Alveolar Defects Research Articles

Accuracy of CBCT images in the assessment of buccal marginal alveolar peri-implant defects: effect of field of view

To investigate the reliability and accuracy of cone beam CT (CBCT) images obtained at different fields of view in detecting and quantifying simulated buccal marginal alveolar peri-implant defects. Simulated buccal defects were prepared in 69 implants inserted into cadaver mandibles. CBCT images at three different fields of view were acquired: 40 × 40, 60 × 60 and 100 × 100 mm. The presence or absence of defects was assessed on three sets of images using a five-point scale by three observers. Observers also measured the depth, width and volume of defects on CBCT images, which were compared with physical measurements. The kappa value was calculated to assess intra- and interobserver agreement. Six-way repeated analysis of variance was used to evaluate treatment effects on the diagnosis. Pairwise comparisons of median true-positive and true-negative rates were calculated by the χ² test. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between measurements. Significance level was set as p < 0.05. All observers had excellent intra-observer agreement. Defect status (p < 0.001) and defect size (p < 0.001) factors were statistically significant. Pairwise interactions were found between defect status and defect size (p = 0.001). No differences between median true-positive or true-negative values were found between CBCT field of views (p > 0.05). Significant correlations were found between physical and CBCT measurements (p < 0.001). All CBCT images performed similarly for the detection of simulated buccal marginal alveolar peri-implant defects. Depth, width and volume measurements of the defects from various CBCT images correlated highly with physical measurements.

Convergent methods assessing bone growth in an experimental model at dental implants in the minipig

Implant dentistry demonstrated its reliability in treating successfully an increased amount of patients with dental implants exhibiting hydrophilic (modSLA) or non-hydrophilic (SLA) surfaces. Objectives of this minipig study consisted in assessing bone regeneration at both types of dental implants in a new experimental model (lateral bone defects) by implementing a convergent analysis approach combining histology and contact radiography. In six adult female minipigs standardized acute alveolar defects were created, then receiving two implants in the mandibles bilaterally (modSLA and SLA, one of each combined with Guided Bone Regeneration). Animals were sacrificed after 28 days of healing. Mid-crestal specimen were analyzed assessing missing BIC to implant shoulder (fBIC); vertical bone growth upon implant surface, bone:tissue ratio and grafting material area occupied by material remnants for GBR sites. Values obtained from both analyses were compared and statistical correlations scrutinized. Although dimensions of mean differences and adjusted means given by radiographic method were lower than histological ones, comparison of different implants yielded similar results. Statistical analyses of correlation and concordance coefficients used to evaluate radiological method of measurement showed high level of concordance (concordance coefficient=0.912 and correlation coefficient=0.939) for fBIC. Similar results were observed for vertical new bone and for remnants of graft. Discrepancies for new bone and for mineralized tissue resulted in concordance coefficient of 0.182 and 0.054. The results indicate that contact X-rays can be used for morphometric assessments regarding defect fill; however, histological staining remains beneficial if greater resolution for distinguishing qualitative differences in the tissues is required.

An alternative solution for a complex prosthodontic problem: A modified Andrews fixed dental prosthesis

This report describes the prosthodontic rehabilitation of an alveolar defect in the posterior mandible after the excision of an odontogenic myxoma. A minimally invasive technique that involves a modification of the traditional Andrews fixed dental prosthesis was used to replace both soft and hard tissues. The clinical stages and materials used to provide this treatment are discussed.

Harvesting Mandibular Ramus Bone Grafts Using Ultrasonic Surgical Device: Report of 20 Cases

Successful osseointegration of the dental implants requires sufficient bone volume surrounding implant site. The mandibular ramus is considered reliable donor site for reconstructing alveolar ridge defects prior to dental implant placement. The aim of this study was to present the clinical efficiency of using ultrasound surgery for harvesting mandibular ramus bone graft. 20 patients (10 male, 10 female; mean age 47.5 ± 11.4years) with insufficient bone volume, who underwent autogenous bone grafting prior to implant placement, were presented. The grafts were harvested from the ascending ramus along with the external oblique ridge using an ultrasound surgical device (Piezosurgery, Mectron, Italy) from 20 donor sites and used to augment alveolar ridge atrophies. After waiting 4 to 5 months for healing grafted sites, 48 dental implants were inserted. Clinical parameters such as inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) damage, complications at donor and recipient site, the size of the graft and implant placement at the proper site were evaluated retrospectively. Mean graft length was 20.1mm (SD=2.73), and mean graft width was 12mm (SD=2.47). Of 20 recipient sites, 20 healed uneventfully, and of 20 donor sites 18 healed uneventfully. Only one patient had transient altered sensitivity of the lower lip. Ultrasound surgery allowed precise and smooth bone cutting with better intraoperative visibility. Specially angulated tip of the devise made inferior horizontal cut easier and safer. The results of this study suggest that the use of ultrasound surgery is an effective method for harvesting bone grafts from mandibular ramus with avoidance of any major complication.

Soft Tissue Augmentation in the Treatment of Alveolar Ridge Defects: A Review of the Literature

Alveolar ridge defects occur in edentulous ridges because of hard and soft tissue changes after tooth loss due to tumors, periodontal diseases, implant loss etc. Even alveolar ridge defects could be treated using both hard and soft tissue grafts or their combination, hard tissue augmentation may not be necessary and only augmentation of the soft tissue could be adequate if dental implant treatment is not to be undertaken. Both free and pediculated soft tissue grafts were described. Roll technique and vascularized interpositional periostealconnective tissue grafts are frequently used as pediculated connective tissue grafts, and most frequently used free grafts are connective tissue and free gingival grafts, interpositional, onlay, interpositional/onlay graft combinations and acelluler dermal matrix. Although the advantages of the techniques is well described, studies comparing the clinical outcomes of these methods are limited. The aim of the present review is to demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of soft tissue augmentation techniques in the treatment of alveolar ridge defects and to compare the clinical outcomes of these techniques. It can be concluded that, selection criteria of the appropriate soft tissue augmentation technique today are generally based on the clinical predictability of the techniques and the experience level of the surgeon.

Implant Placement in Alveolar Composite Defects Regenerated with rhBMP-2, Anorganic Bovine Bone, and Titanium Mesh: A Report of Eight Reconstructed Sites

To present a retrospective report of eight significant alveolar defects in which the alveolus was regenerated with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) combined with anorganic bovine bone and contoured using titanium mesh to facilitate implant-supported restorations. A total of seven patients underwent extractions and debridement of the compromised alveolar sites with simultaneous grafting using a mixture of rhBMP-2 and anorganic bovine bone. The three-dimensional contour of the compromised alveolus was reestablished using titanium mesh with rigid screw fixation. Implants were placed a minimum of 6 months after healing and subsequently were restored. The treated defects were successfully regenerated and did not require any additional surgery prior to implant placement or prosthetic restoration. A total of 14 implants were placed and restored with fixed single or multiple restorations. Thirteen of the 23 treated sites were in the anterior esthetic zone. Vertical and horizontal alveolar bone defects can be predictably regenerated by grafting with a combination of rhBMP-2 and anorganic bovine bone contained by titanium mesh to successfully accommodate implant placement.

Localized ridge defect augmentation using human pericardium membrane and demineralized bone matrix

Patient wanted to restore her lost teeth with implants in the lower left first molar and second premolar region. Cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT) revealed inadequate bone width and height around future implant sites. The extraction socket of second premolar area revealed inadequate socket healing with sparse bone fill after 4 months of extraction. To evaluate the clinical feasibility of using a collagen physical resorbable barrier made of human pericardium (HP) to augment localized alveolar ridge defects for the subsequent placement of dental implants. Ridge augmentation was done in the compromised area using Puros® demineralized bone matrix (DBM) Putty with chips and an HP allograft membrane. Horizontal (width) and vertical hard tissue measurements with CBCT were recorded on the day of ridge augmentation surgery, 4 month and 7 months follow-up. Intra oral periapical taken 1 year after implant installation showed minimal crestal bone loss. Bone volume achieved through guided bone regeneration was a gain of 4.8 mm horizontally (width) and 6.8 mm vertically in the deficient ridge within a period of 7 months following the procedure. The results suggested that HP Allograft membrane may be a suitable component for augmentation of localized alveolar ridge defects in conjunction with DBM with bone chips.

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Large Secondary Alveolar Cleft by Two-Stage Distraction

Our aim is to demonstrate a method for reconstruction of a wide alveolar cleft before implant placement. An adult patient with a unilateral cleft palate and a wide alveolar and maxillary bone defect underwent transport distraction osteogenesis to medialize the left segment and reduce the alveolar cleft to a minimum. Removal of the transport distraction device was accompanied by autogenous bone grafting to the remaining alveolar defect in the medial cleft, attaining an osseous closure with adequate soft-tissue coverage. Three months later, vertical alveolar distraction of the newly reconstructed bone was performed. Implants were placed after the removal of the distraction device. Alveolar bone was transported forward 20 mm followed by 15 mm vertical distraction. The large cleft palate defect was reconstructed in three dimensions by the two-stage distraction osteogenesis, and the soft tissues were expanded to achieve functional correction. After removal of the distraction device, dental implants were osteointegrated in the newly reconstructed bone for fixed dental rehabilitation. The two-stage distraction allowed gradual closure of a large defect three dimensionally. This method can be safely performed not only in patients undergoing initial treatment for large alveolar clefts but also after failed bone grafting.

Clinical evaluation of autologous platelet rich fibrin in horizontal alveolar bony defects.

Horizontal bone loss is the most common periodontal problem confronting the clinician but has received little attention. Platelet rich fibrin (PRF) is a second generation platelet concentrate. The platelets, leucocytes, growth factors and cytokines contained within PRF make it a healing biomaterial with tremendous potential for bone and soft tissue regeneration. This interventional clinical trial evaluates the clinical effectiveness of Autologous Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) in the management of horizontal bony defects. Department of Periodontics. Design was Non Randomized Clinical Trial with split mouth design. A total of 45 sites with horizontal bone loss in 15 patients were studied, 15 sites were treated with PRF gel (experimental group I) and 15 sites were treated with PRF gel and PRF membrane (experimental group II). Control group (15 sites) were treated with open flap debridement. All the parameters were assessed at baseline and after nine months which included Pocket Depth (PD), Clinical Attachment level (CAL), Gingival Recession (REC) and Relative Crest Height (RCH). The mean changes at baseline and after 9 months within each group were compared using Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. The mean changes for each parameter between groups were compared using Kruskal Wallis Test. Re-evaluation at nine months revealed that all groups showed a significant reduction in probing depth (1.1±0.38 mm in control, 1.73±0.53 mm in group I, 1.7±0.45 mm in group II)(p<0.05) and clinical attachment gain (0.86±0.58 mm in control, 1.56±0.62 mm in group I, 1.7±0.52 in group II)(p<0.05) as compared to baseline. Intergroup comparisons of reduction in probing depth and clinical attachment gain showed significant differences in the experimental groups as compared to control (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the experimental groups (p>0.05). There was no significant difference in gingival recession and radiographic bone levels at 9 months post surgery (p>0.05) in all the three groups. Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that, clinically the use of PRF in both gel and membrane form is more effective than open flap debridement alone in the management of horizontal periodontal defects at nine months post surgery.

Recombinant Human Platelet-Derived Growth Factor BB for Reconstruction of Human Large Extraction Site Defects

This study investigated the ability of growth factor-enhanced matrices combined with a tenting screw scaffolding system and resorbable membrane to regenerate large alveolar extraction site defects. Eight patients were randomized to treatment either with a bovine or equine matrix mixed in a ratio of 1.0 mL (0.3 mg/mL) recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor BB (rh-PDGF-BB) per gram of xenograft and allowed to absorb for 10 minutes. Tenting screws were used to provide additional support, and the growth factor-enhanced particulate matrix was incrementally placed and condensed into the defect and covered by a resorbable membrane. Reentry surgery after 5 months allowed for trephine core biopsies and implant placement. All sites healed well with evidence of bonelike hard tissue that was confirmed histologically as vital bone around the remaining graft particulate in both treatment groups. The results of this study demonstrate the capability of growth factor-enhanced matrices combined with tenting screws and a resorbable membrane to support the reconstruction of large extraction site defects.

Prosthetic Management Of A Maxillary Alveolar Defect With An Implant-Retained Fixed Prosthesis: A Clinical Report

Dentoalveolar defects resulting in the loss of alveolar ridge and attached mucosa is generally a challenge for the clinician to restore the defect area. The aim of this clinical report is to describe the prosthetic management of a maxillary alveolar defect. Treatment included 4 implants with a maxillary implant-retained fixed prosthesis. The esthetic and functional requirements of the patient were fulfilled.

Prosthodontic rehabilitation of anterior alveolar defect: An esthetic challenge

Anterior ridge defects can occur due to congenital defects such as cleft lip and palate, surgical removal of any pathological condition, or removal of teeth and supporting bone fractured due to traumatic injury. These types of defects require not only the replacement of the missing teeth, but also an acceptable aesthetic outcome. This article presents a case report that describes the process of fabrication of Andrews's bridge to treat an anterior alveolar defect using canines as abutments for its fixed component followed by a removable component.

Alveolar Bone Grafting in Cleft Patients from Bone Defect to Dental Implants.

Cleft lip and palate is the most common congenital deformity affecting craniofacial structures. Orofacial clefts have great impact on the quality of life which includes aesthetics, function, psychological impact, dental development and facial growth. Incomplete fusion of facial prominences during the fourth to tenth week of gestation is the main cause. Cleft gaps are closed with alveolar bone grafts in surgical procedure called osteoplasty. Autogenic bone is taken from the iliac crest as the gold standard. The time of grafting can be divided into two stages: primary and secondary. The alveolar defect is usually reconstructured between 7 and 11 years and is often related to the development of the maxillary canine root. After successful osteoplasty, cleft defect is closed but there is still a lack of tooth. The space closure with orthodontic treatment has 50-75% success. If the orthodontic treatment is not possible, in order to replace the missing tooth there are three possibilities: adhesive bridgework, tooth transplantation and implants. Dental implant has the role of holding dental prosthesis, prevents pronounced bone atrophy and loads the augmentation material in the cleft area. Despite the fact that autologous bone from iliac crest is the gold standard, it is not a perfect source for reconstruction of the alveolar cleft. Bone morphogenic protein (BMP) is appropriate as an alternative graft material. The purpose of this review is to explain morphology of cleft defects, historical perspective, surgical techniques and possibilities of implant and prosthodontic rehabilitation.

コーンビームエックス線CT 診断装置を使用した欠損部歯槽部の診断：上下顎第一大臼歯部の歯槽部高径と幅径についての検討

コーンビームエックス線CT 診断装置を使用した欠損部歯槽部の診断：上下顎第一大臼歯部の歯槽部高径と幅径についての検討

Using fractal dimension to evaluate alveolar bone defects treated with various bone substitute materials

Abstract

Donor site morbidity after reconstruction of alveolar bone defects with mandibular symphyseal bone grafts in cleft patients—111 consecutive patients

The aim of this study was to assess the objective and subjective morbidity after reconstruction of alveolar bone defects with mandibular symphyseal bone grafts in patients with cleft lip and palate. One hundred and eleven patients born between 1995 and 1999, who had undergone chin bone harvesting for alveolar cleft reconstruction in the period from 2000 through 2011, were included. A survey of medical records was conducted. Subjective morbidity after reconstruction was assessed using a questionnaire. Medical records revealed few postoperative incidents; 5.6% reported persistent sensory disturbances in the donor area. Postoperative pain averaged 3.6±2.1 (scale 0–10). The overall satisfaction with the surgical result was 8.7±1.7 (scale 0–10). This study revealed that chin bone harvesting for reconstruction of alveolar defects in patients with cleft lip and palate is a safe and predictable procedure, highly appreciated by the patients, and characterized by only minor postoperative incidents. Patients must be informed of the risk of sensory disturbances in the donor area.

Special distraction osteogenesis before bone grafting for alveolar cleft defects to correct maxillary deformities in patients with bilateral cleft lips and palates: Distraction osteogenesis performed separately for each bone segment

IntroductionPatients with bilateral cleft lips and palates have premaxillary protrusion and characteristic jaw deformities involving three-dimensional malposition of the premaxilla and bilateral maxillary bone segments. This study examined patients with bilateral cleft lips and palates who had deviation and hypoplasia of the premaxillas and bilateral maxillary segments. Before bone grafting, the patients were treated with special distraction performed separately for each bone segment using a halo-type external device. This report describes this novel treatment method which produced good results. Material and methodsThe subjects were five patients with severe jaw deformities due to bilateral cleft lip and palate. They were treated with maxillary Le Fort I osteotomy and subsequent distraction performed separately for each bone segment using a halo device. In three of five patients, premaxillary osteotomy was not performed, and osteotomy and distraction were performed only for the right and left lateral segments with severe hypoplasia. ResultsAll patients achieved distraction close to the desired amount. The widths of the alveolar clefts were narrowed, and satisfactory occlusion and maxillary arch form were achieved. After the surgery, three of five patients underwent bone grafting for bilateral alveolar cleft defects and the bone graft survival was satisfactory. ConclusionsThis method had many benefits, including narrowing of alveolar clefts, improvement of maxillary hypoplasia, and achievement of a good maxillary arch form. In addition, subsequent bone grafting for alveolar cleft defects was beneficial, dental prostheses were unnecessary, and frequency of surgery and surgical invasiveness were reduced. This method is a good surgical procedure that should be considered for patients with bilateral cleft lips and palates who have premaxillary protrusion and hypoplasia of the right and left lateral segments.

Alveolar Sandwich Osteotomy in Resorbed Alveolar Ridge for Dental Implants: A 4-Year Prospective Study

To answer whether severe vertical alveolar defects can be resolved using the sandwich osteotomy technique with xenograft material as filler and to evaluate the predictability of this procedure. Ten graft sites (5 mandibular and 5 maxillary) in 9 patients treated at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center, were included in the present study. The patients underwent vertical bone augmentation using the sandwich osteotomy technique filled with xenograft material. The degree of bone augmentation was analyzed clinically at surgery and 4 to 6 months later from the computed tomography images taken just before the sites had been rehabilitated using dental implant insertion. A trephine histologic analysis was performed during implantation at 1 maxillary site. The mean vertical bone gain in the interval between the sandwich osteotomy and implementation was 6 mm (range 4 to 10), and it remained stable after 4 to 6 months. In 2 cases, additional horizontal bone augmentation was needed. All graft sites were rehabilitated using dental implants with satisfactory results. In 3 cases, gingival porcelain was required for the final prosthesis. Histologic examination revealed vital segmentized bone and remodeling of the filled gap. The interpositional alveolar bone graft using xenograft filler appears to be a viable and predictable alternative to block grafting or guided bone regeneration, resulting in good final results, with substantial vertical bone gain, even for challenging cases.

Alveolar sandwich osteotomy in resorbed alveolar ridges for dental implants: a 4-year prospective study

Purpose: To answer whether severe vertical alveolar defects can be resolved using the sandwich osteotomy technique with xenograft material as filler, and to evaluate the predictability of the this procedure.

Tissue engineered bone grafts using mesenchymal stromal cells with and without cryopreservation for cleft alveolar osteoplasty in a rodent model

Objectives: Cleft lip with or without cleft palate are the most prevalent congenital craniofacial anomalies in humans. Secondary bone grafting is recommended if there is a persistent alveolar defect. Aim of the study was the evaluation of tissue engineered bone grafts in an artificial bone defect.