Dental Injuries Research Articles

About teeth in forensic medicine: 120 years since G.I. Vilga defended Russia’s first doctoral dissertation on forensic dentistry

1923 marked the 120th anniversary of the defense of the doctoral dissertation “On Teeth in Forensic Medicine” by the outstanding Russian odontologist Gilyariy Ivanovich Vilga. The dissertation included an extensive review of foreign literature and the results of his research performed on 160 young healthy men (soldiers) using hand-made instruments.
 The work, performed at the junction of odontology and forensic medicine, was the first in Russia to analyze traumatic dental injuries (dislocations and fractures) from this point of view, describe methods of identification of a person by odontological status, methods of studying bite wounds, and approaches to forensic examination of dental and dental technique errors. For many years, this work remained the only manual for odontologists and forensic experts in Russia.
 Many provisions of the doctoral dissertation of G.I. Vilga “About teeth in forensic medical relation” have not lost their relevance even today; all this certainly allows us to consider G.I. Vilga as the founder of domestic forensic dentistry.

Management of Post-traumatic Dental Immature Teeth at the Growing Phase

Background: Anterior dental trauma is common in children. Traumatic dental injury in children's teeth can interfere with the function of speech, mastication, aesthetics, eruption of permanent teeth, and the growth and development of teeth and jaws. An unclosed and wide-open apex (immature tooth) is a complex case for a pediatric dentist due to multiple stages of treatment and different options compared to adults. Objective: To explain the management of post-traumatic dental immature teeth. Case: An eight-year-old male child came to the clinic one month after getting a dental injury. This case is classified into Class IV Ellis and Davey's traumatic dental injury classification with immature teeth. Case Management Apexification uses Ca(OH)2 paste followed by an acrylic provisoris restoration while the jaw grows. Conclusion: Apexification using Ca(OH)2 paste followed by acrylic provisions crown restoration is a proper treatment in this case.

IL-17 Mildly Rescued the Impaired Proliferation of Alveolar Epithelial Cells Induced by LCN2 Overexpression.

The impaired proliferative capacity of alveolar epithelial cells after injury is an important factor causing epithelial repair dysfunction, leading to the occurrence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells as the stem cells of alveolar epithelium participate in the repair process after alveolar injury. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) participates in multiple processes regulating the pathological process of alveolar epithelial cells, but the mechanisms involved are still unclear. We used a BLM-treated mouse model to characterize the expression of LCN2 in lung fibrosis regions and analyzed the location of LCN2 in alveolar epithelial cells. Moreover, human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiCs) were transfected with the LCN2 overexpression plasmid vector in vitro. Recombinant human interleukin-17 (IL-17) protein (rhIL-17) at different concentrations was administered to intervene in HPAEpiCs, observing cell viability and analyzing the concentration-dependent effect of IL-17. LCN2 was increased in the alveolar epithelium post-BLM injury, and highly expressed LCN2 was mainly concentrated on AT2 cells in BLM-injured lungs. Meanwhile, LCN2-overexpressing HPAEpiCs showed impaired cell viability and cell growth. HPAEpiC intervention with rhIL-17 mildly rescued the impaired cell proliferation induced by LCN2 overexpression, and the effect of IL-17 intervention was partially concentration-dependent. The results revealed the reversed effect of IL-17 on the impaired proliferative capacity of the alveolar epithelium induced by LCN2 overexpression. The target alveolar epithelial cells regulated by this process were AT2 cells, providing new clues for alveolar epithelium repair after injury and the treatment of lung injury diseases.

Assessment of Impact of Malocclusion on Oral Health Status and Oral Health-related Quality of Life among School and College Students of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Malocclusion is multifactorial in origin, caused by the interaction of various general and local factors. The consequences of malocclusion include dental caries, periodontitis, impaction of teeth, and compromised chewing abilities. Thus, if left untreated, malocclusion can not only lead to oral health problems like periodontal problems and dental caries but also psychological problems, causing a loss of selfesteem and confidence in the individual. Aim: To assess the potential relationship between malocclusion with orthodontic treatment needs and dental caries, periodontal diseases, dental traumatic injuries, oral hygiene, and Oral Health-related Quality of Life (OHRQoL). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1800 school-going and college students at their respective Institutions in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India from December 2021 to June 2022 with and without orthodontic treatment needs, to identify malocclusion and various oral conditions/diseases associated with it, in addition to the effect of malocclusion on OHRQoL. Oral health status was assessed using the World Health Organisation (WHO) Basic Oral Health Survey (2013); malocclusion was assessed using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Needs (IOTN) index, and OHRQoL was measured using OHIP-14. Data were analysed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 software, and statistical significance was assessed using Pearson’s Chisquare test and Mann-Whitney U Test. Results: The study was conducted among 1800 subjects aged between 14 and 21 years (mean 17.47±1.58 years) from various schools and colleges in Chennai. Among the study subjects, 1066 (59.2%) were males, and 734 (40.8%) were females. About 46.7% of the study subjects had malocclusion. The binomial logistic regression analysis suggested that study subjects with orthodontic treatment needs had greater odds of experiencing dental caries, gingival bleeding, and traumatic dental injuries compared to study subjects without orthodontic treatment needs. Conclusion: There is a definite relationship between malocclusion, orthodontic treatment needs, dental caries, periodontal diseases, dental traumatic injuries, oral hygiene, and OHRQoL.

Efficacy of Natural Coconut Water, Pre-packaged Coconut Water, and Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution as Storage Media in Maintaining Periodontal Ligament Cell Viability: An In-vitro Study

Introduction: Avulsion of teeth is one of the most complex forms of dental injury, and the selection of an appropriate storage medium greatly influences the preservation of Periodontal Ligament (PDL) cell viability, which is crucial for the successful re-implantation of avulsed teeth. Therefore, identifying effective storage options such as natural coconut water and prepackaged coconut water holds significant promise in improving outcomes for this challenging dental injury. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of natural coconut water, prepackaged coconut water, and Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) as storage media in maintaining PDL cell viability. Materials and Methods: A total of 32 non-carious freshly extracted human premolars were randomly divided into four study groups (n=8) and stored in the following storage media respectively: Group I-Natural coconut water group, Group IIPre-packaged coconut water group, Group III-Bench dry group, and Group IV-HBSS groups for 30 minutes. The PDL cells were collected and incubated in phosphate buffer saline for 30 minutes and then centrifuged at 800 rpm for five minutes. Following this, the cells were stained with trypan blue to observe their viability. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s post-hoc test was used for analysing the data. Results: The mean percentage of viable cells in natural coconut water (80.6250) was higher than in HBSS (79.8750), prepackaged coconut water (79.2500), and the bench dry group (6.1250). Meanwhile, the mean percentage of non-viable cells was highest in the bench dry group (93.8750), followed by the pre-packaged coconut water (20.7500), HBSS (20.1250), and natural coconut water (19.3750). Conclusion: Natural coconut water and pre-packaged coconut water are equally effective in maintaining the viability of PDL cells. Therefore, pre-packaged coconut water can be used as a substitute for natural coconut water for tooth storage, depending upon availability.

Evaluation of Rate of Intrusion, Retraction and Amount of Periapical Root Resorption with Jayade’s Intrusion Arch versus Modified Three-piece Intrusion Arch using CBCT: A Research Protocol

Introduction: Deep bite, a common orthodontic malocclusion, necessitates timely intervention to prevent potential side-effects. If left untreated, a deep bite can lead to increased tooth wear, dental injuries, and Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) disorders. Various treatment modalities, such as anterior teeth intrusion and posterior teeth extrusion, are employed to correct deep bite. However, selecting the optimal approach requires careful consideration of patient-specific factors and treatment objectives. While anterior teeth intrusion is effective for mild to moderate cases, posterior teeth extrusion may be preferred in severe deep bite scenarios. There are various treatment modalities for deep bite correction such as intrusion arches and mini screw implants. Jayade’s intrusion arch, detailed by A.V. Jayade in “Refined Begg for Modern Times” (2001), is an orthodontic appliance designed to correct vertical dental misalignments by intruding over-erupted anterior teeth. The modified three-piece intrusion arch is an advancement of the traditional intrusion arch technique. It incorporates three distinct segments: two lateral segments and a central segment. This design allows for greater precision and control over the intrusion forces applied to specific teeth or groups of teeth. Need of the Study: Simultaneous intrusion and retraction mechanics in orthodontic treatment are very challenging, and there is a paucity of data regarding the best modalities for achieving these with minimal root resorption. Aim: Comparative evaluation of the rate of intrusion, retraction and amount of periapical root resorption with Jayade’s intrusion arch and the modified three-piece intrusion arch using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: The present prospective, two-arm parallel interventional study will be conducted in the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics Outpatient Department, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, Maharashtra, India, from September 2024 to February 2026. Study will involve the recruitment of 20 patients and all these patients will be divided into two groups for comparative analysis. The intervention will entail the use of the McLaughlin, Bennett and Trevisi (MBT) bracket system equipped with triple tubes on maxillary teeth, characterised by a slot dimension of 0.022 inches by 0.028 inches, as the standardised starting point for all cases. After initial alignment and leveling, and extractions as per the case, the intrusion arch will be applied. Jayade’s intrusion arch will be given in group A, while the modified threepiece intrusion arch will be given in group B. The assessment of intrusion rate, retraction rate and amount of root resorption will be conducted both prior to the initiation of intrusive and retractive forces, as well as, at intervals of two, four and six months following the application of the intrusion arches.

Studying the Knowledge and Behavior of Parents in Dealing with Children's Dental Injuries

Studying the Knowledge and Behavior of Parents in Dealing with Children's Dental Injuries

Trend in the Incidence of Severe Partial Edentulism among Adults Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service Claim Data, 2014-2018.

Missing teeth is one of the most important indicators of oral health behavior and the result of dental caries, periodontal disease, and injuries. This study examined a trend in the incidence of severe partial edentulism (SPE) using the Korean National Health Insurance Service (KNHIS) data. Data of adults aged ≥20 years were obtained from the KNHIS for the 2014-2018 period. SPE was defined in dental information within a population with a treatment history of dental scaling as having 1 to 8 natural teeth. Crude incidence rates (CIRs) and age-standardized incidence rates (AIRs) with 95% confidence interval were calculated per 100000 persons. The Cochran Armitage trend (CAT) test and average annual percentage change were used to analyze SPE trends. The CIRs among Korean adults were from 346.29 to 391.11 in 2014-2016 and from 391.11 to 354.09 in 2016-2018. The AIRs trend statistically increased by 4.31% from 346.29 to 376.80 and decreased by 4.72% from 376.80 to 342.10. The AIRs in men increased by 4.00% and decreased by 3.01%. The AIRs in women decreased by 2.18% and increased by 2.11% (CAT; p<0.01). The AIRs by region and income also showed trends of increase and decrease. The study showed that the incidence trend of SPE increased and decreased from 2014 to 2018. This result would be able to aid in the planning of public oral health, and may also serve as fundamental data for verifying the impact of the public oral health policies implemented.

ДИФФУЗНОЕ АЛЬВЕОЛЯРНОЕ ПОВРЕЖДЕНИЕ ЛЕГКИХ ПРИ COVID-19 В СОЧЕТАНИИ С ДИФФУЗНОЙ В-КРУПНОКЛЕТОЧНОЙ ЛИМФОМОЙ И ИНФАРКТОМ МИОКАРДА. КЛИНИКО-МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ НАБЛЮДЕНИЕ

In this article, we report a case of the combination of COVID-19 with diffuse alveolar lung injury and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with coronary artery compression by tumor nodules in the epicardium, resulting in myocardial infarction and subsequent fatal outcome. The article reviews the complex interaction between COVID-19 and oncological diseases, demonstrating how the coronavirus infection can significantly exacerbate the progression of malignant neoplasms through different mechanisms.

Notch signaling regulates pulmonary fibrosis.

Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive interstitial lung disease associated with aging. The pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis remains unclear, however, alveolar epithelial cell injury, myofibroblast activation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation are recognized as key contributors. Moreover, recent studies have implicated cellular senescence, endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), and epigenetic modifications in the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases. Various signaling pathways regulate pulmonary fibrosis, including the TGF-β, Notch, Wnt, Hedgehog, and mTOR pathways. Among these, the TGF-β pathway is extensively studied, while the Notch pathway has emerged as a recent research focus. The Notch pathway influences the fibrotic process by modulating immune cell differentiation (e.g., macrophages, lymphocytes), inhibiting autophagy, and promoting interstitial transformation. Consequently, inhibiting Notch signaling represents a promising approach to mitigating pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we discuss the role of Notch signaling pathway in pulmonary fibrosis, aiming to offer insights for future therapeutic investigations.

Macrophages in Lung Repair and Fibrosis.

Macrophages are key regulators of tissue repair and fibrosis. Following injury, macrophages undergo marked phenotypic and functional changes to play crucial roles throughout the phases of tissue repair. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, which is the most common fibrosing lung disease, has been described as an aberrant reparative response to repetitive alveolar epithelial injury in a genetically susceptible aging individual. The marked destruction of the lung architecture results from the excessive secretion of extracellular matrix by activated fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Accumulating evidence suggests that macrophages have a pivotal regulatory role in pulmonary fibrosis. The origins and characteristics of macrophages in the lung and their role in regulating lung homeostasis, repair, and fibrosis are reviewed herein. We discuss recent studies that have employed single-cell RNA-sequencing to improve the identification and characterization of macrophage populations in the context of homeostatic and fibrotic conditions. We also discuss the current understanding of the macrophage-mediated mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of pulmonary fibrosis, with a focus on the phenotypic and functional changes that aging macrophages acquire and how these changes ultimately contribute to age-related chronic lung diseases.

Awareness about Dental Injuries Associated with Contact Sports and Use of Mouthguards in Young Trainees Playing Khokho, Kabaddi and Football in Bhubaneswar City: A Cross-sectional Study

Awareness about Dental Injuries Associated with Contact Sports and Use of Mouthguards in Young Trainees Playing Khokho, Kabaddi and Football in Bhubaneswar City: A Cross-sectional Study

Reattachment of Fractured Maxillary Central Incisor with Fibre Post

Abstract Traumatic dental injuries leave dental practitioners with severe therapeutic problems. Traumatic dental injuries with a prevalence of 25% among school children and 33% among adults are a public health problem that can have a negative influence on the quality of life. In cases of trauma to the facial region, the incidence of maxillary central incisors is 37%, followed by that of lateral incisors (16%). Traumatic injuries to teeth can be uncomplicated crown or crown-root fractures or complicated crown or crown-root fractures. Various treatment options may be employed for the management of complicated crown-root fractures of teeth. The reattachment of tooth fragments has been a preferable alternative to the restoration of the tooth. Reattachment provides a better aesthetic result in less time, i.e. regarding the original tooth shape colour texture translucency and occlusal contacts which is both very satisfying for the patient as well as the practitioner. The purpose of this case report is to evaluate the long-term prognosis of a maxillary central incisor with complicated crown-root fracture managed by reattachment of the fragment with fibre post.

Individual and contextual determinants associated with bullying in schoolchildren eight to ten years of age

Abstract Investigate individual and contextual determinants associated with bullying in schoolchildren eight to ten years of age. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 739 schoolchildren, who answered a question about episodes of bullying related to oral health and questionnaires addressing childhood anxiety and orofacial dysfunction. The guardians provided information on sociodemographic characteristics, sleep disorders, and oral health literacy. Trained examiners assessed the children for the diagnosis of dental caries using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System, malocclusion using the Dental Aesthetic Index, orofacial dysfunction using the Nordic Orofacial Test-Screening and traumatic dental injury (Andreasen criteria) (Kappa&gt; 0.80). The contextual variables were the type of school and the monthly income of the school neighborhood. Descriptive statistics was performed to characterize the sample and unadjusted and adjusted (p &lt;0.05) multilevel Poisson regression models were run. The prevalence of bullying was 13.3%. After the adjusted analysis, malocclusion (PR=1.59; 95%CI:1.03-2.44) and anxiety (PR=1.79; 95%CI:1.10-2.93) remained associated with bullying. In terms of context, the monthly income of the neighborhood of the school was associated with bullying (PR=1.75; 95%CI:1.12-2.72). Malocclusion and anxiety influenced the occurrence of bullying. A lower average income in the school neighborhood was an important contextual determinant for the increase in the prevalence of bullying.

Prevalence of dental trauma in pediatric patients in Mexico: A retrospective study

Aim: Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are a neglected public health problem worldwide. In countries where caries prevalence has declined, TDIs are increasingly recognised as one of the main causes of tooth loss. This study determinated the prevalence of dental trauma in patients admitted to Pediatric Dentistry Clinic from 2016 to 2022. Materials and methods: A 7-year retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out through the analysis of 3,281 dental records of pediatric patients who consulted in the Pediatric Dentistry Specialty of a public university in Zacatecas, Mexico. The prevalence of dental trauma, age, sex, type of dentition, and trauma were analyzed. The statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS V-20 program, using the chi square test (p&lt;0.05). Results: The prevalence of dental trauma was 3.54%, with the 1 to 3-year-old group being the most affected. The male sex had a higher incidence of trauma with 65.76%. The primary dentition was the most affected with 75%. The most frequent trauma was concussion with 20.7%, followed by subluxation with 15.8% and uncomplicated crown fracture with 13.6%. When analyzing gender regarding the type of dental trauma, no statistically significant difference was found (p=0.434), regarding the analysis between the age group and the type of trauma, it was found that 2 and 3 years occurs with high frequency (p=0.0001). Conclusions: The prevalence of dental trauma was low. Younger patients presented more dental trauma than older ones. Males, temporary dentition and the upper central incisors of both dentitions were the most affected. Concussion and subluxation were the most frequent injuries.

Management of Lateral Luxation Injury in a 3½-year-old Boy

This case report documents the trauma and follow-up care of lateral luxation injury of upper central incisors in a 3½-year-old boy. Traumatic dental injuries in children occur very frequently and lateral luxation is a kind of injury in which the tooth is displaced in either labial or palatal/lingual direction. Lateral luxation injuries are one of the most severe periodontal injuries in dental trauma. A correct diagnosis followed by repositioning of the tooth in the right position is fundamental to the periodontal ligament healing. A 3½-year-old boy reported with a fall on his upper front tooth while laying at home and his upper central incisors got laterally luxated. The teeth were repositioned by digital pressure subsequently, on finding necrotic changes pulpectomy was performed in 51 and 61. Clinical and radiographic follow-up of 7 months is presented showing uneventful healing. Immediate repositioning along with occlusal relief, endodontic management, and proper follow-up with adequate patient engagement can be considered for treating lateral luxation injury.

Effective Management of a Fractured Tooth in a Child Using an Aesthetic Pediatric Crown: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Background: Traumatic dental injuries in children present unique challenges, requiring evidence‐based and individualized approaches. Accidental falls are a common cause, resulting in a spectrum of clinical presentations. Managing tooth injuries in mixed dentition adds complexity to treatment decisions.Methods: This case report details the conservative management of an 8‐year‐old with a fractured permanent lateral incisor following a fall. The child’s physical status was assessed, ruling out abuse and associated neurological issues. A novel pediatric full crown fabricated from a hybrid glass material was chosen for its minimally invasive preparation and aesthetic properties.Results: Procedural details, including crown sizing, contouring, and bonding, are outlined. One‐year follow‐up revealed no discoloration, pain, or adverse effects. The hybrid glass material demonstrated longevity in bonding, maintaining both function and esthetics. The discussion encompasses the choice of crown materials and the advantages of hybrid glass material.Conclusion: The case highlights successful conservative restoration in mixed dentition using a pediatric full crown with a hybrid glass material. This approach achieved functional and aesthetic improvements, preserved tooth vitality, and ensured patient satisfaction.

Comparative study of the McGrath™ videolaryngoscope blades and conventional laryngoscopy efficacy during mechanical chest compressions: Insights from a randomized trial with 90 anesthesiologists on objective and subjective parameters.

This study aimed to compare the efficacy and utility of the McGrath™ videolaryngoscope, using the Macintosh-like McGrath™ MAC blade and the hyperangulated McGrath™ MAC Xblade with a conventional Macintosh blade under simulated resuscitation conditions. A prospective, randomized study under conditions mimicking ongoing chest compressions was conducted with 90 anesthesiologists. Intubation success rates, time-to-vocal cords, time-to-intubate, and time-to-ventilate were measured. Additionally, the study assessed the subjective ratings and the perceived workload using the 'NASA-task-load-index' during the procedure. The overall intubation success rate was device dependent 99-100%. The McGrath™ MAC and McGrath™ MAC Xblade showed faster visualization times compared to conventional blades. The MAC blade demonstrated superior performance in time-to-intubate and time-to-ventilate compared to both conventional and MAC Xblades. Despite excellent visualization, the MAC Xblade posed challenges in tube placement, reflected in a prolonged intubation time of >120 seconds in one case. Both MAC and MAC Xblade reduced potential dental injuries and interruptions to chest compressions compared to conventional laryngoscopes. User experience significantly impacted intubation times with conventional laryngoscopes, but this effect was mitigated with videolaryngoscopy. Participants reported lower stress and effort when using videolaryngoscopes, with the MAC blade rated superior in perceived time pressure. The study supports the superiority of videolaryngoscopy with a Macintosh-like blade over conventional laryngoscopy during mechanical chest compressions, particularly for less experienced users. The McGrath™ MAC blade, in particular, offers advantages in intubation time, user-friendliness, and reduced stress. However, the MAC Xblade's challenges during tube placement highlight the need for further clinical validation. Continued research is essential to refine guidelines and improve resuscitation outcomes.

Association between underlying dentin shadows (ICDAS 4) and OHRQoL among adolescents from southern Brazil.

This study aimed to assess the association between underlying dentin shadows (UDS) and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among 15-19-year-old adolescents from southern Brazil. This population-based cross-sectional study included a representative sample of 1,197 15-19-year-old adolescents attending 31 public and private schools from Santa Maria, Brazil. The Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) was used to evaluate the OHRQoL, and clinical examinations were performed by two calibrated examiners (intra/interexaminer kappa values for caries examination ≥ 0.80) to diagnose UDS (ICDAS code 4 caries lesions). Sociodemographic information and clinical characteristics (overall caries experience, traumatic dental injury, malocclusion, and gingivitis) were also collected as adjusting variables. Multilevel Poisson regression models were used to assess the association between UDS and OHRQoL. Rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. The UDS prevalence was 8.8% (n = 106 adolescents). In the adjusted models, adolescents with UDS had poorer OHRQoL than those without UDS, and the strength of the association was dependent on the number of lesions per individual. Individuals with 1-2 UDS had a mean OHIP-14 score 8% higher (RR = 1.08; 95%CI: 1.01-1.17) than adolescents without UDS, while those with 3-4 UDS had a mean score 35% higher (RR = 1.35; 95%CI: 1.12-1.63). This negative association was related to physical disability, psychological disability, social disability, and handicap domains. This study showed that UDS was associated negatively with OHRQoL among 15-19-year-old adolescents from southern Brazil. The negative effect of UDS on OHRQoL emphasizes the importance of addressing issues regarding OHRQoL even in the posterior teeth of adolescents.

Effect of electronic book "Traumatic dental injury to children's permanent teeth" on primary school teacher's knowledge.

Most dental trauma in children aged 8-12 years occurs in schools. Teachers should properly and timely manage the emergency pertaining to traumatic dental injuries before paying visit to dental health center. Studies had revealed that the elementary school teachers carried poor knowledge of managing the dental trauma. Electronic books were the easily accessible digital and visual educational media for the users through internet-connected devices. This study compared the knowledge of primary school teachers before and after reading the innovative electronic book "Traumatic Dental Injury to Children's Permanent Teeth". The questionnaire was shared via a link, before and after reading this electronic book. The contents of electronic book included the kinds of trauma, management, and preventive measures as explained via appealing illustrations. The median score of knowledge before the intervention was 6 (poor), and afterwards it was 13 (good). Wilcoxon test on scores before and after reading this book resulted in statistically significant difference p-value ≤ 0.05. The electronic book "Traumatic Dental Injury to Children's Permanent Teeth" was innovative, and effective educational media having high impact of increasing the dental trauma knowledge among primary school teachers.