Aluminum Soaps Research Articles

RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF ALUMINUM SOAP: A NEW PROSPECT FOR TREAD RUBBER APPLICATION

ABSTRACT Aluminum soaps are notable for their enormous power of thickening many organic hydrocarbon solvents. We investigated the rheological behavior of aluminum dioleate, an aluminum soap, in squalane. Intriguingly, its linear rheological properties resembled those of entangled polymer melts, whereas its nonlinear behavior exhibited similarities to the Payne effect observed in particle-suspended systems. Using high-resolution microscopy, we discovered that its thickening power arises from the formation of spherical nanoparticles from the aluminum soap molecules that then aggregate into highly fractal networks in the dispersion medium. Remarkably, this nanoparticle formation occurs not only in small-molecule organic media but also in long-chain macromolecular rubber matrices, such as SBR. This discovery suggests that the aluminum soap may reinforce the polymer matrices and offer some rheological benefits in resulting rubber compounds. We then incorporated 10 phr of the aluminum soap into a silica-filled tread rubber formulation. The results revealed significant enhancements in tensile strength, accompanied by reduced rolling resistance. These promising outcomes highlight the practical application potential of aluminum soaps in tread formulations.

Aluminum soap nanoparticles-lignin powder form phase-selective gelator as an efficient sorbent for oils/water separation

Rapid and efficient recovery of oil spill is the key link for oil spill remediation, and also a great challenge. Here, the organogelator-polymerized porous matrix composed of adsorbents and organogelators can provide a new strategy for solving this problem. The gelling mechanism of aluminum 12-hydroxystearate (Al HSA) to form spherical nano micelles in solvents was investigated via UV–vis, FT-IR, and XRD. A creative method for aluminum soap-lignin gelator (OTS-AL/Al HSA) syntheses was put forward through the saponification of 12-hydroxystearic acid (HSA) and lignin via epichlorohydrin (ECH) crosslinking. By adjusting the ECH content, the growth of Al HSA nanoparticles (15–40 nm) on lignin can be realized, and the accordingly increased roughness endowed gelator with better hydrophobicity (WCA of 134.6°) before octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) modification. Thanks to the porous structures, the gelator powder exhibited a high sorption capacity in the range of 3.5–5.2 g g−1 for oils and organic solvents. Rheological studies demonstrated high mechanical strength of gels (>1.6 × 105 pa) and the gelator still retained 70% sorption capacity after 6 gelation-distillation cycles. The gelation characteristics of OTS-AL/Al HSA were attributed to the rapid sorption of oils by lignin and the self-assembly of Al HSA nano micelles on lignin to form an aggregated network structure trapping oils, thus realizing the synergistic effect of oil sorption-gelation.

Metal Ion Improved Properties of Burning Candle

Irvingia gabonensis seed oil was extracted, characterized, and used in the production of metallic soaps of calcium, magnesium, and aluminium for application as hardeners for candle wax. The percentage free fatty acid (as oleic acid) is 2.76, the acid value is 5.50, unsaponifiable matter is 0.12 and the viscosity is 205.70×102 Kgm-1S-1. The seed oil contains eight fatty acids; the most abundant being myristic acid with 54.39% followed by lauric acid with 36.83%. The percentage saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are 93.19%, 6.27% and 0.54%, respectively. The free fatty acid content of the soaps is in the order aluminium soap > magnesium soap > calcium soap. The metallic content of the soaps revealed that aluminium soap has the highest metallic content of 8.10% while that of calcium and magnesium soaps have 0.03% and 0.02% metallic contents, respectively. The melting points of the soaps prepared also followed a similar pattern. The aluminium soap exhibited mild acidic nature while calcium and magnesium soaps were basic. Although the lumens of the metallic soap candles were similar to that of local commercial candles which served as control, the candles had higher melting points and reduced burning rate. It is concluded from these that the metallic soaps make the candles harder and, longer lasting during burning and of greater value to the common user. Production of candles with metallic soaps as additives is highly advocated.

The Study on Applied Status Stability of Water-Based Cutting Fluids at Numerical Control Machining of Aviation Aluminum Alloy

When water-based cutting fluid is used in aviation aluminum alloy NC machining, soap precipitation and emulsification often occur due to its poor stability. It can cause the metal plate or equipment parts to scale or block the cutting fluid pipeline and filter system, which seriously affects the service life of the cutting fluid and the normal use of the equipment. At present, there is a lack of suitable evaluation standard for the stability of application state of water-based cutting fluid. In this paper, through the analysis of the state stability of four kinds of water-based cutting fluids, the state stability evaluation test is formulated. The hard water stability test and emulsion stability test are carried out for two kinds of semi synthetic cutting fluid and two kinds of fully synthetic cutting fluid. The test results show that this evaluation test can effectively evaluate the state stability performance of aviation aluminum alloy cutting fluid, and provide guidance for the optimization and management of cutting fluid in numerical control machining.

Contact Toxicity of Filter Cake and Triplex Powders From Ethiopia Against Adults of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

Filter cake and Triplex are powdered by-products of aluminum sulfate and soap factories in Ethiopia, respectively. This study was aimed at determining contact toxicity of filter cake and Triplex powders against maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky. Lethal concentrations for 99% mortality (LC99) against S. zeamais were determined by exposing adults for 12 h to filter cake (0.5-8 g/m2) and Triplex (1-9 g/m2) in concrete arenas. Lethal times for 99% mortality (LT99) were determined by exposing adults over time (1-24 h) in concrete arenas to 3 g/m2 of filter cake and 9 g/m2 of Triplex. Exposed adults were transferred to containers with 30 g of organic wheat and held at 28°C and 65% RH for 14 d to determine mortality. LC99 values for S. zeamais adults were 7.54 and 23.46 g/m2 when exposed to filter cake and Triplex, respectively. The corresponding LT99 values were 21.92 and 39.62 h when exposed to filter cake and Triplex, respectively. Effective concentrations and times for the 99% reduction of progeny production were determined from percentage reduction in adult progeny relative to production in control treatments after 42 d. EC99 values for progeny reduction were 2.48 and 18.59 g/m2 for filter cake and Triplex treatments, respectively. The corresponding ET99 values for progeny reduction were 17.49 and 22.31 h for filter cake and Triplex, respectively. Sitophilus zeamais exposed to filter cake produced lower percentage insect-damaged kernels and weight loss than Triplex. Filter cake was more efficacious against S. zeamais than Triplex.

Toxicity of fine powders, filter cake and Triplex against Sitophilus zeamais adults:

Filter cake and Triplex are powdered by-products of aluminum sulfate and soap factories, respectively. There is limited data about the use of these powders as grain protectants. This study was aimed at determining contact toxicity of both powders against Sitophilus zeamais, a common pest of stored grains. Lethal concentration of both powders to S. zeamais was determined by exposing 10 adults for 12 h in 9 cm diameter concrete arenas inside Petri dishes dusted with filter cake (0 - 8 g/m2) or Triplex (0 - 9 g/m2). Lethal time was determined by exposing adults to 3 g/m2 filter cake and 9 g/m2 Triplex for 1 to 24 h. Each treatment was replicated 3 times. At the intended exposure time, adults were transferred to 150-ml round plastic containers with 30 g of wheat and held at 28 degree Celsius and 65% r.h. for 14 d to determine mortality. Adult progeny production was determined after 42 d. A 50% mortality of adults was obtained at 0.61 g/m2 of filter cake and 1.61 g/m2 of Triplex concentrations with a 12 h exposure. The corresponding effective concentrations for 50% reduction of progeny production were 0.18 g/m2 of filter cake and 2.66 g/m2 of Triplex. Lethal times for 50% mortality of adults after exposure to 3 g/m2 of filter cake and 9 g/m2 of Triplex were 4.42 and 4.29 h, respectively. The corresponding effective times for 50% reduction of progeny production after exposure to 3 g/m2 of filter cake and 9 g/m2 of Triplex were 1.74 and 2.34 h respectively. The overall result indicated that filter cake was highly toxic to S. zeamais than Triplex. Therefore, filter cake is a potential powder to be included in the integrated pest management practice in small holder farmers’ storage structures after tested under real field conditions.

Efficacy of filter cake and Triplex powders from Ethiopia applied to concrete arenas against Sitophilus zeamais

Filter cake and Triplex are powdered by-products of aluminum sulfate and soap factories, respectively. The latter powder is from berries of the Endod plant, Phytolacca dodecandra L. This study was designed to determine the chemical composition of these two powders using scanning electron microscopy conjugated with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Another aim was to evaluate their direct contact toxicity to the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, a common pest of stored grains in Ethiopia. Contact toxicity against S. zeamais was determined by exposing 10 adults for 4, 8, 12, and 24 h in 9 cm diameter concrete arenas inside Petri dishes dusted with filter cake and Triplex at each of the six concentrations (0, 2.5, 3.75, 5, 7.5 and 10 g/m2). Each concentration and exposure time combination was replicated five times. After the intended exposure time, adults were transferred to 150-ml round plastic containers with 30 g of organic hard red winter wheat and held at 28 °C and 65% r.h. for 7 d to determine mortality. Adult progeny production, percent of insect damaged kernels, and grain weight loss at each powder-concentration-time combinations were determined after 42 d. Both powders were free of heavy metals. Silicon and oxygen were the major components of both powders. The 7-d mortality was 100% after a 24 h exposure to 7.5 g/m2 concentration of filter cake and 10 g/m2 of both powders. Reductions in adult progeny production, percent of insect damaged kernels, and grain weight loss were greater when S. zeamais adults were exposed to the powders for longer time periods at higher than lower concentrations. This is attributed to greater mortality at increasing concentrations and exposure times. Our results indicate that filter cake and Triplex can be used to treat concrete surfaces of warehouses and storage structures to control S. zeamais.

Estimation of Beta-Naphthol in Aluminium Soap

A method is described for the determination of naphtha in aluminium soaps based on the Formation of dye para red by coupling the former with diazotised p-nitraniline under controlled temperature and pH and estimation of the colour developed after extraction with alcoholic NaOH. The method has been found to be reasonably accurate under the experimental conditions.

On the mobility of iron particles embedded in elastomeric silicone matrix

In this contribution the rheological and magnetorheological properties of different polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based magnetorheological elastomers (MRE) are presented and discussed. In order to investigate the mobility of the iron particles with respect to the rheological characteristics, the iron particles were silanized with vinyltrimethoxysilane to enable a reaction between the modified particle and the cross-linking agent of the silicone elastomer. In addition, the vinyl-functionalized particles were further modified by the coupling of the superficial vinyl groups with a long-chain hydride terminated PDMS, which enables a reaction pathway with the vinyl terminated PDMS. On the other hand, the iron particles were treated with surfactants such as fatty acids, calcium and aluminum soaps, respectively, prior to vulcanization in order to increase the mobility of the iron particles in the elastomeric matrix. It was found, that both, the modification with the long-chain hydride terminated PDMS as well as the treatment with surfactants lead to an increase of the storage modulus G', the loss modulus G" and the loss factor tan δ in the magnetic field. It is concluded that both modifications, the coupling with long-chain hydride terminated PDMS as well as the treatment with surfactants, provide a greater mobility of the iron particles and hence a greater friction represented by the increase of the loss factor tan δ. Consequently it is assumed that untreated iron particles are less mobile in the rubber matrix due to covalent bonding with the silicone components, most likely due to the reaction of the hydroxyl groups on the metal surface with the silane groups of the cross-linking agent.

Determination of aluminum soaps in pitch deposits by gas chromatography

Aluminum soaps can be determined by formation of aluminum-acetylacetonate chelates that are volatile enough to be analyzed by gas chromatography. Application of the technique to pitch deposits containing aluminum soaps entails acid hydrolysis to break down the aluminum soaps, chelation of the aluminum with acetylacetonate at pH >6, and analysis of the aluminum chelates by gas chromatography. The technique offers results that are comparable to those obtained by a traditional, much longer method that requires acid digestion of aluminum soaps and analysis of aluminum content by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy.

Gelling nature of aluminum soaps in oils

Aluminum soaps are notable for their ability to form soap-hydrocarbon gels of high viscosity. For more than half a century, it has been believed that the gelling mechanism is due to a formation of polymeric chains of aluminum molecules with the aluminum atoms linking along the axis and with the fatty acid chain extended sideways. Here we report results from an investigation using high-resolution electron microscopy and rheology measurements that clearly resolve the ambiguity. Our results reveal that the gelling mechanism stems from the formation of spherical nano-sized micelles from aluminum soap molecules, and those colloidal micelle particles then aggregate into networks of highly fractal and jammed structures. The earlier proposed polymer chain-like structure is definitely incorrect. The discovery of aluminum soap particles could expand application of these materials to new technologies.

Benzene physical and chemical organogels: Effect of network scaffolding on the thermodynamic behavior of entrapped solvent molecules

AbstractThis paper presents a thermodynamic investigation of the benzene physical and chemical organogels, using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and intends to draw an appropriate relationship between the gel network structure and the properties. Physical gels, formed by an aluminium soap of fatty acid, and chemical gels, created by in situ cross‐linking of a siloxane copolymer are investigated. The effects of the type and quantity of the gelators and their corresponding network mesh size distribution in the gels on crystallization, melting, and their kinetics are examined. It appears that the kinetics of crystallization of the entrapped solvent is significantly affected by the quality of the gel network scaffolding and can be treated successfully by the Avrami equation of crystallization. From the melting behavior of the entrapped solvent crystallites, quantitative information about the number of solvent molecules bound per molecule of the gelator has been extracted. DSC proves to be a reliable technique to evaluate the population distribution of solvent molecules trapped in the physical and chemical organogel network scaffolding. The state of the solvent may be treated as a probe to understand the structure of the gels. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1253–1264, 2004

高シリコーンアルミ合金に対する生分解性油のトライボロジー特性(OS.18 機械要素のトライボロジー)

Tribological properties of rapeseed oil, polyolesters and hydrocarbon oils were studied for an Al alloy and Al alloy and a combination of Al alloy and cast iron with a pin-on-disk type tribometer. For a combination of Al alloy and cast iron, rapeseed oil showed the lowest friction coefficient throughout the run, and the highest anti-wear properties among the oils tested, meanwhile it showed the worst tribological performance for Al alloy and Al alloy. This is probably due to chemical wear followed by abrasive wear based on formation of excessive aluminum soap on the sliding surface.

Mechanism of solvent entrapment within the network scaffolding in organogels: thermodynamic and kinetic investigations

AbstractA detailed investigation on the thermodynamic behaviour of the physical and chemical organogels, using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and modulated thermogravimetric analysis (MTGA), is presented. Aluminium soap of fatty acid was used as the physical gelator and in situ crosslinking of siloxane copolymer was used for chemical gelation. The effects of the type and concentration of the gelators and the corresponding mesh‐size distribution of the gel network scaffolding on the trapped‐solvent crystallization, melting and evaporation mechanism, and kinetics are examined. It appears that the kinetics of crystallization of the trapped‐solvent are significantly affected by the quality of the gel network scaffolding and can be treated successfully by the Avrami equation of crystallization. From the melting behaviour of the entrapped‐solvent crystallites, quantitative information about the number of solvent molecules bound per molecule of the gelator has been extracted. The effect of gelation network structure on the kinetics of evaporation of the solvent from the gel network scaffolding has been evaluated. DSC appears to be the reliable technique to evaluate the population distribution of solvent molecules trapped in the gel network scaffolding. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry

Lubrication of Ceramics by Tribopolymerization: A Designed Experiment to Determine Effects of Monomer Structure, Load, and Speed on Wear

An experimental study of ceramic lubrication by tribopolymerization at high loads and high speeds, using a pin-on-disk (fixed ball-on-flat) machine with alumina-on-alumina, is presented. In order to extend the range of applied loads and sliding velocities beyond those used in previous studies, a three-factor, two-level designed experiment was carried out to determine the effects of monomer structure, load, and speed on wear. Five monomers of widely varying chemical structure were used at one percent concentration in a hydrocarbon carrier fluid, hexadecane. They consisted of (a) one condensation-type monomer, a partial glycol ester of a longchain dimer acid, and (b) four vinyl-type addition monomers. Two levels of load (40 and 160 N) and speed (0.25 and 1.0 m/s) - each varying by a factor of four were used; thus the range of frictional heat generation was 16 to 1. The results of this study were rather surprising and changed our thinking on the mechanism(s) by which monomers can act to reduce ceramic wear. For example, at low speeds — regardless of load — the monomers used were very effective in reducing wear, with reductions ranging from 44 to 98 percent depending on the monomer and load. However, at high speeds, the monomers were generally ineffective; in some cases, increases in wear were observed. This was unexpected. Possible explanations for this behavior — including surface temperature effects and tribochemical reactions — are discussed. Results presented on Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy of worn ceramic surfaces and wear debris show that the film-formation from the monomer solutions is complex, involving a combination of aluminum soap formation as well as evidence of oligomer/polymer formation in some cases, notably diallyl phthalate. Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting Las Vegas, Nevada May 23–27, 1999

The inhibition of corrosion of aluminum in acid environment byin situ electrocoagulation of polybutadienoic acid

The dissolution rate of naked Al sheet in the acidic solutions containing polybutadienoic acid (PBA) with pH value of 0.3∼3.0 at 20∼60°C has been determined by electrometry and gravimetry methods. The form of electroactive Al(III) ions occurred on the anode and the behavior of electrocoagulation of PBA have been approached. The results indicate that the superior condition of electrocoagulation of water-soluble nonsaturable low polymer PBA is the adoption of the electroactive Al(III) ions occurred in electrolyte containing 1.0 g·L−1 PBA+0.2 mol·L−1C6H8O7 citric acid with pH value of 3.0 at 30°C. The mechanism of corrosion-inhibited or electrocoagulation resulted from the electroactive Al(III) ions coordinate-COOH group of PBA and free ions of citric groups into the aluminum soaps with bicyclic structure are briefly discussed in this paper.

Quantitative determination of aluminium soaps in pitch deposits

Quantitative determination of aluminium soaps in pitch deposits

Study of the Degradation by Friction of an Aluminum Foil Rolling System in a Testing Machine

An experimental system at laboratory scale, capable of simulating the main mechanisms, i.e., friction and clean aluminum surface generation, during the rolling process of aluminum foil has been designed, built, and adjusted. The equipment is capable of rapidly aging the lubricant system with n-tetradecane (NT) as the base oil, and dodecanoic acid (DA) and butyl palmitate (BP) as additives. The main contribution of the present work is obtaining significant amounts of aluminum soaps by mechanical means, due to the generation in the reaction medium of highly reactive, non-oxidized, aluminum surfaces. These soaps are similar to those obtained in the industrial foil rolling process. An infrared study of the filters shows a significant evolution of the 3740, 3500, 1760, and 985 cm-1 absorption bands, probably due to the change in the molecular structure of the soaps. The forming of aluminum dilaurate seemed to be favored under the conditions studied, allowing its separation by filtration due to the high amounts...

Influence of temperature on structure and properties of aluminum soap dispersions in white mineral oil

According to the standard for process indexing (OST [industry-Branch Standard] 38.0119780), this crude belongs to Class i, since the sulfur content is low in the fuel fractions. in terms of yield of fractions distilling below 350~ (61.25%), it is placed in Type i, in potential content of iube base stocks (76.7%) in Group i, in viscosity index of these stocks (139) in Subgroup i, and in content of wax (5.2%) in Type 2. Thus, the crude from the Karachaganak field (well 15) taken from Devonian deposits (perforation interval 5647-5754 m) is assigned an index number of 1.1.1.1.2.

Kinepectic reinforcement and relaxation of coordination-polymer gels of aluminium soaps

A study was made by the superposition of periodic deformation on unidirectional deformation of the effect of kinepectic reinforcement in fluid gels of aluminium napthenate in the velocity range of deformation which includes the range of constant maximum viscosity and transition to the state corresponding to a “solid” with a tensile strength Pr. The degree of reinforcement according to dynamic modulus G′ depends not only on shear stress P, but also on the rate of deformation γ. The value of G′ increases sevenfold. A study was made of the variation of relaxation times at various stages of deformation. In the interval between Pr and stationary stress Ps relaxation takes place exponentially in a considerable section. Properties of naphthenate gels were compared with properties of gelatin gels.