin 2, Zonula occludens 1 and Occludin. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that PEP regulated disorders of the gut microflora related to inflammation and the mucus barrier, including Escherichia_Shigella, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Bacteroides, Muribaculaceae, Helicobacter and Anaerostipes. Transcriptome sequencing analysis, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry confirmed that PEP regulated reversed genes as well as effector proteins enriched in the PPAR signaling pathway (PPARγ, MMP1, CYP4A12A, and UCP1) and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (Wnt8B, FZD9, GSK3β, p-GSK3β, β-catenin, Axin2 and Lgr5). These findings indicate that PEP has therapeutic potential for alleviating UC and could serve as a functional dietary supplement.

Extract of Phyllanthus emblica L. fruit stimulates basal glucose uptake and ameliorates palmitate-induced insulin resistance through AMPK activation in C2C12 myotubes

BackgroundThe fruit of Phyllanthus emblica L., a traditional medicine in China and India, is used to treat diabetes mellitus. Its water extract (WEPE) has demonstrated hypoglycemic effects in diabetic rats, but its mechanisms on glucose utilization and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle remain unclear. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of WEPE on glucose utilization and insulin resistance using C2C12 myotubes.MethodsEffects of WEPE on glucose uptake, GLUT4 translocation, and AMPK and AKT phosphorylation were investigated in C2C12 myotubes and palmitate-treated myotubes. An AMPK inhibitor and siRNA were used to explore the mechanisms of WEPE. Glucose uptake was determined using a 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino)-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG) uptake assay, and protein expression and GLUT4 translocation were assessed via western blotting.ResultsIn normal myotubes, WEPE significantly stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane at concentrations of 125 and 250 µg/mL. This was accompanied by an increase in the phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream targets. However, both compound C and AMPK siRNA blocked the WEPE-induced GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake. Moreover, pretreatment with STO-609, a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ) inhibitor, inhibited WEPE-induced AMPK phosphorylation and attenuated the WEPE-stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation. In myotubes treated with palmitate, WEPE prevented palmitate-induced insulin resistance by enhancing insulin-mediated glucose uptake and AKT phosphorylation. It also restored the insulin-mediated translocation of GLUT4 from cytoplasm to membrane. However, these effects of WEPE on glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation were blocked by pretreatment with compound C.ConclusionsWEPE significantly stimulated basal glucose uptake though CaMKKβ/AMPK pathway and markedly ameliorated palmitate-induced insulin resistance by activating the AMPK pathway in C2C12 myotubes.

Preclinical Appraisal of the Aphrodisiac Effects of Emblica officinalis Seed Extract on Stress-induced Sexual Behavior in Albino Rats

Background: The king of herbs, Emblica officinalis, is one of the most important herbs in Ayurveda. It contains significant amounts of Vitamin C and has been reported to have antioxidant, anticancer, antiretroviral, antidepressant, antiulcerogenic, wound healing, and many other medicinal properties. Objective: The current study is designed to investigate the aphrodisiac effects of E. officinalis seed extract on albino Wistar rats as well as its effects on stress-related sexual behaviour. Materials and Methods: The aphrodisiac effect of E. officinalis was evaluated by mating the pretreated male rats with female rats. For 30 days, test group rats (n=6) were given methanolic extracts (95%) from E. officinalis seeds (500 and 1000 mg/kg). Control rats received saline. Standard group rats received testosterone (0.5 mg/ kg, i.m). The sexual behavior study tracked Mount Latency (ML), Intromission Latency (IL), Mounting Frequency (MF), Intromission Frequency (IF), sniffing, and licking on days 0 through 30. After 30 days, rats were sacrificed, and the anabolic effect was assessed using body weight, reproductive organ weight, sperm concentration, and histopathology of the testes. The stress was induced by immobilization stress in the stress-affected alteration in the sexual behavior model, and the above procedure was repeated for evaluation. Results: The 95% methanolic extract (1000 mg/kg) of E. officinalis significantly reduced ML and IL while significantly increasing MF, IF, sniffing, licking, body weight, reproductive organ weight, and sperm concentration. Methanolic extract of E. officinalis increased sexual activities in the stress-free group and restored the stress-affected group's altered sexual behaviour. Conclusion: The current study's findings indicate that 95% methanolic extract of E. officinalis has dose-dependent aphrodisiac activity and restores sexual behavior in a stress-induced group.

Comparison of Phenolic Content, Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activities of Phyllanthus emblica L. From North-East, India

Comparison of Phenolic Content, Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activities of Phyllanthus emblica L. From North-East, India

Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract from acerola and amla.

Amla, scientifically known as emblica officinalis and Acerola (malphigian emarginata) both are Vitamin C fruits possess varied medicinal properties being used for preventive disease health management strategies. Therefore, it is of interest to explore the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and cytotoxic properties of aqueous extracts from Acerola and Amla. Hence, the anti-inflammatory activity of Acerola and amla was assessed using the bovine serum albumin denaturation assay (BSA Assay), antioxidant properties were compared using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Both extracts antibacterial activities were evaluated through the agar well diffusion technique against oral pathogens and Brine shrimp lethality assay for cytotoxicity. The current research sheds light on natural remedies for oxidative stress-related diseases, inflammatory conditions and bacterial infections, offering promising avenues for disease management and preventive healthcare strategies especially in the treatment of oral health diseases like periodontitis.